A screen of random sequences for those that alter the trafficking of the influenza virus hemagglutinin in vivo

In order to determine if the sequence patterns known to specify internalization represent the majority of possible internalization signals, we identified random sequences capable of causing a reporter protein to be internalized at least several-fold faster than the rate of non-selective internalization of membrane by clathrin-coated pits. A library of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, bearing short random sequences in place of the wild-type cytoplasmic domain, was prepared in recombinant SV40 virus. The library was expressed and screened for HAs that could internalize anti-HA antibody from the medium. The cytoplasmic sequences of the selected proteins were determined. From a small sample of sequences, we detected several that did not resemble those previously identified. The known internalization signals must represent only a subset of the sequences that can serve as internalization signals.     

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of complexes between an influenza hemagglutinin and fab fragments of two different monoclonal antibodies

Fab fragments from two different monoclonal antibodies (BH151 and HC45) which bind to the same antigenic region of the influenza hemagglutinin were crystallized as complexes with the hemagglutinin. The complexes crystallize in PEG 600, pH 6.0, and PEG 2000, pH 8.5, respectively. Both crystals belong to space group P321, with very similar unit cell dimensions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

ph-Dependent hydrophobicity profile of hemagglutinin of influenza virus and its possible relevance in virus fusion

The hydropathy profile of hemagglutinin (HA) subunits HA1 and HA2 of influenza virus X31 and A/PR 8/34 is analyzed at different pH. At neutral pH (7.4) pronounced hydrophobic sequences of HA correspond to the N-terminus and the transmembrane spanning sequence of HA2. At pH 5.0 where influenza virus is known to fuse with biological membranes several hydrophobic sequences in the ectodomain exist which are comparable in both the hydrophobicity and length of the N-terminus of HA2. It is suggested that these hydrophobic stretches are important for the fusion complex, in addition to the N-terminal site of HA2.Abbreviations HA hemagglutinin - NHA2 N-terminus of HA2     

Intracellular Cleavage of Human Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Its Inhibition

Replication of human influenza A viruses and proteolytic cleavage of the viral glycoprotein HA0 HA1/2 were studied in passaged cultures of epithelial cells of the serous membrane of human large intestine (CACO-2 line), dog kidney cells (MDCK), and monkey kidney cells (CV-1). Cleavage of the viral glycoprotein HA0, synthesis of activated virions, multicycle virus infection, and effective production of viral foci under an agarose overlayer were found in CACO-2 cells. By pulse–chase labeling of viral glycoproteins, testing the sensitivity to endoglycosidase-H of the viral glycoproteins HA0 and HA1/2 synthesized, and inhibiting the HA0 proteolysis with brefeldin A, the HA0 HA1/2 proteolysis was established to occur in the late stages of intracellular transport in the trans-Golgi and plasma membrane areas of the cells. Proteolysis of the viral glycoprotein HA0 in CACO-2 cells was suppressed by aprotinin, a natural inhibitor of serine proteinases. Unlike MDCK and CV-1 cells resistant to apoptosis induced by influenza virus, CACO-2 cells retained their viability for 2-3 days after infection with human influenza A virus.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素蛋白单抗杂交瘤细胞株的制备与初步鉴定

目的:建立具有高特异、高效价的甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素蛋白(HA)单抗的杂交瘤细胞株。方法:以纯化的昆虫杆状病毒表达的甲型H1N1流感病毒HA蛋白为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取脾细胞与Sp2/0小鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合,通过有限稀释法筛选阳性克隆,经ELISA和Western blot分析单抗的特性和特异性。结果:获得6株甲型H1N1流感HA抗原特异单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,抗原肽库ELISA检测结果表明其中3株(1E12,3F12,1C11)单抗只与甲型H1N1流感HA抗原肽库反应,不与H5N1病毒HA抗原肽库反应;Western blot分析表明,单抗1B3只特异识别甲型H1N1流感HA抗原,而与其他季节性甲流病毒(H1,H3)及人禽流感H5N1病毒不反应。结论:所获杂交瘤细胞株特异性强,效价高,分泌抗体性能稳定,为分析甲型H1N1流感病毒抗原性位点、建立诊断试剂奠定了基础。     

两株H9N2亚型禽流行性感冒病毒HA基因序列分析

禽流感(AI)是由A型流行性感冒(流感)病毒引起的一种严重危害禽类健康的传染性疾病.禽类感染禽流感病毒(AIV)后,症状可表现为非显性感染,亚临诊感染,或轻度呼吸道疾病,产蛋量降低,直至急性全身致死性疾病等多种形式.     

基于血凝素(HA)的新型流感疫苗研究进展

新型广谱流感疫苗是预防和控制不断变异的流感病毒的重要手段。血凝素(HA)是流感病毒表面的糖蛋白,具有免疫原性,但其变异性强,是A型流感病毒发生抗原变异的主要原因。近年来研究发现,HA存在保守的恒定区,可诱导机体产生流感病毒特异性广谱中和抗体,拮抗多种流感病毒的感染。因此,如何采取不同策略和方法,研发基于HA的新型疫苗成为流感防治研究的重点。就基于HA的新型流感疫苗研究进展作一综述。     

广州2006年乙型流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶基因特性分析

为了解2006年广州地区流行的乙型流感病毒株血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)的基因特性,选择病原学监测病毒株和暴发性疫情病毒株,提取病毒RNA并逆转录为cDNA,通过PCR方法扩增乙型流感病毒HA和NA全长基因,将扩增的DNA片段接入T-A克隆载体进行测序,并使用DNAStar软件对测序结果进行分析。结果显示:不同来源的流感病毒株HA的同源性为99%以上,都属于Victoria系;不同来源的病毒株NA同源性为98%以上。HA和NA的种系发生树分析表明:病原学监测毒株同源性更接近,而暴发性疫情毒株的同源性则相对较为分散。所有毒株与WHO推荐的2005~2006年度疫苗株B/Shanghai/361/2002的同源性只有88.9%~89.7%,说明该年度的流感疫苗对乙型流感不能提供最佳的保护。     

禽流感病毒血凝素疫苗在转基因马铃薯中的表达

利用转基因马铃薯表达禽流感病毒血凝素疫苗,将含有禽流感病毒血凝素序列的表达载体导入农杆菌,再感染马铃薯的幼茎外植体。转化植株的再生及温室栽培,Western blot分析表明,83％的转化植株在其块茎组织中表达了重组血凝素,表达量占总蛋白量的0．03－0．04％,结果显示用马铃薯生产口服禽流感疫苗是可行的。     

表达流行性感冒病毒HA基因非复制型重组腺病毒的构建及免疫效果的研究

通过RT-PCR扩增流行性感冒(流感)病毒HA基因,克隆至腺病毒穿梭载体pAd Track-MV,该重组质粒与腺病毒DNA共转化E．coli BJ5183,通过细菌内同源重组获得重组腺病毒DNA,将其转染293细胞获得重组腺病毒。PCR证实HA基因已整合至腺病毒基因组中,Western blot结果检测到重组病毒感染293细胞中HA的表达。重组病毒经滴鼻和灌胃两种途径免疫小鼠,结果2次免疫后滴鼻组和灌胃组均产生明显的免疫应答,血清IgG抗体滴度分别为1：10000和1：1000。除血清IgG外,还在肺灌洗液中检测到分泌型IgA。滴鼻组的免疫效果强于灌胃组。经小剂量攻毒实验显示,重组腺病毒保护率为100％。该文成功构建了表达流感病毒HA基因的非复制型重组腺病毒,重组病毒免疫小鼠可产生较好的免疫效果。     

整合HA蛋白的HIV假病毒展示禽流感病毒感染宿主细胞机制

通过将高致病性禽流感病毒HA蛋白整合到HIV颗粒,包装成表达HA蛋白的假病毒粒子（命名为HIV/H5-HA）,并对所包装的假病毒的生物学功能进行了研究.通过RT PCR获得了H5N1亚型禽流感病毒完整的血凝素基因(HA)并克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)上,通过与假病毒构建体系的2种质粒pCMV△8.2和pHR′-CMVLacZ共转染293T细胞,包装成假病毒颗粒.利用LacZ染色和HA假病毒颗粒感染MDCK等6种细胞株并对标记基因LacZ进行检测.结果表明,HIV/H5-HA与天然的禽流感病毒相似,具有广泛的细胞嗜性; Western 印迹和FACS检测结果,和HA假病毒颗粒的电镜照片确认了HA基因在假病毒颗粒表面得到了表达;HIV/H5-HA能够凝集鸡红细胞,并且pH值依赖性测定表明,HA假病毒需要低pH值才能实现正确的入侵宿主细胞.本研究结果显示：禽流感病毒H5N1亚型的HA基因得到了有效的包装,并且所包装的假病毒颗粒能够表达具有高度生物活性的HA蛋白.同时,假病毒模型的建立为进一步研究禽流感病毒与宿主之间的免疫应答提供了一种新的途径.     

甲型流感病毒HA基因的简单重复序列分布分析

以GenBank公开的甲型流感病毒亚型的血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)核苷酸序列为材料,从简单重复序列(simple se-quence repeat,SSR)分布的分析角度出发,分析了来自于亚洲、非洲、北美洲、南美洲、欧洲、大洋洲的49个地区的76株甲流病毒的HA片段。分析表明:所分析序列的SSRs的分布都很相似,其中单碱基重复的相对丰度值和相对密度值均高于其它五种碱基重复的相对丰度值和相对密度值;甲流病毒HA片段的SSRs与HIV-1[16]基因中的SSRs相比,前者的相对丰度值和相对密度值高于后者。这些结果表明甲流病毒基因中的SSRs可能与甲流病毒的快速变异相关。     

A、B型流感病毒HA1嵌合基因疫苗的构建及免疫保护研究

为制备能提供交叉保护的疫苗,本研究在证实A型、B型流感病毒HA1 DNA能够提供抗流感病毒保护的基础上,将编码A型和B型流感病毒HA1的基因构建在同一质粒中,制备成嵌合DNA疫苗.将该重组质粒免疫小鼠,并以致死量同种流感病毒A/PR/8/34或B/Ibaraki/2/85攻击,通过测定小鼠的血清抗HA抗体和保护效果(包括存活率、肺部病毒量和体重丢失率)来评价DNA疫苗的免疫效果.结果表明:A、B型流感病毒HAl嵌合DNA疫苗能保护小鼠抵抗两种致死量流感病毒的攻击,具有提供交叉保护的能力.     

氨基酸序列集熵值计算工具实现及应用

氨基酸序列保守区和可变区分析是蛋白质结构和功能分析预测的关键环节。本研究根据该需求,编写了Entropy软件,实现了氨基酸序列集熵值计算、统计分析和优势序列模型自动生成等功能,并利用其对A型流感病毒血凝素氨基酸序列的特征进行了分析。该软件为氨基酸序列集保守性分析提供了可靠工具。     

Rigid-body docking with mutant constraints of influenza hemagglutinin with antibody HC19

An automatic docking algorithm has been applied to the modeling of the complex between hemagglutinin from influenza virus and the Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody raised against this antigen. We have introduced here the use of biochemical information provided by mutants of hemagglutinin. The docking procedure finds a small number of candidate solutions where three sites of escape mutations are buried and form hydrogen bonds in the interface. The localization of the epitope is improved by additional biochemical data about mutants that do not affect antibody binding. Five candidate solutions with low energy, reasonably well-packed interfaces, and six to ten hydrogen bonds are compatible with mutant information. One of the five stands out as generally better than the others from these points of views. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.