Phylogenetic Reappraisal of the Genus Monomorphina (Euglenophyceae) Based on Molecular and Morphological Data

A morphological and molecular examination of the genus Monomorphina was conducted on 46 strains isolated mainly from Korea. The strains were divided into two types based on morphological data: Monomorphina aenigmatica and M. pyrum ‐ like species. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined data set of nuclear SSU and LSU and plastid SSU and LSU rDNA showed that the strains could be divided into eight clades: Clade A of M. aenigmatica, Clade B of the isolates (M. pyropsis) from Michigan, USA, Clade C of M. pseudopyrum, Clade D of the isolates (M. pyroria) from Bremen, Germany, Clade E of M. soropyrum, Clade F of M. pyriformis, Clade G of M. parapyrum, and Clade H of M. pyrum. Six of these clades came from strains that would be considered M. pyrum sensu Kosmala et Zakry?, one of which could be recognized as a traditional species (M. pyrum) and five were designated as new species; each species had unique molecular signatures at nr SSU rDNA helix 17 and 17′ and spacer E23_14′‐E23_15. The species of Monomorphina had a wide range of genetic diversity with interspecies sequence similarity of 85.6%–97.1% and intraspecies similarity of 96.4%–99.9%. Our results suggested that genetic diversity found in the M. pyrum complex justifies the recognition of a minimum of eight species within this genus, based on specific molecular signatures and gene divergence of the nr SSU rDNA sequences.     

Species Diversity,Phylogeny and Large Scale Biogeographic Patterns of the Genus Padina (Phaeophyceae,Dictyotales)

The brown algal genus Padina (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) is distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate seas. Global species diversity and distribution ranges, however, remain largely unknown. Species‐level diversity was reassessed using DNA‐based, algorithmic species delineation techniques based on cox3 and rbcL sequence data from 221 specimens collected worldwide. This resulted in estimates ranging from 39 to 61 putative species (ESUs), depending on the technique as well as the locus. We discuss the merits, potential pitfalls, and evolutionary and biogeographic significance of algorithmic species delineation. We unveil patterns whereby ESUs are in all but one case restricted to either the Atlantic or Indo‐Pacific Ocean. Within ocean basins we find evidence for the vast majority of ESUs to be confined to a single marine realm. Exceptions, whereby ESUs span up to three realms, are located in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean. Patterns of range‐restricted species likely arise by repeated founder events and subsequent peripatric speciation, hypothesized to dominate speciation mechanisms for coastal marine organisms in the Indo‐Pacific. Using a three‐gene (cox3, psaA and rbcL), relaxed molecular clock phylogenetic analysis we estimated divergence times, providing a historical framework to interpret biogeographic patterns.     

Ulva (Chlorophyta,Ulvales) Biodiversity in the North Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean,Italy): Cryptic Species and New Introductions

Ulva Linnaeus (Ulvophyceae, Ulvales) is a genus of green algae widespread in different aquatic environments. Members of this genus show a very simple morphology and a certain degree of phenotypic plasticity, heavily influenced by environmental conditions, making difficult the delineation of species by morphological features alone. Most studies dealing with Ulva biodiversity in Mediterranean waters have been based only on morphological characters and a modern taxonomic revision of this genus in the Mediterranean is not available. We report here the results of an investigation on the diversity of Ulva in the North Adriatic Sea based on molecular analyses. Collections from three areas, two of which subject to intense shipping traffic, were examined, as well as historical collections of Ulva stored in the Herbarium Patavinum of the University of Padova, Italy. Molecular analyses based on partial sequences of the rbcL and tufA genes revealed the presence of six different species, often with overlapping morphologies: U. californica Wille, U. flexuosa Wulfen, U. rigida C. Agardh, U. compressa Linnaeus, U. pertusa Kjellman, and one probable new taxon. U. californica is a new record for the Mediterranean and U. pertusa is a new record for the Adriatic. Partial sequences obtained from historical collections show that most of the old specimens are referable to U. rigida. No specimens referable to the two alien species were found among the old herbarium specimens. The results indicate that the number of introduced seaweed species and their impact on Mediterranean communities have been underestimated, due to the difficulties in species identification of morphologically simple taxa as Ulva.     

Morphological and Molecular Description of Three New Species of the Cyrtophorid Genus Chlamydodon (Ciliophora,Cyrtophoria)

This study investigates the morphology and molecular characteristics of three new cyrtophorid ciliates isolated from China seas: Chlamydodon salinus n. sp., Chlamydodon caudatus n. sp., and Chlamydodon paramnemosyne n. sp. Of these, C. salinus n. sp. differs from its congeners through a combination of body size, a cross‐striated band that is not continuous, the presence of 30–34 somatic kineties, 11–15 nematodesmal rods, and 13 contractile vacuoles. Chlamydodon caudatus n. sp., meanwhile, is characterized by having a conspicuous tail, a continuous cross‐striated band, 34–40 somatic kineties, about 15 contractile vacuoles, and 20–24 nematodesmal rods. Compared with other Chlamydodon species, the third new one, C. paramnemosyne n. sp., could be identified by its continuous cross‐striated band, 16–18 somatic kineties, 5 contractile vacuoles, and 9–12 nematodesmal rods. Based on the sequence of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, the phylogeny of these three new species was analyzed, indicating that they all clustered with other congeners to form a monophyletic assemblage. Based on previous studies and the present work, a brief revision of the genus Chlamydodon is supplied, and a key to aid the identification of Chlamydodon species is given.     

Morphological Characterizations of Four Species of Parallelostrombidium (Ciliophora,Oligotrichia), with a Note on the Phylogeny of the Genus

The morphology and phylogeny of four oligotrichid ciliates, Parallelostrombidium paraellipticum sp. n., P. dragescoi sp. n., P. jankowskii (Xu et al. 2009) comb. n., and P. kahli (Xu et al. 2009) comb. n., are described or redescribed based on live observation, protargol stained material, and SSU rRNA gene sequences. The new species P. paraellipticum sp. n. is characterized by its obovoidal cell shape, adoral zone composed of 17–21 collar, 9–11 buccal, and two thigmotactic membranelles, and extrusomes attached in one row along the girdle kinety. The new species P. dragescoi sp. n. is distinguished from its congeners by its obovoidal cell shape and a lack of thigmotactic membranelles. Based on ciliary patterns recognizable in the original slides, Omegastrombidium jankowskii Xu et al. 2009 and O. kahli Xu et al. 2009 should be transferred to the genus Parallelostrombidium Agatha 2004. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA gene sequence data demonstrate that all four new sequences cluster with previously described congeners. The genus Parallelostrombidium is separated into two clusters, suggesting its non‐monophyly and probably corresponding to the two subgenera proposed by Agatha and Strüder‐Kypke (2014), as well as their morphological difference (cell dorsoventrally flattened vs. unflattened).     

Morphology and Phylogeny of Two Novel Pleurostomatids (Ciliophora,Litostomatea), Establishing a New Genus

Pleurostomatida Schewiakoff, 1896 is a cosmopolitan order of ciliates. In the present study, we investigated two new pleurostomatid species, Apolitonotus lynni gen. et sp. nov. and Protolitonotus clampi sp. nov., with state‐of‐the‐art methods. Apolitonotus lynni lacks its oral extrusomes and its right kineties form an anterior semi‐suture near the dorsal margin. Based on these two features, the new genus Apolitonotus was established within the Protolitonotidae Wu et al., 2017. Protolitonotus clampi differs from its congeners by its size of 80–130 × 15–30 μm, 4–6 left, and 9–11 right kineties, extrusomes arranged along the oral slit, and two macronuclear nodules. Because Litonotus antarcticus possesses an anterior semi‐suture and oral extrusomes, it was transferred to the genus Protolitonotus, becoming P. antarctius comb. nov. (basionym Litonotus antarcticus Song and Wilbert, 2002). Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences suggest a sister group relationship of P. clampi and the family Kentrophyllidae, and A. lynni is adelphotaxon to Litonotus gracilis, both within the order Pleurostomatida. Based on the new findings, an improved diagnosis for Protolitonotus was also provided.     

西藏翠雀花属七新种

描述了自西藏发现的毛茛科翠雀花属七新种,隆子翠雀花,黄花翠雀花,绿房翠雀花,二距翠雀花,扎囊翠雀花,宽片翠雀花和狭裂翠雀花,并给出其等与近缘种的区别特征。     

Molecular Phylogeny and Ontogeny of a New Ciliate Genus,Paracladotricha salina n. g., n. sp. (Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)

A hypotrichous ciliate, Paracladotricha salina n. g., n. sp., was discovered in hypersaline waters (salinity about 80‰) from Qingdao, China. Its morphology and some major ontogenetic stages were studied and the phylogenetic position was estimated using standard methods. Paracladotricha salina is characterized by a flexible, more or less slender body (size 50–120 × 20–35 μm), a gonostomatid oral apparatus, one short and two long frontoventral rows, four macronuclear nodules, almost completely reduced dorsal kineties 1–3, and a loss of several parts of the ciliature, namely, the slightly shortened ciliary row of the adoral membranelles, the paroral, and the buccal, the postoral and pretransverse ventral, the transverse, and the caudal cirri. The ontogenesis is rather simple: anlage II of both filial products and anlage III of the opisthe originate de novo, while anlagen IV and V are formed within the parental rows. This combination of features requires the establishment of a new genus, Paracladotricha, which is, according to the morphological data, closely related to Schmidingerothrix and Cladotricha. The small‐subunit rRNA gene was sequenced, indicating that P. salina is, as also demonstrated by the oral apparatus, a member of the gonostomatids. We provide a first, vague hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationships of the Gonostomatidae, Cladotrichidae, and Schmidingerotrichidae. However, since molecular data of the type species of these higher taxa are lacking, their validity and relationships remain obscure.     

毛绥螨属3新种记述（蜱螨亚纲：中气门目：裂胸螨科）

记述毛绥螨属3新种：矩殖毛绥螨Lasioseius orthocegenitalis sp. nov.,林氏毛绥螨Lasioseius linjianzheni sp. nov.和张氏毛绥螨Lasioseius zhangyanxuanae sp. nov.。     

新疆爱波赤眼蜂属Epoligosita记述(膜翅目:赤眼蜂科)

本文简述爱波赤眼蜂属EpoligositaGirault的研究历史及现状,并描述了采自新疆的爱波赤眼蜂属3种,其中有2新种,1中国新记录种,同时提供了新疆爱波赤眼蜂属3种的分类检索表,另附主要形态特征图。正模及部分副模标本保存在新疆大学生命科学与技术学院,其余副模标本保存在福建农林大学生物防治研究所。1.石河子爱波赤眼蜂Epoligositashihezica,新种(图1)本种与EpoligositaclaraHayatetViggiani相似,但新种触角棒节1节;胸部约为腹长的一半;产卵管较短,仅为腹长的0.66-0.69。正模:♀,胡红英,2001-Ⅶ-12,网扫于石河子市;副模:1♂1♀,吴卫,2001-Ⅵ-01,网扫于新源县;2♀♀,同正模;1♀,胡红英,2001-Ⅶ-15,网扫于精河县;1♂,吴卫,2001-Ⅴ-18,网扫于阿克苏市;1♀,胡红英,2001-Ⅷ-07,网扫于和硕县。2.林氏爱波赤眼蜂Epoligositalini,新种(图2)本种与EpoligositasinicaViggianietRen形态较为接近,但新种翅脉下无烟灰色昙纹;触角第一棒节短于第二棒节的1/4。正模:♀,孙涛,2001-Ⅶ-23,网扫于乌鲁木齐市;副模:2♀♀,胡红英,2005-Ⅶ-18,网扫于石河子;1♀,王勇杰,2005-Ⅶ-18,网扫于石河子。3.透明爱波赤眼蜂EpoligositaclaraHayatetViggiani,中国新记录(图3)EpoligositaclaraHayatetViggiani,1981,Boll.Lab.Ent.Agr.Portici,38:119.观察标本:2♂♂,吴卫,2001-Ⅴ-17,网扫于库尔勒市;2♀♀,吴卫,2001-Ⅵ-01,网扫于新源县;1♀,胡红英,2001-Ⅶ-12,网扫于石河子市;1♀,胡红英,2001-Ⅶ-14,网扫于沙湾县。     

中国璐蜡蝉科一新记录属及一新种记述(同翅目:蜡蝉总科)

记述璐蜡蝉科 Lophopidae1个中国新记录属 :阿柯璐蜡蝉属 AcothruraMelichar,new record 和 1新记录种 :红缘阿柯璐蜡蝉 Acothrura impunctata(Jacobi) ,new record以及 1新种 :褐带阿柯璐蜡蝉 Acothrura fucizona,sp.n.。模式标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆     

Two New Brackish Ciliates,Amphileptus spiculatus sp. n. and A. bellus sp. n. from Mangrove Wetlands in Southern China,with Notes on the Molecular Phylogeny of the Family Amphileptidae (Protozoa,Ciliophora, Pleurostomatida)

Two new brackish pleurostomatid ciliates, Amphileptus spiculatus sp. n. and A. bellus sp. n. were collected from mangrove wetlands of southern China and their morphology and molecular phylogeny were studied. Amphileptus spiculatus sp. n. can be distinguished from congeners by the presence of 11–14 right and 6–8 left kineties, two macronuclear nodules and a conspicuous beak‐like anterior body end. Amphileptus bellus sp. n. is characterized by the presence of 2–4 macronuclear nodules, 31–35 right and 6 or 7 left kineties and two types of extrusomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences data indicate that the family Amphileptidae is paraphyletic.     

中国新记录属——乌菌蚊属及一新种记述（双翅目：扁角菌蚊科）

报道中国扁角菌蚊科1新记录属——乌菌蚊属Urytalpa Edwards,1929,并记述1新种：簇毛乌菌蚊U.bartata Caoet Zhou,sp．nov．,模式标本保存在浙江林学院昆虫标本室。 簇毛乌菌蚊Urytalpa barbata Caoel Zhou,新种（图1～4） 雄：体长4．1mm,翅长3．4mm。 本新种与分布于日本的U.crassicauda Uesugi,2004相似,但新种C脉略超过R5脉端至M1脉端距离之半,而U.crassicauda的C脉仅略超过R5脉端;新种Sc脉未达Rs脉基部,而U.crassicauda的Sc脉远超过Rs脉基部。另外,新种第8腹板端部中央有1卵圆形毛斑及第9背板端两侧各具1伸向腹面的长突起等特征也与该属内其它种有显著差异。 正模：♂,浙江泰顺乌岩岭,2005-V-27,王义平采自马氏诱捕器。副模：1♂,浙江庆元百山祖,1994-Ⅳ-21,吴鸿采;1♂,贵州江口梵净山,1988-Ⅴ-15,王象贤采。词源：新种学名意指其第8腹板端部中间着1簇紧密刚毛。     

Molecular Phylogeny and Evolutionary Relationships between the Ciliate Genera Peniculistoma and Mytilophilus (Peniculistomatidae,Pleuronematida)

Peniculistoma mytili and Mytilophilus pacificae are placed in the pleuronematid scuticociliate family Peniculistomatidae based on morphology and ecological preference for the mantle cavity of mytiloid bivalves. We tested this placement with sequences of the small subunit rRNA (SSUrRNA) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes. These species are very closely related sister taxa with no distinct genetic difference in the SSUrRNA sequence but about 21% genetic difference for cox1, supporting their placement together but separation as distinct taxa. Using infection frequencies, M. pacificae, like its sister species P. mytili, does not interact with Ancistrum spp., co‐inhabitants of the mantle cavity. On the basis of these ecological similarities, the fossil record of host mussels, and features of morphology and stomatogenesis of these two ciliates, we argue that M. pacificae derived from a Peniculistoma‐like ancestor after divergence of the two host mussels. Our phylogenetic analyses of pleuronematid ciliates includes the SSUrRNA gene sequence of Sulcigera comosa, a Histiobalantium‐like ciliate from Lake Baikal. We conclude: (i) that the pleuronematids are a monophyletic group; (ii) that the genus Pleuronema is paraphyletic; and (iii) that S. comosa is a Histiobalantium species. We transfer S. comosa to Histiobalantium and propose a new combination Histiobalantium comosa n. comb.     

Cryptic Speciation in the Genus Cryptoglena (Euglenaceae) Revealed by Nuclear and Plastid SSU and LSU rRNA Gene

The photosynthetic euglenoid genus Cryptoglena is differentiated from other euglenoid genera by having a longitudinal sulcus, one chloroplast, two large trough‐shaped paramylon plates positioned between the chloroplast and pellicle, and lack of metaboly. The genus contains only two species. To understand genetic diversity and taxonomy of Cryptoglena species, we analyzed molecular and morphological data from 25 strains. A combined data set of nuclear SSU and LSU and plastid SSU and LSU rRNA genes was analyzed using Bayesian, maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and distance (neighbor joining) methods. Although morphological data of all strains showed no significant species‐specific pattern, molecular data segregated the taxa into five clades, two of which represented previously known species: C. skujae and C. pigra, and three of which were designated as the new species, C. soropigra, C. similis, and C. longisulca. Each species had unique molecular signatures that could be found in the plastid SSU rRNA Helix P23_1 and LSU rRNA H2 domain. The genetic similarity of intraspecies based on nr SSU rDNA ranged from 97.8% to 100% and interspecies ranged from 95.3% to 98.9%. Therefore, we propose three new species based on specific molecular signatures and gene divergence of the nr SSU rDNA sequences.     

Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Two Poorly Known Species of Protocruzia (Ciliophora: Protocruziida)

The ciliate genus Protocruzia is a highly confused group, which was formerly placed in the class Heterotrichea or Karyorelictea, and is according to the most recent system tentatively assigned to the class Spirotrichea. In the present study, the morphology, ciliary pattern, and molecular phylogeny of two poorly known species, Protocruzia tuzeti Villeneuve‐Brachon, 1940, and Protocruzia granulosa Kahl, 1933, isolated from coastal waters of China, were investigated. Protocruzia tuzeti differs from its congeners mainly in possessing 6 adoral membranelles, 8–11 somatic kineties, and postoral dikinetids. Protocruzia granulosa is characterized by its extremely slender body, three postoral kineties, and 13 or 14 somatic kineties. The morphogenesis of P. granulosa is similar to that of P. tuzeti, especially in the parakinetal mode of stomatogenesis and the reorganization of the parental paroral membrane; however, more than one somatic kinety joins in the formation of the oral primordium in P. granulosa. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene revealed that six Protocruzia species form a fully supported clade that does not belong to any ciliate class; therefore, our data support the establishment of the class Protocruziea Gao et al. (Sci. Rep., 6, 2016, 24874).     

毛绥螨属新种记述和已知种再描述与更正(蜱螨亚纲:革螨股:裂胸螨科)

记述毛绥螨属2新种:小板毛绥螨Lasioseius plateculus sp.nov.和黄河毛绥螨Lasioseius huangheensis sp.nov..同时对王氏毛绥螨Lasioseius wangi Ma,1988进行再描述,并对廖氏毛绥螨 Lasioseius liaohaorongae Ma,1996进行更正.