鼎湖山南亚热带森林细根生产力与周转

 报道了鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林群落0～40cm土层中细根(≤2mm和2～5mm)的现存量、死亡量、生产力和周转率,并比较了用“连续钻取土芯法”和“埋无根土柱法”来估算表层土(0～20cm)细根生产力的差异。结果表明：在0～40cm土层中,季风常绿阔叶林≤2mm和2～5mm细根现存量分别为6.59t·hm-2和4.81t·hm-2,死根比率各为29.9％和22.9％;针阔叶混交林≤2mm和2～5mm细根现存量分别为5.35t·hm-2和4.24t·hm-2,死根比率各为34.4％和24.0％。细根现存量的季节性变化不显著。季风常绿阔叶林细根年分解量、年死亡量和年净生产力分别为0.90,1.59,2.65t·hm-2·a-1 (≤2mm)和0.41,0.63,1.25t·hm-2·a-1(2～5mm),针阔叶混交林的相应数值各为0.80,1.4l,2.42t·hm-2·a-1(≤2mm)和0.37,0.62,1.21t·hm-2·a-1(2～5mm)。季风常绿阔叶林细根年周转率为0.57 (≤2mm)和0.34次·a-1(2～5mm),针阔叶混交林分别为0.69(≤2mm)和0.38次·a-1(2～5mm)。     

南亚热带格木和红椎凋落叶及细根分解特征

采用原位分解法对南亚热带格木(Erythrophleum fordii)和红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)人工纯林的凋落叶和细根分解动态及凋落叶和细根分解速率之间的相关关系进行了比较研究。结果显示,格木、红椎人工林凋落叶和细根分解系数分别为0.98a~(-1)、0.88a~(-1)和0.65a~(-1)、0.59a~(-1)。格木、红椎凋落物分解主要受凋落物自身化学性质的影响,而与林分内环境条件的关系不显著。分解初期,凋落叶和细根的质量损失均与氮含量显著正相关(R~2分别为0.525和0.549),与C/N比显著负相关(R~2分别为0.764和0.361);而分解后期,凋落叶和细根的质量损失均与氮含量显著正相关(R~2分别为0.565和0.511),与C/N比、木质素含量、木质素/N比显著负相关(R~2分别为0.482和0.574;0.525和0.519;0.523和0.486)。格木、红椎凋落叶分解速率和细根分解速率表现出明显的正相关性,这主要归因于凋落叶、细根基质质量对凋落叶分解速率和细根分解速率的影响具有明显的相似性。     

高山森林三种细根分解初期微生物生物量动态

为了解川西高山森林凋落物分解过程的微生物生物量特征,采用凋落物分解袋法,测定了粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)、岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)和红桦(Betula albosinensi)细根分解几个关键时期微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和磷(MBP)的动态特征。3个树种细根分解过程中的MBC均表现为在土壤深冻期下降至全年最低点后缓慢上升,至土壤融冻中期再次下降,到生长季节增长的趋势。然而,粗枝云杉与岷江冷杉细根分解过程中的MBC最大值出现在生长季节末期,红桦细根分解过程中的MBC最大值出现在土壤冻结初期。3个树种细根分解过程中的MBN表现出相似的动态规律:土壤深冻期急剧下降至全年最低,随后在冻融季节无显著变化,生长季节明显增加,到生长季节末期达到全年最大值。另外,粗枝云杉和岷江冷杉细根分解过程中MBP均随着分解的进行呈现增加趋势,而红桦细根分解过程中的MBP在土壤融冻末期出现最大值,在生长季节中期出现另一峰值,生长季节末期明显下降。这些结果表明冬季细根分解过程中仍存在一定的土壤微生物,但受到细根质量、温度及其驱动的环境因子的深刻影响。     

磷添加对中亚热带米槠和杉木细根分解及其酶活性的影响

为深入探讨磷(P)有效性对中亚热带地区林木细根分解及其胞外酶活性的影响,选取福建省三明格氏栲自然保护区内米槠天然林为分解的实验样地,采用网袋法以该区域较为典型且底物P含量有显著差异的米槠和杉木细根为研究对象,进行P添加试验。各施P水平分别为高磷(HP,360 kg P hm~(-2)a~(-1))、中磷(MP,240 kg P hm~(-2)a~(-1))、低磷(LP,120 kg P hm~(-2)a~(-1))和对照(CT,0 kg P hm~(-2)a~(-1))。结果显示:在2 a分解期内,米槠细根分解快于杉木细根,呈先快后慢的变化趋势;P添加提高了细根的分解速率,对分解起促进作用,且对P含量较低的杉木细根促进作用更强,但未随施P水平的提高分解呈加速的现象。总体上,米槠细根分解各种酶活性及总的累积酶活性均显著高于杉木细根;主要降解纤维素的水解酶活性呈先升后降,主要降解木质素的氧化酶活性呈增长趋势;P添加降低了酸性磷酸酶(AP)活性,而提高了β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、酚氧化酶(Ph Ox)和过氧化物酶(Per Ox)活性;回归分析显示细根的分解速率与水解酶呈显著的二次函数关系,与氧化酶呈显著的指数关系。研究表明,P是影响中亚带林木细根分解的主要因素之一,分解过程中酶活性的变化可用于解释细根的分解速率。对土壤P有效性低的中亚热带地区林木细根分解的机理探讨,有助于进一步了解森林生态系统的养分循环并为森林经营提供决策参考。     

鼎湖山南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林C贮量分布

在对1hm 2永久样地调查的基础上结合优势树种C含量的实测值, 对鼎湖山南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林的C贮量及其空间和种群分布特点进行了分析,结果表明 (1)鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林现存C贮量为89.75t@hm -2 ,其中, 干、枝、叶、根分别占总量的53.09%、25.36%、2.64%和18.31%; (2)数量上小径级个体占有绝对优势,1hm 2样地内 DBH ＜20cm的个体占总数的95%,个体数量随径级的增加而迅速减少,而C贮量的径级分布则大致呈"M"形; (3)根据树木高度分为4个层次,即Ⅰ层( h ≥20m),Ⅱ层(10＜ h ≤20m),Ⅲ层(5< h ≤10m)和Ⅳ层( h ＜5m), 各亚层之间C贮量与该层次的高度呈正相关,占总C贮量的比例依次为53.97%、31.37%、 11.26%和3.40%.在垂直方向上,干、枝、根C贮量变化与总C贮量的变化趋势大体一致 ,叶的C贮量则以Ⅱ层最大; (4)优势种群对季风常绿阔叶林C贮量贡献排序为 锥栗 C astanopsis chinensis＞荷木Schima superba＞黄果厚壳桂Cryptocarya concinna＞厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis＞肖蒲桃Acmena acuminatissima＞黄杞Engelhardtia roxburghi ana＞白颜树Gironniera subaequalis＞臀形果Pygeum topengii＞橄榄Canarium album＞窄叶半枫荷Pterospermum lanceaefolium＞华润楠Machilus chinensis＞鸭脚木Scheffler a octophylla＞韶子Nephelium chryseum.成熟度较高的种群 C贮量较高,起主导作用.     

森林细根分解研究进展

细根分解是森林生态系统养分和能量循环的重要环节,是一个贯穿着淋溶粉碎等物理作用以及土壤生物参与的生物化学作用交织在一起的复杂过程,对深入揭示陆地生态系统地表C平衡,认识细根分解的影响因素和机理具有重要意义.但由于细根埋藏于地下,难以在不破坏原有的土壤环境的情况下进行取样,同时分解过程对气候变化的响应受到土壤层的缓冲,致使各种因素对细根分解相对重要性的不同,是细根分解格局和地上部分凋落物分解格局差异的主要原因.本文综述了细根分解的影响因素及研究方法,提出了细根分解未来研究方向,以期加强细根分解的系统研究.     

氮添加对温带森林细根长期分解的影响

细根分解是森林生态系统碳循环的重要过程之一,其分解速率受到大气氮沉降增加的潜在影响。利用长期模拟氮沉降样地（2009年至今）,采用凋落物分解袋方法,研究了氮添加对温带常见的5个森林树种长期细根分解的影响。结果表明：细根分解呈现先快后慢的趋势,在分解第516天质量损失达30%~50%,之后质量残留率变化较为平缓。总体上,渐近线分解模型可以更准确的反应各处理细根分解速率。氮添加对细根分解具有阶段性影响,分解前期促进细根分解,分解后期抑制分解。在细根分解后期氮添加减缓分解速率,一方面是因为木质素等较难分解的物质所占比例升高所带来的直接影响,另一方面,是因为氮添加改变了微生物活动所带来的间接影响。     

短期降水控制对鼎湖山南亚热带季风林土壤有机碳及官能团碳组分的影响

区域降水特征变化影响森林土壤有机碳积累。2013年6月—2017年1月,设置年降水量减少50%(DP)、年降水总量不变而降水次数增加(IF)、自然降水(CK)3种降水处理,利用¹³CNMR技术研究鼎湖山南亚热带季风林土壤总有机碳及其官能团碳组分对降水变化的响应。结果表明:DP处理显著提高了20—40 cm土壤易氧化有机碳, IF处理显著提高了0—10cm土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳;鼎湖山季风林土壤官能团碳结构以烷氧碳为主;DP处理显著提高了20—40 cm土壤烷氧碳和芳香碳含量, IF处理显著提高了0—10 cm土壤的烷氧碳、芳香碳与羰基碳含量;在土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳显著变化的土层中惰性指数趋于降低。短期降水控制增加了鼎湖山南亚热带季风林土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳,其官能团组分也发生改变,土壤碳结构稳定性下降,不利于季风林土壤有机碳的积累。     

三峡库区马尾松不同直径细根分解动态及其影响因素

在三峡库区秭归县九岭头林场马尾松人工林进行一年的细根分解试验,研究马尾松直径<0.5、0.5～1和1～2 mm细根的分解动态及其影响因素.结果表明: 细根分解速率随直径增大而减小,直径<0.5、0.5～1和1～2 mm细根年分解率分别为34.0%、28.0% 和25.7%.直径<1 mm细根分解速率随时间增加而逐渐减小,直径1～2 mm细根分解速率随时间增加先逐渐增加再减小.在细根分解过程中,N、P和Ca浓度随时间增加而增加,K浓度呈先降低后上升再下降的趋势.细根分解速率与细根初始N、P、K和Ca浓度,以及C/N、C/P均显著相关,细根Ca浓度和土壤温度是影响细根分解的主导因子.     

西双版纳不同热带森林群落土壤表层的细根年动态

用钻土蕊法和内生长土蕊法研究了西双版纳 4个不同的热带森林群落一年内细根现存量和两个群落长入细根量的动态变化 ,结果表明 :在原始群落中活细根现存量 6～ 1 2月间相对较大 ,峰值为 1 0月份 ,在 2～ 6月间相对较少 ,死细根现存量高值出现于 4月中后期 ,最小值出现于 8月。人为干扰较大的 1 5年生群落和人工群落活细根现存量在各个月份出现不规律的变化 ,死细根现存量与原始林有类似的变化规律。 3 0年生群落活细根现存量在 6～ 1 0月份相对较大 ,低值出现于 2月 ,死细根现存量高峰值则出现于 6月 ,低峰值出现在 8月。细根长入量在原始群落和人工群落 4～ 6月期间量最大 ,人工群落于上年 1 2～ 2月份出现最低值。     

Different Patterns of Changes in the Dry Season Diameter at Breast Height of Dominant and Evergreen Tree Species in a Mature Subtropical Forest in South China

Information on changes in diameter at breast height （DBH） is important for net primary production （NPP） estimates, timing of forest inventory, and forest management. In the present study, patterns of DBH change were measured under field conditions during the dry season for three dominant and native tree species in a monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve. For each tree species, different patterns of DBH change were observed. In the case of the fast-growing tree species Castanopsis chinensis Hance, large diurnal fluctuations occur, with a peak DBH in the early morning （around 05：00 h） that decreases to a minimum by about 14：00 h. Both Schima superba Gardn. et Chemp and Cryptocarya chinensis （Hance） Hemsh exhibited less diurnal swelling and shrinkage. Diurnal fluctuations for these species were observed on a few occasions over the period of observation. Graphical comparisons and statistical analysis of changes in DBH with meteorological variables indicate that for different trees, the different changes in DBH observed responded to different meteorological variables. Large stem changes were found to occur for Ca. chinensis trees that were associated with variations in solar radiation. However, both S. superba and Cr. chinensis were found to be less sensitive to solar radiation. Changes in the DBH of these two species were found to be controlled mainly by soil temperature and soil moisture. During the later dry season, with a lower soil temperature and soil moisture, all three tree species stopped growing and only negligible shrinkage, expansion, or fluctuation occurred, suggesting that the optimum time to measure tree growth in the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is the later dry season.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of carbon isotopes in soil organic matter at the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, South China

The spatial and temporal distribution of carbon isotopes (¹³C, ¹⁴C) in soil organic matter (SOM) were studied based on SOM content, SOM ¹⁴C and SOM ¹³C of thinly layered soil samples for six soil profiles with different elevations at the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve (DHSBR), South China. The results indicate that variations of SOM ¹³C with depth of the soil profiles at different elevations are controlled by soil development, and correlate well with SOM composition in terms of SOM compartments with different turnover rates, and SOM turnover processes at the DHSBR. The effect of carbon isotope fractionation was obvious during transformation of organic matter (OM) from plant debris to SOM in topsoil and SOM turnover processes after the topsoil was buried, which resulted in great increments of OM ¹³C, respectively. Increments of SOM ¹³C of topsoil from ¹³C of plant debris were controlled by SOM turnover rates. Both topsoil SOM ¹³C and plant debris ¹³C increase with elevation, indicating regular changes in vegetation species and composition with elevation, which is consistent with the vertical distribution of vegetation at the DHSBR. The six soil profiles at different elevations had similar characteristics in variations of SOM ¹³C with depth, alterations of SOM contents with depth and that SOM ¹⁴C apparent ages increasing with depth, respectively. These are presumably attributed to the regular distribution of different SOM compartments with depth because of their regular turnover during soil development. Depth with the maximal SOM ¹³C value is different in mechanism and magnitude with penetrating depth of ¹⁴C produced by nuclear explosion into atmosphere from 1952 to 1962, and both indicate controls of topography and vegetation on the distribution of SOM carbon isotopes with depth. Elevation exerts indirect controls on the spatial and temporal distribution of SOM carbon isotopes of the studied mountainous soil profiles at the DHSBR. This study shows that mountainous soil profiles at different elevations and with distinctive aboveground vegetation are presumably ideal sites for studies on soil carbon dynamics in different climatic-vegetation zones.     

Large Loss of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen from Nitrogen-Saturated Forests in Subtropical China

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has recently been recognized as an important component of terrestrial N cycling, especially under N-limited conditions; however, the effect of increased atmospheric N deposition on DON production and loss from forest soils remains controversial. Here we report DON and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) losses from forest soils receiving very high long-term ambient atmospheric N deposition with or without additional experimental N inputs, to investigate DON biogeochemistry under N-saturated conditions. We studied an old-growth forest, a young pine forest, and a young mixed pine/broadleaf forest in subtropical southern China. All three forests have previously been shown to have high nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching losses, with the highest loss found in the old-growth forest. We hypothesized that DON leaching loss would be forest specific and that the strongest response to experimental N input would be in the N-saturated old-growth forest. Our results showed that under ambient deposition (35–50 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ as throughfall input), DON leaching below the major rooting zone in all three forests was high (6.5–16.9 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹). DON leaching increased 35–162% following 2.5 years of experimental input of 50–150 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. The fertilizer-driven increase of DON leaching comprised 4–17% of the added N. A concurrent increase in DOC loss was observed only in the pine forest, even though DOC:DON ratios declined in all three forests. Our data showed that DON accounted for 23–38% of total dissolved N in leaching, highlighting that DON could be a significant pathway of N loss from forests moving toward N saturation. The most pronounced N treatment effect on DON fluxes was not found in the old-growth forest that had the highest DON loss under ambient conditions. DON leaching was highly correlated with NO₃⁻ leaching in all three forests. We hypothesize that abiotic incorporation of excess NO₃⁻ (through chemically reactive NO₂⁻) into soil organic matter and the consequent production of N-enriched dissolved organic matter is a major mechanism for the consistent and large DON loss in the N-saturated subtropical forests of southern China. Dr. YT Fang performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper; Prof. WX Zhu participated in the initial experimental design, analyzed data, and took part in writing the paper; Prof. P Gundersen conceived the study and took part in writing; Prof. JM Mo and Prof. GY Zhou conceived study; Prof. M Yoh analyzed part of the data and contributed to the development of DON model.     

华北地区针叶林下凋落物层化学性质的研究

森林凋落物中贮积了大量的有机、无机养分物质,它是森林土壤自然肥力的重要来源之一。在森林生态系统中,养分物质的内部循环主要是通过凋落物来实现的。在分解、转化过     

人为干扰对鼎湖山马尾松林土壤细根和有机质的影响

通过处理 (根据当地习惯收割凋落物和林下层 )和保护 (无任何人为干扰 )样地的比较试验 ,1990～ 1995年期间研究了人为干扰对鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松 (Pinus massoniana)林土壤细根和有机质的影响。在此 5 a的研究期间 ,由于人为干扰活动而直接从处理样地取走的林下层和凋落物总量为 2 1.7t/ hm2。在保护样地 ,林下层生物量从 2 .2 t/ hm2增加至 11.10 t/ hm2 ,地表凋落物 (包括枯死的林下层 )量则从 3.0 t/ hm2 增加至 13.3t/ hm2 。收割林下层和凋落物这种人为干扰活动对林地土壤细根生物量的影响不明显 ,但却显著降低土壤轻腐殖质 (Soil lightorganic matter)量。在细根分解过程中 ,其分解速率在处理样地(试验结束时细根残存量占起始量的 4 0 .8% )显著高于在保护样地 (试验结束时细根残存量占起始量的 4 4 .3% ) ;与 Ca、Mg和K元素不同 ,N和 P两种元素的释放速率在处理样地显著高于保护样地 ,表明这种人为干扰活动不仅直接取走所收割的林下层和凋落物中的养分 ,而且还可能增加林地有效养分的流失潜力     

Dependence of Soil Respiration on Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture in Successional Forests in Southern China

The spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration and its relationship with biophysical factors In forests near the Tropic of Cancer remain highly uncertain. To contribute towards an Improvement of actual estimates, soil respiration rates, soil temperature, and soil moisture were measured In three successional subtropical forests at the Dlnghuahan Nature Reserve （DNR） In southern China from March 2003 to February 2005. The overall objective of the present study was to analyze the temporal variations of soil respiration and Its biophysical dependence in these forests. The relationships between biophysical factors and soil respiration rates were compared In successional forests to test the hypothesis that these forests responded similarly to biophysical factors. The seasonality of soil respiration coincided with the seasonal climate pattern, with high respiration rates in the hot humid season （April-September） and with low rates In the cool dry season （October-March）. Soil respiration measured at these forests showed a clear Increasing trend with the progressive succession. Annual mean （± SD） soil respiration rate In the DNR forests was （9.0 ± 4.6） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year, ranging from （6.1 ± 3.2） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in early successional forests to （10.7 ± 4.9） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in advanced successional forests. Soil respiration was correlated with both soil temperature and moisture. The T/M model, where the two biophysical variables are driving factors, accounted for 74%-82% of soil respiration variation In DNR forests. Temperature sensitivity decreased along progressive succession stages, suggesting that advanced-successional forests have a good ability to adjust to temperature. In contrast, moisture Increased with progressive succession processes. This increase is caused, in part, by abundant respirators In advanced-successional forest, where more soil moisture is needed to maintain their activities.     

鼎湖山地区马尾松年轮元素含量与酸雨的关系

分析了鼎湖山马尾松年轮中几种化学元素含量的历史变化,并探讨了区域酸雨的影响。结果表明,酸雨有可能导致马尾松年轮中N、K和Al的含量在近30a中的上升趋势,和Ca、Mg和Mn明显的下降趋势。马尾松幼年期年轮部分元素含量异常地偏高,可能是幼年期生理机制不完善、对元素的选择性吸收和排斥能力较低所致,因此,以马尾松幼苗为对象进行的模拟酸雨试验结果,在推广至成熟的马尾松林地时可能会出现较大的偏差。     

南亚热带三种主要森林降雨及其再分配过程中的养分差异规律

马尾松林、针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林是南亚热带鼎湖山地区由演替初期到成熟森林过程的典型代表,对3种林地的降雨量及其再分配过程进行观测,并测定该过程中养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)浓度。结果表明,大气降雨经过冠层再分配后,除Ca外,各养分浓度在穿透雨和树干流中都有所增加,树干流增加的幅度更大。穿透雨中Ca元素浓度低于大气降水,这一现象在3种林型均有表现。穿透雨和树干流中养分浓度在演替系列上没有显示出一致的规律,但比较不同演替阶段的输入量可以看出,树干流养分输入量随演替进行呈增加趋势。经过冠层作用后,雨水带来的养分输入量大于凋落物分解输入量,这种现象在马尾松林和混交林尤为明显。表明大气降雨不仅促使养分元素从冠层向地表迁移,而且提供了演替初期植物生长所需的重要养分。     

南海软海绵Halichondria sp.化学成分研究

为了寻找有生物活性的次生代谢产物,对从采集自中国南海的软海绵(Halichondria sp.)进行了化学成分研究,从中共分离得到了9个化合物,并对部分化合物进行了抗菌活性测试。根据现代波谱技术并结合文献数据,鉴定化合物的结构为:1,2,3,4-四氢-3-羧基-2-卡波林(1),色氨酸(2),环(异亮氨酸-脯氨酸)(3),开环(脯氨酸-缬氨酸)(4),环(丙氨酸-脯氨酸)(5),胆甾醇(6),二-(2-乙基己基)邻苯二甲酸酯(7),邻苯二甲酸正丁异丁酯(8)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(9)。