添加秸秆和磷素对土壤微生物群落的影响

为了探讨添加小麦秸秆和磷素对低磷土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响,设置2个梯度的小麦秸秆添加量(N₀和N₁分别为0和2.08 g·kg^-1)和4个施磷水平(P₀、P₁、P₂和P₃分别为0、100、200和400 mg·kg^-1)组合处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定土壤微生物生物量.结果表明: 添加秸秆配合施入磷素对微生物总生物量、细菌生物量、真菌生物量和真菌/细菌(F/B)比值具有显著的促进作用,微生物总生物量、细菌生物量、真菌生物量和F/B均为N₁P₁>N₁P₀>N₁P₂>N₁P₃>N₀P₁>N₀P₂>N₀P₃.在相同磷素水平下,添加秸秆处理的各指标均显著高于未添加秸秆处理;在添加相同秸秆量条件下,施磷处理的各指标随磷素施入量先增加后降低,以P₁水平组合最优,其次是P₀,最后是P₂和P₃.     

外源氮素添加对森林土壤氨基糖转化的影响

采用室内模拟培养法研究了不同数量氮素添加条件下森林土壤中3种微生物来源的氨基糖含量的动态变化,并且利用氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值分析了氮素添加条件下土壤真菌和细菌对土壤氮素转化和积累的相对贡献。结果表明:土壤中氨基糖含量的动态变化与土壤中的养分状况密切相关;当向土壤中添加氮源时,微生物会利用外加氮源合成自身的细胞壁物质,并且高氮处理胞壁酸含量高于低氮处理,而高氮处理氨基葡萄糖含量则低于低氮处理,说明随施氮量的增加更有利于以胞壁酸为代表的细菌残留物在土壤中的积累,不利于以氨基葡萄糖为代表的真菌残留物的积累,氨基半乳糖对氮素添加的响应较小;当土壤中养分缺乏时,氨基糖能够发生不同程度的分解;添加氮源条件下,真菌和细菌来源氨基糖的比值发生变化,细菌对土壤氮素转化的贡献大于真菌,并且高氮处理细菌的贡献更大。本研究表明,氮素添加改变了以氨基糖为代表的土壤氮素的微生物转化过程。     

长白山苔原带土壤碳、氮矿化对氮沉降的响应

高山苔原生态系统的土壤无机氮含量较低,对氮的缓冲性弱而易受外源氮输入的影响.本研究以长白山北坡苔原带土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,以NH₄NO₃为外加氮源,设置3个施氮水平:对照(CK,0 kg·hm^-2),低氮(N₁,25 kg·hm^-2),高氮(N₂,50 kg·hm^-2),分析长白山苔原带土壤碳、氮矿化对氮沉降的响应.结果表明: 氮添加处理对长白山苔原带土壤碳矿化速率影响不显著,但对土壤碳矿化累积矿化量影响显著,N₂抑制了土壤的碳矿化作用.培养40 d后,氮添加处理提高了土壤无机氮含量;而培养80 d后,N₂与N₁的无机氮含量差异不显著,但都明显高于CK,氮输入促进了土壤氮的矿化.培养过程中,N₁处理下的微生物生物量碳、氮高于N₂和CK处理,说明低氮输入对土壤微生物活性的促进作用更明显.在未来氮沉降增加的背景下,长白山苔原土壤碳、氮周转可能加快,提高土壤无机氮含量.土壤中无机氮含量增加,虽然可以为植物生长提供更多生长所需的氮素,但也提高了土壤氮素的流失风险.     

施氮量对测墒补灌小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分布的影响

以大穗型小麦品种‘山农23’为材料,在大田拔节期和开花期土壤相对含水量分别补灌至70%和65%的条件下,设置4个施氮水平0 (N₀)、180 (N₁)、240 (N₂)和300 kg·hm^-2 (N₃),研究施氮量对小麦冠层不同层次光合有效辐射(PAR)截获和干物质分布的影响.结果表明: N₂处理开花期群体总茎数、开花后10、20和30 d的叶面积指数、开花后20 d冠层上层和中层及冠层总的PAR截获率和截获量显著高于N₀和N₁,施氮量增加至N₃,上述指标无显著增加.N₂处理成熟期各层次营养器官干物质积累量显著高于N₀和N₁,籽粒干物质积累量和植株总干物质积累量比N₀分别高36.7%和35.4%,比N₁分别高9.5%和10.2%,与N₃处理无显著差异.各层次营养器官干物质积累量、籽粒干物质积累量和植株总干物质积累量与上层和中层PAR截获率呈显著正相关,与下层PAR截获率无显著相关;各层次营养器官干物质积累量与籽粒干物质积累量均呈显著正相关.施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2的N₂处理是本试验条件下的最优处理.     

长江流域稻麦轮作条件下冬小麦适宜施氮量

为推动长江流域稻茬冬小麦氮肥的合理施用,研究了施氮量(0、120、210、300 kg·hm^-2,分别表示为N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃)对土壤硝态氮含量、土壤-植株系统氮素平衡和产量的影响。结果表明: 土壤剖面的硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,至拔节期,不同施氮处理的硝态氮均显著运移至60 cm土层。拔节后追施氮肥显著提高了N₁、N₂处理0～40 cm土层和N₃处理0～60 cm土层的硝态氮含量;而成熟期的硝态氮主要积累于0～40 cm土层。氮素平衡分析表明,氮素吸收、残留、损失因小麦不同生育阶段而异,越冬至拔节期是氮素表观损失的主要时期;小麦全生育期植株的氮素积累量、无机氮残留量和土壤氮素表观损失量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加。通过环境经济学的Coase原理和边际收益综合分析,稻茬小麦兼顾生产、生态和经济效益的适宜氮肥用量为250 kg·hm^-2,基肥与拔节肥的比例为5∶5,相应获得的籽粒产量为6840 kg·hm^-2。     

淹水条件下添加有机物料对蔬菜地土壤硝态氮及氮素气体排放的影响

蔬菜地大量施用氮肥可以引起土壤硝态氮积累,导致土壤退化,快速消除土壤积累的硝态氮,可以提高蔬菜地土壤质量,延长其使用时间.在硝态氮(360 mg N·kg^-1)积累的蔬菜地土壤中,分别加入0、2500、5000和7500 kg C·hm^-2黑麦草(记为CK、C₂₅₀₀、C₅₀₀₀和C₇₅₀₀),淹水条件下,30 ℃恒温室内培养240 h,研究土壤硝态氮含量及氮素气体排放量变化.结果表明：培养结束时,CK处理中土壤硝态氮含量高达310 mg N·kg^-1,添加黑麦草能有效地消除土壤中积累的硝态氮,C₂₅₀₀、C₅₀₀₀和C₇₅₀₀处理中土壤硝态氮含量降低至10 mg N·kg^-1以下需要的时间分别为240、48和24 h.添加黑麦草显著提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤电导率,其变化幅度随黑麦草添加量的增加而增大.添加黑麦草处理的土壤N₂O和N₂累积排放量为270～378 mg N·kg^-1,N₂O/N₂为0.6～1.5.淹水条件下添加黑麦草可快速消除蔬菜地土壤积累的硝态氮,但应充分重视N₂O在这一过程中的大量排放.     

不同秸秆还田量和氮肥配施对玉米田土壤CO2排放的影响

探讨不同秸秆还田量和氮肥量配施对辽西北半干旱区玉米田土壤CO₂排放的影响,可为固碳减排和黑土地保护计划的实施提供理论支撑。本试验主区设置3个秸秆还田水平,分别为3000(S₁)、6000(S₂)和9000 kg·hm^-2(S₃,秸秆全量还田);副区设置3个氮肥施用水平,分别为105(N₁)、210(N₂,常规施氮量)和420 kg N·hm^-2(N₃),另设置不施氮肥不添加秸秆的对照处理(CK),共10个处理。采集定位试验4年后玉米田间土壤,通过培养试验,探究不同处理对玉米田土壤CO₂排放的影响及CO₂排放与土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)的关系。结果表明: 秸秆还田和氮肥施用均会促进玉米田土壤CO₂排放,并随秸秆还田量和施氮量的增加而显著增加,其中氮肥施用是促进玉米田土壤CO₂排放的最主要因素;秸秆还田与氮肥配施通过促进微生物生物量增加并加剧DOC消耗来促进玉米田土壤CO₂排放;MBC和DOC含量显著刺激玉米田土壤CO₂排放,且主要受两者培养前期含量的影响。从保障秸秆还田培肥地力同时减少CO₂排放的角度考虑,210 kg N·hm^-2常规施氮量与6000 kg·hm^-2秸秆还田配合施用(N₂S₂)是本试验条件下辽西北半干旱区最有潜力的田间施肥模式。     

秸秆、氮肥和食细菌线虫交互作用对土壤活性碳氮和温室气体排放的影响

采用3因素2水平交互设计室内恒温培养试验,通过调控秸秆施用、氮肥用量及食细菌线虫,探讨三者对土壤微生物生物量碳氮(C_mic和N_mic)、可溶性碳氮(DOC、DON)、矿质氮(NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N)及温室气体排放(CO₂、N₂O和CH₄)的交互影响.结果表明： 施用秸秆显著增加了食细菌线虫数量、C_mic和N_mic,而随着氮肥用量增加,C_mic和N_mic降低,食细菌线虫对C_mic和N_mic的影响则依赖于秸秆和氮肥用量.秸秆、氮肥和食细菌线虫对可溶性碳氮和矿质氮表现出强烈的交互作用,其中秸秆和氮肥均增加了DOC、NH₄⁺ -N和NO₃^--N;食细菌线虫对DOC的抑制作用和对矿质氮的促进作用达到显著水平.秸秆处理对CO₂、N₂O的促进及对CH₄的抑制均达到显著水平,而线虫和氮肥的影响则更多表现出交互作用.在培养第56天,有秸秆时,低量氮肥下食细菌线虫显著促进了CO₂的排放,而高量氮肥下则表现出对CO₂和N₂O显著的抑制作用.总之,土壤生态功能的发挥不可忽视土壤动物的作用.     

施氮水平对蚕豆枯萎病和根际微生物代谢功能多样性的影响

研究不同氮肥用量对蚕豆根际微生物功能多样性的影响及其与蚕豆枯萎病发生的关系.通过田间小区试验,采用Biolog微平板分析法研究了4个施氮水平N₀(0 kg·hm-2)、N₁(56.25 kg·hm^-2)、N₂(112.5 kg·hm^-2)和N₃(168.75 kg·hm^-2)对蚕豆枯萎病危害和根际微生物代谢功能多样性的影响.结果表明： 施氮(N₁、N₂、N₃)处理显著降低了蚕豆枯萎病的病情指数和根际镰刀菌的数量,显著增加了蚕豆根际的细菌、放线菌数量、细菌/真菌和放线菌/真菌.其中N₂处理蚕豆枯萎病病情指数和镰刀菌数量最低,而细菌、放线菌数量、细菌/真菌和放线菌/真菌最高.与N₀处理相比,N₁、N₂、N₃处理均提高了根际微生物群落碳源利用率(AWCD),但对6类碳源的利用存在一定的差异.不同施氮水平下根际微生物群落对糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类碳源利用程度较高.主成分分析表明,施氮明显改变了蚕豆根际微生物群落结构,糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类碳源是区分施氮导致土壤微生物群落变化的敏感碳源.施氮抑制了根际微生物对部分糖类和羧酸类碳源的利用,而提高了对氨基酸和酚酸类碳源的利用,这可能是施氮减轻蚕豆枯萎病危害的重要原因之一.适量施氮能增加根际细菌、放线菌数量,改变微生物代谢功能,降低病原菌数量,是抑制蚕豆枯萎病发生的有效措施.     

外源无机氮素形态对土壤氨基糖动态的影响

微生物生长对底物的可利用性存在不同的响应,外源氮素的形态可以显著影响微生物代谢过程,而土壤氨基糖作为微生物细胞壁残留物,其形成、分解和周转特征与外源碳氮供给密切相关,对土壤氨基糖的研究与同位素标记技术相结合,可以进一步反映微生物对底物的利用特征.本文以葡萄糖及15N标记的NH4+和NO3-为底物,利用气相色谱-质谱联机技术,通过测定氨基糖中同位素富集比例,跟踪新形成(标记)和原有(非标记)的土壤氨基糖的动态变化.结果表明:在培养过程中,15N标记的氨基糖含量显著增加,NH4+向氨基糖的转化显著高于NO3-,反映出微生物对NH4+的选择性利用.土壤中原有的氨基糖也发生了不同变化.其中,非标记氨基葡萄糖在N H4+为底物时,其含量有所增加,但在NO3-为底物时含量逐渐下降;非标记胞壁酸含量在2个处理中均不断下降,尤其以NO3-为底物时更为显著;非标记氨基半乳糖含量的增减幅度均小于20％.这种特异性变化表明,不同来源的微生物细胞壁残留物对土壤氮素周转和稳定的作用不同,真菌细胞壁残留物易于在土壤中积累,有利于土壤有机质的稳定,而细菌细胞壁残留物容易分解,在土壤有机质周转过程中起重要作用.     

Contrasting effects of maize residue,coal gas residue and their biochars on nutrient mineralization,enzyme activities and CO2 emissions in sandy loess soil

Mismanagement of crop straw and coal gas residue threatens the atmosphere and the economy. Nevertheless, thermal-pyrolysis is an option for management that turns bio-waste into biochar; its viability and adoption by the public as soil amendments is dependent on the agronomic and environmental values compared between biochar and the raw materials. We undertook a 60-day short-term analysis to assess the impact of various wastes and biochars, as well as inorganic nutrients (N), on carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, soil enzyme activities, soil fertility status, and microbial activities. There were eight treatments of soil amendments: without an amendment (CK), Nutrients (N), straw + nutrients (S+N), straw biochar + nutrients (SB+N), coal gas residue + nutrients (C+N), coal gas residue biochar + nutrients (CB+N), straw + straw biochar + nutrients (S+SB+N) and coal gas residue waste + coal gas residue biochar + nutrients (C+ CB +N). The results indicated that soil EC, pH, nitrate N (NO₃^–- N), SOC, TN and available K were significantly (p < 0.05) increased coal gas residue biochar and combined with coal fly ash as compared to maize straw biochar and combined with maize straw and N treatments. The higher concentrations of soil MBC and MBN activities were increased in the maize straw application, while higher soil enzyme activity such as, invertase, urease and catalase were enhanced in the coal fly ash derived biochar treatments. The higher cumulative CO₂ emissions were recorded in the combined applications of maize straw and its biochar as well as coal gas residue and its biochar treatment. Our study concludes, that maize straw and coal fly ash wastes were converted into biochar product could be a feasible substitute way of discarding, since land amendment and decreased CO₂ fluxes and positive changes in soil microbial, and chemical properties, and can be confirmed under long-term conditions for reduction of economical and environment issues.     

添加玉米和水稻秸秆对淹水土壤pH、二氧化碳及交换态铵的影响

通过温室土壤培养试验,研究了不同添加量玉米和水稻秸秆对淹水土壤pH、CO₂及交换态铵的影响.结果表明：在接近中性的土壤中加入秸秆可使土壤pH值降低,4 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理的土壤pH值均与对照差异显著（P＜0.05）,而1 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理与对照差异不显著（P＞0.05）.土壤溶液中的CO₂含量随秸秆添加量的增加而增大,1 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理的土壤溶液CO₂含量最大值分别为35.9％和31.9％（v/v）,与对照（25.8％）差异达显著水平（P＜0.05）,但两者间差异不显著（P＞0.05）;4 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理的土壤溶液CO₂含量最大值分别为54.2％和41.8％（v/v）,与对照差异极显著（P＜0.01）,两者间差异也达显著水平（P＜0.05）.在不施氮肥的情况下,添加秸秆可降低土壤铵态氮浓度,且铵态氮浓度随秸秆添加量的增加而降低,不同添加量处理间差异显著（P＜0.05）;在施入氮肥的情况下,1 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理提高了土壤铵态氮浓度,而4 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理降低了土壤铵态氮浓度.无论是否施入氮肥,玉米和水稻秸秆处理的土壤铵态氮浓度差异不显著（P＞0.05）.     

不同施肥处理对玉米秸秆碳氮比及其矿化特性的影响

以两个长期定位试验不同施肥处理玉米秸秆为对象,采用室内培养试验研究了其碳、氮养分在土壤中的矿化特性.结果表明：与未施肥处理相比,施用化肥（NPK）或化肥与有机肥配施（MNPK）处理明显增加了玉米秸秆的氮素含量,降低了其C/N.不同处理秸秆碳、氮矿化量和被微生物固持的碳、氮量因培养时期不同而异,NPK、MNPK和240 kg N·hm^-2处理秸秆在培养期间碳的矿化率显著高于相应不施肥处理;60 d培养期结束后,NPK处理秸秆的有机碳矿化量最大,占加入总有机碳的13.24%.各施肥处理玉米秸秆施入土壤后引起的土壤矿质氮固持量均较不施肥秸秆低,其中MNPK处理最低.施用秸秆增加了土壤微生物的代谢熵（qCO₂）,但不同处理间qCO₂的差异较小;各处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量因培养时期不同而异.因此,生产中利用秸秆时应考虑不同施肥处理秸秆养分含量的差异.     

不同施肥处理对玉米秸秆碳氮比及其矿化特性的影响

以两个长期定位试验不同施肥处理玉米秸秆为对象,采用室内培养试验研究了其碳、氮养分在土壤中的矿化特性.结果表明：与未施肥处理相比,施用化肥（NPK）或化肥与有机肥配施（MNPK）处理明显增加了玉米秸秆的氮素含量,降低了其C/N.不同处理秸秆碳、氮矿化量和被微生物固持的碳、氮量因培养时期不同而异,NPK、MNPK和240 kg N·hm^-2处理秸秆在培养期间碳的矿化率显著高于相应不施肥处理;60 d培养期结束后,NPK处理秸秆的有机碳矿化量最大,占加入总有机碳的13.24%.各施肥处理玉米秸秆施入土壤后引起的土壤矿质氮固持量均较不施肥秸秆低,其中MNPK处理最低.施用秸秆增加了土壤微生物的代谢熵（qCO₂）,但不同处理间qCO₂的差异较小;各处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量因培养时期不同而异.因此,生产中利用秸秆时应考虑不同施肥处理秸秆养分含量的差异.     

Nitrogen input quality changes the biochemical composition of soil organic matter stabilized in the fine fraction: a long-term study

The chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM) is a key determinant of its biological stability. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of various sources of supplemental N on the chemical composition of SOM in the fine (<5 μm) mineral fraction. Treatments were fallow, maize/soybean in rotation, and continuous maize receiving no fertilizer (maize0N), synthetic fertilizer N (maize + N), or composted manure (maize + manure). The chemical structures in SOM associated with the fine fraction were determined using XANES spectroscopy at the C and N K-edges, which was assessed using multidimensional scaling. Analysis of amino sugar biomarkers were used to evaluate the fungal:bacterial contributions to the SOM. The addition of N to soils (i.e., maize + N, maize + manure, and maize/soybean treatments) resulted in the enrichment of proteinaceous compounds. Soils which did not receive supplemental N (i.e., fallow and maize0N treatments) were enriched in plant-derived compounds (e.g., aromatics, phenolics, carboxylic acids and aliphatic compounds), suggesting that decomposition of plant residues was constrained by N-limitation. Microbial populations assessed by amino sugar biomarker ratios showed that the highest contributions to SOM by bacteria occurred in the maize + manure treatment (high N input), and by fungi in the fallow treatment (low N input). The SOM in the maize + N and maize/soybean treatments was enriched in N-bonded aromatics; we attribute this enrichment to the abiotic reaction of inorganic N with organic C structures. The SOM in the maize + manure treatment was enriched in pyridinic-N, likely as a result of intense microbial processing and high SOM turnover. The presences of signals for ketone and pyrrole compounds in XANES spectra suggest their use as biomarkers for microbially transformed and stabilized SOM. The SOM in the maize + manure treatment was enriched in ketones which are likely microbial by-products of fatty acid catabolism. Pyrrole compounds, which may accumulate over the long term as by-products of protein transformations by an N-limited microbial community, were dominant in the fallow soil. A combination of molecular spectroscopy and biomarker analysis showed that the source of supplemental N to soil influences the stable C- and N-containing compounds of SOM in a long-term field study. Indeed, any increase in N availability allowed the microbial community to transform plant material into microbial by-products which occur as stable SOM compounds in the fine soil fraction.     

秸秆预处理对土壤微生物量及呼吸活性的影响

冬小麦秸秆经8．0g·L^-1H2O2(pH11．0)溶液、12．5g·L^-1 NaOH溶液或H2SO4溶液浸泡8h并80℃烘干后,与无机N一起加入土壤,进行室内25℃恒温培养试验,在不同时间测定土壤微生物量C、N和CO2释放速率。结果表明,培养前期,秸秆预处理使土壤微生物量C数量增加了1．0～1．4倍,但降低了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;培养后期,NaOH和H2SO4处理使土壤微生物量C分别下降了28％和42％,但增加了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;H2O2处理则使土壤微生物量N增加90％;土壤微生物区系中的真菌比例在不同时刻有所增加,表明将秸秆预处理后施入土壤,将对土壤中微生物数量和呼吸活性产生一定影响。     

不同施肥处理对玉米-小麦轮作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

土壤微生物多样性能反应土壤的肥力,不同的施肥措施对土壤微生物的种群和功能多样性也会产生重要的影响。以山东德州连续两年小麦季和玉米季收获后土壤为研究对象,利用Biolog技术研究了6种不同施肥处理对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明:其中各个施肥处理的平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)差异显著,常规氮磷钾肥+全量秸秆还田+秸秆腐熟剂(FS)处理代谢活性最高;物种丰富度指数(H)和均匀度指数(E)也表明各施肥方式均能够维持微生物种群的多样性,其中FS和30%猪粪+70%常规氮磷钾肥(OF)处理物种丰富度指数(H)和均匀度指数(E)最高;PCA及RDA分析显示,OF和FS处理微生物功能多样性相似,且其微生物功能多样性与有机质(Soil organic matter,SOM)、全氮(Total N,TN)、速效磷(Available P,AP)和速效钾(Available K,AK)密切相关。猪粪堆肥有机无机复合肥3 600 kg/hm2(OI2)处理与猪粪堆肥有机无机复合肥1 800 kg/hm2(OI1)处理相似,其功能多样性比常规施肥(CF)处理稍高。综上所述,OF处理和FS处理的土壤微生物群落功能多样性程度高于其他处理,说明秸秆还田+秸秆腐熟剂和有机肥部分替代氮磷钾肥能够显著提高土壤微生物功能多样性,有利于保护土壤微生态。     

The importance of amino sugar turnover to C and N cycling in organic horizons of old-growth Douglas-fir forest soils colonized by ectomycorrhizal mats

Amino sugar dynamics represent an important but under-investigated component of the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in old-growth Douglas-fir forest soils. Because fungal biomass is high in these soils, particularly in areas colonized by rhizomorphic ectomycorrhizal fungal mats, organic matter derived from chitinous cell wall material (or the monomeric building block of chitin, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)) could be a significant source of C or N to the soil microbiota, and thus an important driver of microbial C and N processing. This paper reports the results of incubation experiments initiated to measure chitin degradation, NAG utilization, and the contribution of these substrates to soil respiration and N mineralization rates in mat-colonized and non-mat soil organic horizons. Amendments of chitin and NAG stimulated respiration, N mineralization, and biomass accumulation in mat and non-mat soils, and responses to NAG amendment were stronger than to chitin amendment. NAG-induced respiration was consistently two-fold higher in mat soils than non-mat soils, but induced N mineralization was similar between the two soil patch types. Assimilation of both C and N into microbial biomass was apparent, biomass C:N ratio decreased in all treatments, and microbial N use efficiency (treatment means 0.25 ± 0.06–0.50 ± 0.05) was greater than C use efficiency (treatment means 0.12 ± 0.04–0.32 ± 0.02). NAGase enzyme response was non-linear and showed the same pattern in chitin and NAG amendments. Responses to NAG and chitin amendment differed between mat and non-mat soils, indicating different mechanisms driving NAG and chitin utilization or differences in saprotrophic community composition between the two soil patch types. Net chitin and NAG processing rates were 0.08–3.4 times the basal respiration rates and 0.07–14 times the ambient net N mineralization rates, high enough for the turnover of total soil amino sugars to potentially occur in days to weeks. The results support the hypotheses that amino sugars are important microbial C and N sources and drivers of C and N cycling in these soils.     

玉米与蚕豆秸秆配施对秸秆分解及土壤养分含量的影响

采用室内培养试验研究了禾本科作物玉米秸秆和豆科作物蚕豆秸秆单施及其不同比例配施后的秸秆分解及土壤养分含量.结果表明：单施玉米秸秆,土壤有机碳的矿化量和秸秆有机碳的矿化速率都较低,土壤矿质态氮被固持的时间也最长;玉米秸秆与蚕豆秸秆配合施用促进了秸秆有机碳和土壤固持矿质态氮的矿化.两种秸秆单施和配施均显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量.禾本科作物秸秆与豆科作物秸秆配合施用,可以加快秸秆的分解,协调养分供应.     

选择性抑菌剂对添加稻草红壤旱土团聚体磷素微生物转化的影响

为了进一步探明红壤旱土磷素微生物固持的机理,采用室内模拟培养试验研究了微生物类群对红壤旱土团聚体(0.2～2mm)磷素转化的作用.结果表明:在培养90d期间,添加稻草处理能显著提高红壤旱土团聚体的微生物生物量碳、生物量磷、提取磷(Olsen法)和有机磷的含量.在培养前期(5～30d),与添加稻草处理比较,稻草+真菌抑制剂(放线菌酮)、稻草+细菌抑制剂(四环素+链霉素硫酸盐)处理团聚体微生物生物量碳含量分别降低10.5%～31.8%和6.8%～11.6%,前者的降低幅度显著大于后者(P0.01),此后加入抑菌剂处理团聚体微生物生物量碳基本保持稳定.添加细菌抑制剂处理团聚体微生物生物量磷含量在培养5～20d期间比加真菌抑制剂处理高10.0%～28.8%,差异显著(P0.01).表明真菌和细菌均参与红壤旱土团聚体磷素的固持,但真菌的作用明显大于细菌.