1985-2015年中国不同生态系统NDVI时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

植被是陆地生态系统不可或缺的部分,气候是影响其动态变化的重要驱动因素。因此,探究植被的时空变化及其与气候因子的响应关系,有助于理解陆地生态系统的内在演化机制。目前,不同生态系统尺度下的植被动态变化与气候因子的时间响应关系仍未被完整剖析。因此,为了厘清过去30年不同生态系统植被生长对气候因子的响应关系,利用GIMMS NDVI3g数据和气候资料数据,通过Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验分析了1985—2015年中国陆地NDVI的时空变化特征,结合时间序列相关分析探究了NDVI变化与降水、温度和饱和水汽压差的内部关联,探讨了中国不同生态系统植被与气候因子间的时间响应机制。结果表明：(1) 1985—2015年中国陆地植被呈现改善趋势,年均NDVI先减小后增加,拐点时间在1995年左右,整体变化率为0.5×10^-3/a。农田、森林和草地生态系统的植被显著改善的程度最高,湿地生态系统的植被退化趋势最显著。(2)中国陆地植被NDVI与气候因子的相关性存在明显的空间异质性,且受不同生态系统分区影响。内蒙古高原中部草地生态系统NDVI与降水...     

气候变暖对陆地植被-土壤生态系统的影响研究

由于自然因素及人类活动的长期影响,全球气候变化已经成为不容置疑的事实,并对陆地生态系统的植被及土壤产生了深远影响。陆地植被一土壤生态系统在全球气候变化中的反应与适应等过程已成为众多科学家所关注的问题。为更好地了解陆地植被一土壤生态系统对全球气候变化的响应机制,综述了气候变暖对植物的物候与生长、光合特征、生物量生产与分配,以及土壤呼吸等方面的影响,并对分析得到的结论进行了总结。分析指出,随着全球气候变暖,植物个体和群落特征以及土壤特性都会发生相应改变,高海拔地区的植被高度有增加趋势,而低海拔地区的植被可能出现矮化。然而,在以下方面还存有不确定性：（1）气候变暖导致的植被特征变化是否会减弱全球气候变化;（2）在较长时间尺度上气候变暖如何影响植物的物候和生长,特别是植物的体型;（3）高寒生态系统冬季土壤呼吸对气候变暖如何响应。     

中国东部陆地农业生态系统南北样带的自然概况

介绍了中国东部陆地农业生态系统南北样带的自然情况,包括地理范围、地貌、气候、土壤、植被资源等。通过对东部样带内气候与植被相关分析发现,降水量与温度是影响东部样带内植被分布的重要因素。     

气候变暖对陆地生态系统碳循环的影响

作为全球变化的主要表现之一,气候变暖对全球陆地生态系统碳循环的影响巨大,揭示这一作用对于精确理解碳循环的过程和相关政策的制定具有重要的指导意义。该文综述了此领域近十几年来的主要研究工作,总结了陆地生态系统碳循环对气候变暖响应的主要内部机制及其过程,简述了相关模型的发展及其主要应用,并指出以往研究中存在的主要问题以及未来研究的主要方向。在气候变暖条件下,陆地生态系统碳循环的变化主要体现在以下几个方面:1)低纬度地区生态系统NPP一般表现为降低,而在中高纬度地区通常表现为增加,而在全球尺度上表现为NPP增加;2)土壤呼吸作用增强,但经过一段时间后表现出一定的适应性;3)高纬度地区的生态系统植被碳库表现为增加趋势,低纬度地区生态系统植被碳库变化不大,或略微降低,在全球尺度上表现为植被碳库增加;4)地表凋落物的产量和分解速率增加;5)土壤有机碳分解加速,进而减少土壤碳储存,同时植被碳库向土壤碳库的流动增加从而增加土壤碳库,这两种作用在不同生态系统的比重不同,在全球尺度上表现为土壤碳库的减少;6)尽管不同生态系统表现各异,总体上全球陆地生态系统表现为一个弱碳源。生物物理模型、生物地理模型和生物地球化学模型陆续被开发出来用于研究工作,并取得了一定的成果,但是研究结果仍然存在很大的不确定性。在未来的数年甚至是数十年间,气候变暖与全球变化的其它表现间的协同影响将是下一步的研究重点,气候变暖和陆地生态系统间的双向反馈作用机制是进行更准确研究的理论基础,生态系统结构和功能对气候变化的适应性是准确理解和预测未来气候情景下陆地生态系统碳循环的前提。     

基于潜在植被的中国陆地生态系统对气候变化的脆弱性定量评价

 陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应及其脆弱性评价研究是当前全球变化领域的重要内容之一。该研究在生态系统过程模型的基础上,耦合了潜在 植被对气候变化的动态响应,模拟气候变化对潜在植被分布格局和生态系统主要功能的影响,以潜在植被的变化次数和变化方 向定义植被分布 对气候变化的敏感性和适应性,以生态系统功能特征量的年际变率及其变化趋势定义生态系统功能对气候变化的敏感性和适应性,进而对生态 系统的脆弱性进行定量评价,分析不同气候条件下我国陆地生态系统的脆弱性分布格局及其区域特点。结果表明,我国自然生态系统气候脆弱 性的总体特点为南低北高、东低西高,气候变化将会增加系统的脆弱性。采用政府间气候变化委员会排放情景特别报告国内和区域资源情景, 即IPCC-SRES-A2气候情景进行的预测模拟表明,到21世纪末我国不脆弱的生态系统比例将减少22%左右,高度脆弱和极度脆弱的生态系统所占的 比例较当前气候条件下分别减少1.3%和0.4%。气候变化对我国陆地生态系统的脆弱性分布格局影响不大。不同气候条件下,高度脆弱和极度脆 弱的自然生态系统主要分布在我国内蒙古、东北和西北等地区的生态过渡带上及荒漠-草地生态系统中。总体而言,华南及西南大部分地区的生 态系统脆弱性将随气候变化而有所增加,而华北及东北地区则有所减小。     

全球变化的中国气体—植被分类研究

区域潜在蒸散具有作为植被－气候相关分析与分类的综合气候指标的功能。根据区域潜在蒸散对气候－植被分类的热量与水分指标进行了初步探讨,并对中国气候－植被分类进行了初步的定量研究。根据该模型对中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应进行了探讨,结果表明我国自然植被在气温增加２℃或４℃、降水增加２０％时,森林和草原的面积都有所减少,且随着温度的升高而减少,沙漠化趋势增强。特别是青藏高原地区对全球气候变化非常敏感,     

近30年中国陆地生态系统NDVI时空变化特征

气候变化已明显影响到陆地植被的活动,但在不同生态系统间存在差异,研究不同陆地生态系统归一化植被指数(NDVI)的时空变化特征,不仅可揭示各生态系统植被活动对气候变化的响应规律,而且可为我国不同生态区制定应对气候变化的策略和生态文明建设提供科学依据。基于1982—2012年GIMMS NDVI3g和中国陆地生态系统类型数据,利用一元线性回归、集合经验模态分解和相关分析等方法,研究了近30年中国各陆地生态系统NDVI的时空变化特征,分析了其与气候事件的关系。结果表明,近30年中国植被活动显著上升,年平均归一化植被指数(ANDVI)的上升幅度为0.0029/10a(P0.05),年最大归一化植被指数(MNDVI)的上升幅度为0.0076/10a(P0.01);植被活动显著增强的区域主要是分布在东部季风区的农田和森林生态系统,显著下降的区域主要是分布于西北的荒漠生态系统和东北的森林生态系统;尽管ANDVI和MNDVI线性趋势的显著性有所差异,但农田、森林、草地和水体与湿地生态系统的NDVI总体呈非稳定的上升趋势,上升过程中伴随着较大波动,荒漠生态系统的NDVI呈下降趋势,植被退化显著;与线性趋势不同,各生态系统植被活动的残差趋势包含"上升—下降"两个阶段,并相继于20世纪90年代到21世纪初发生转折;上述5类生态系统的植被活动存在不同尺度的周期特征,年际周期波动特征(1.9—7.6a)比较显著,而年代际周期(10.7a和22.2a)的显著性相对较差;各生态系统的空间异质性在趋强过程中存在2.1—7.1a的年际周期节律;海洋与大气环流的短周期脉动与各生态系统植被活动的周期性节律有着明显关联,ENSO事件和太阳活动是推动植被活动周期性振荡的重要因素。     

2005年中国科学院生命科学和医学学部新当选院士简介

方精云生态学家。北京大学教授。1959年出生于安徽怀宁。1982年毕业于安徽农学院林学系,1989年获日本大阪市立大学生物学博士学位。现任中国生态学会副理事长及国内外多个学术刊物的副主编或编委。建立了我国陆地植被和土壤碳储量的研究方法,系统研究了我国陆地生态系统的碳储量及其变化,较早地开展了碳循环主要过程的野外观测,构建了中国第一个国家尺度的陆地碳循环模式,为我国陆地碳循环的研究奠定了基础;系统研究了我国大尺度的植被动态及时空变化,揭示了我国植被生产力的变化趋势、空间分异及其对气候变化响应的规律;系统开展了我国植被分布与气候关系的定量研究,提出了基于植被气候关系的我国植被带划分的原则和依据,首次采用统一的调查方法,较系统地研究了我国山地植物多样性的分布规律。     

全球变化的中国气候-植被分类研究

区域潜在蒸散具有作为植被－气候相关分析与分类的综合气候指标的功能。根据区域潜在蒸散对气候－植被分类的热量与水分指标进行了初步探讨,并对中国气候－植被分类进行了初步的定量研究。根据该模式对中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应进行了探讨,结果表明我国自然植被在气温增加２℃或４ ℃、降水增加２０％ 时, 森林和草原的面积都有所减少,且随着温度的升高而减少,沙漠化趋势增强。特别是青藏高原地区对全球气候变化非常敏感,因而可以作为全球变化的先兆区或预警区,具有重要的监测和研究意义     

《全球植被——陆地生物圈的生态系统》简介

本书作者Heinrich Walter是德意志联邦共和国司徒嘉德霍恩海姆(Stutt-gart-Hohenhein)大学的教授是一位博学而经验丰富的生态学家。他从事世界植被与气候的关系研究多年。《全球植被》就是一本关于世界植被地带与气候的关系,以及这些植被地带在各大陆分布原因的生态学著作。本书是作者的《全球植被——生态生理学研究》(1964,1968)两卷巨著缩写本(1973)的英文版第二版和第一版比较,作者在第二版中作了一些补充,有新的提法。书名《全球植被》没变,但副题改为“陆地生物圈的生态系统”。在这版中,作者     

植被的PE（可能蒸散）指标与植被气候分类（三）

Holdridge的生命地带分类系统由于其指标的计算十分简便与对植被的对应性强而受到国际植被生态学界与环境科学研究者的重视。特别是近年来在环境的评价、生态区划与预测全球变化对生态系统的影响等方面得到较多采用。该系统对中国各植被地带的气候台站资料进行计算分析的结果表明有较好的适应性。但由于该系统发展于中美洲的热带地区,因而在中国的亚热带地区须进行局部的调整。但采用该系统将有利于与世界各地的气候—植被分类系统的统一与对比研究。通过回归计算表明,该系统的可能蒸散率(PER)指标与CHIKUGO模型的辐射干燥度(RDI)显著相关。因而可以采用便于取得资料与易于计算的PER来进行潜在第一性生产力(NPP)的估算。对中国各植被地带的计算结果令人满意,可进一步用于在全球变化条件下,中国各植被地带或生态系统主要类型及其NPP变化的预测。     

Study on Climate Vegetation Classification for Global Change in China

The study on climate-vegetation relationship is the basis for determining the re sponse of terrestrial ecosystem to global change. By means of quantitative analysis on climate-vegetation interaction, vegetation types and their distribution pattern could be corresponded with certain climatic types in a series of mathematical forms. Thus, the climate could be used to predict vegetation types and their distribution, the same is in reverse. Potential evapotranspiration rate is a comprehensive climatological index which combines temperature with precipitation, and could be used to evaluate the effect of climate on vegetation. In this respect, Holdridge life zone system has been drawing much attention and widely applied internationally owing to its simplicity. It is especially used in the assessment of sensibility of terrestrial ecosystems and their distribution in accordance with climate change and in prediction of the changing pattern of vegetation under doubled CO2 condition. However, Prentice (1990) pointed out that the accurancy of Holdridge life zone system is less than 40 % when it is used at global scale. The reason may be that the potential evapotranspiration calculated by Thornthwaite method, which is used in Holdridge life zone system, reflects the potential evapotranspiration from small evaporated area, while climate-vegetation classification is based on the regional scale. The authors try to establish a new climate-vegetation classification system based on the regional potential evapotranspiration. According to the following formula: where E designates regional actual evapotranspiration: Ep local potential evapotran-spiration: Epo, regional potential evapotranspiration. Ed can be calculated from Penman model or other models. E can be calculated from the following model: E=r · Rn (r2+Rn2+r · Rn) / (2) (r+Rn) · (r2+Rn2)where r designates precipitation (mm); Rn, net radiation (mm). Thus, Ep0 can be easily obtained. It is used as the regional thermal index (RTI) of climate-vegetation classification,and can be expressed as: RTl = Epo (3) Moisture index is another index of climate-veggetation classification. Usually, it can be expressed as the ratio between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation. However, this ratio can not reflect soil moisture, which is important for plant. The ratio between regional actual evapotranspiration and regional potential evapotranspiration is associated not only with climatic condition but also with soil moisture. So it can be used as the moisture index of climate-vegetation classification, and is defined as regional moisture index (RMI): RMI = E/Epo (5) Based on the average climatological data of 30 years from 647 meteorological observation stations in China. It was found that RTl could well reflect a regional thermal level. The values of RTI were less than 360 mm in cold temperate zone, 360～650 mm in temperate zone, 650～380 mm in warm temperate zone, 780～1100 mm in subtropical zone. And more than 1100 mm in tropical zone. RMI also reflects a regional moisture level very well. The values of RMI was less than 0.4 in desert area, 0.4～0.7 in grassland area and more than 0.7 in forest area. Thus, the climate-vegetation classification in China is established on the basis of the two indices: RTI and RMI. According to this model, the changing patterns of vegetation zones in China are given under the conditions of mean annual temperature in creasing by 2℃ and 4℃ and mean annual precipitation increasing by 20%. The results showed that the areas of forest and grassland would decrease, the vegetation zones would move northward and upward, and the area of desert would increase. The results also indicate that the Tibetan Plateau is an area highly sensitive to global change. It could be considered as an indicative or forewarning area for global change , and therefore, an area of great siginificance for monitoring and research. The possible beneficial effect of global change on China terrestrial ecosystems is that the plantation boundary will move northwards and upwards; and the disadvantageous effect is the expansion of desertification and the increase of instability in climatic conditions.     

Relationships Between Geographical Distribution of Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Climate in China

Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst., which belongs to China-Japan subtype of East Asia district, is a evergreen broadleaved tree of Fagaceae. It is distributed widely in the subtropical region of China and also in Japan, Korea, India, Burma, etc. According to the data on geographical distribution of this species collected extensively, the indexes of vegetation-climate interaction which used widely in the world were calculated. These indexes include Kira' s water-temperature indexes, Penman's formula, Thornthwaite's indexes and climatic classification, Holdridge's life zone classification system, annual average temperature, mean temperature in January, mean temperature in July, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature and precipitation. The relationships between geographical distribution of Cyclobalanopsis glauca and climate in China has been analysed and the Kira's water-temperature indexes on the distributional upper limit, lower limit and north limit have been discussed. The relation of species versus climate in historial period and the relation of species versus climate in historial period have also been discussed according to palynological and written records. The potential change of the tree species distributional area under elevated CO2 concentration has been forecast based on Holdridge' s indexes of life zone classification system and GCM models' conclusions.     

Quantifying Regional Vegetation Cover Variability in North China during the Holocene: Implications for Climate Feedback

Validating model simulations of vegetation-climate feedback needs information not only on changes in past vegetation types as reconstructed by palynologists, but also on other proxies such as vegetation cover. We present here a quantitative regional vegetation cover reconstruction for North China during the Holocene. The reconstruction was based on 15 high-quality lake sediment profiles selected from 55 published sites in North China, along with their modern remote sensing vegetation index. We used the surface soil pollen percentage to build three pollen-vegetation cover transfer models, and used lake surface sediment pollen data to validate their accuracy. Our results showed that vegetation cover in North China increased slightly before its maximum at 6.5 cal ka BP and has since declined significantly. The vegetation decline since 6.5 cal ka BP has likely induced a regional albedo change and aerosol increase. Further comparison with paleoclimate and paleovegetation dynamics in South China reproduced the regional cooling effect of vegetation cover decline in North China modelled in previous work. Our discussion demonstrates that, instead of reconstructing vegetation type from a single site, reconstructing quantitative regional vegetation cover could offer a broader understanding of regional vegetation-climate feedback.     

4个常用的气候-植被分类模型对中国植被分布模拟的比较研究

 应用KAPPA一致性检验方法,比较研究了4个常用的气候植被分类模型：Penman模型、Holdridge生命地带系统、Kira模型和Thornthwaite模型对中国植被分布模拟的一致性和适用性。结果表明：这4个常用的气候 植被分类模型对中国植被区划一级分类的植被地理分布模拟效果较好。其中,Holdridge生命地带系统的KAPPA值达到0.57,模拟效果优于其它三者。但对特定地区,如青藏高原的植被地理分布,所有模型均需改进或引入新的影响因子才能较好地模拟二级植被区划的植被地理分布。1)Penman模型对温带草原和青藏高原的植被地理分布模拟的KAPPA值超过0.50,是4个模型中对青藏高原植被地理分布模拟效果最好的。2)Thornthwaite模型对热带雨林、季雨林植被地理分布模拟的KAPPA值达到0.40,可以弥补Holdridge生命地带系统对热带植被地理分布模拟精度的不足。3) Holdridge生命地带系统对中国植被地理分布模拟的效果最佳,但对西部季雨林、雨林区域(52)、西部草原亚区域(63)、青藏高原温性荒漠地带(86)和温性草原地带(84)的模拟程度不理想。4)Kira模型对亚热带常绿阔叶林植被地理分布的模拟效果可与Holdridge生命地带系统相媲美;对低海拔和湿润、湿润地区植被地理分布的模拟效果尚可,但在温带荒漠区与青藏高原区植被地理分布的模拟效果与实际相差较远。     

Using ecosystem models to assess potential consequences of global climatic change

Predicting ecosystem response to climate change is a dynamic version of the classic problem of understanding vegetation-climate interrelations. Computer models can synthesize current knowledge and are important tools for understanding possible ecosystem dynamics under changed conditions. Models based on individual plant biology and natural history have been tested with respect to their ability to simulate vegetation response to changed climate, and are being applied to assess the potential effects of future climate change.     

中国气候－植被关系初探

气候－植被分类必须强调气候因子的综合影响及其指标的区域性。一般的气候观测缺乏在生物学上具有重要与综合的作用或代表性,而区域潜在蒸散包括从所有表面的蒸发与植物蒸腾,并涉及到决定植被分布的两大要素：温度和降水。因此,区域潜在蒸散具有作为植被－气候相关分析与分类的综合气侯指标的功能。本文首次根据区域潜在蒸散对气侯－植被关系的热量与水分指标进行了初步探讨,提出了进行气候－植被关系的热量指标（ＴＩ）和区域湿润指标（ＲＭＩ）,并据此对中国气侯－植被关系进行了初步的定量研究。该研究对于了解气候－植被之间的相互关系,正确地评估和预测全球变化对人类及生物所赖以生存的生态环境的影响具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

中国气候-植被关系初探

气候—植被分类必须强调气候因子的综合影响及其指标的区域性。一般的气候观测缺乏在生物学上具有重要与综合的作用或代表性,而区域潜在蒸散包括从所有表面的蒸发与植物蒸腾,并涉及到决定植被分布的两大要素：温度和降水。因此,区域潜在蒸散具有作为植被—气候相关分析与分类的综合气候指标的功能。本文首次根据区域潜在蒸散对气候—植被关系的热量与水分指标进行了初步探讨,提出了进行气候—植被关系的热量指标(TI)和区域湿润指标(RMI),并据此对中国气候—植被关系进行了初步的定量研究。该研究对于了解气候—植被之间的相互关系,正确地评估和预测全球变化对人类及生物所赖以生存的生态环境的影响具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

基于地形因素的新疆荒漠植被-气候模型应用研究

本研究在新疆荒漠植被型分类的基础上,用植被与气候Holdridge生命带模型进行荒漠植被型的模拟,并用Kappa检验系数进行结果检验,模拟结果很差(0.19),将地形作为模拟模型具体考虑的一个因素,对重新分类的气候区进行二次植被模拟。二次模拟结果Kappa检验系数平均值为0.45,二次模拟整体荒漠植被型模拟结果的Kappa检验系数为0.64,极大地提高了模型模拟的准确度。模型模拟准确度的提高在于将影响新疆水分分配的地形因素作为改进Holdridge生命带模型的参数,该参数的引入为提高Holdridge生命带模型的准确度提供了新的思路,也为较准确地模拟新疆地区的植被提供了新途径。     

Classification of vegetation: Past,present and future

Abstract. This paper is a report on the past, status-quo and perspectives of vegetation classification, still a major occupation of many vegetation scientists. The history of vegetation classification is discussed against a background of several controversial issues such as the problem of continuum vs. discontinuum, naturalness vs. arbitrariness of the nature of plant communities, universality vs. ad hoc character of syntaxonomic schemes, as well as classical versus numerical approaches to data analysis for classification purposes. The development of the methodology of vegetation science and the present image of vegetation classification is documented by a bibliometric analysis of the publication record of four majorjournals: Journal of Vegetation Science, Vegetatio, Phytocoenologia and Tuexenia. This analysis revealed a persisting controversy between traditional and numerical approaches to vegetation classification. A series of important changes in vegetation science (foundation of new journals, change of editorial policy by the established, important meetings) punctuate a period called the ‘Innovation period’. Several trends in the development of methods of vegetation systematics are summarized under the headings formalism, pluralism, functionalism, pragmatism and indeterminism. Some new features, such as the development and improvement of numerical tools, use of large data banks and attempts to summarize the theory of vegetation classification are discussed. The new growth-form system of Barkman initiated a revival of physiognomy-based vegetation classification. Within this framework the use of the character-type concept and the development of new numerical methods for studying the hierarchical structure of character-set types seems to be a promising approach. The achievements of population biology and ecophysiology have affected vegetation science by emphasizing the functionality of species within plant communities. The use of guilds and other functional groups has experienced an increasing interest from vegetation scientists. Applied in vegetation science, fuzzy-set theory has bridged the techniques of classification and ordination of plant communities.