Fomitiporia cupressicola sp. nov., a parasite on Cupressus arizonica, and additional unnamed clades in the southern USA and northern Mexico, determined by multilocus phylogenetic analyses

Fomitiporia cupressicola sp. nov., found in living Cupressus arizonica, is described on the basis of several collections originating from a high altitude forest in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. The species forms a monophyletic clade, basal to a larger lineage comprising species originating mainly from temperate to Mediterranean areas of the northern hemisphere. The phylogenetic approach in Fomitiporia also revealed multiple unnamed clades within the F. robusta complex in the southern USA and northern Mexico, representing potential species. The status of the F. robusta complex in North America is discussed briefly.     

Fomitiporia in sub-Saharan Africa: morphology and multigene phylogenetic analysis support three new species from the Guineo-Congolian rainforest

Fomitiporia nobilissima sp. nov., F. gabonensis sp. nov. and F. ivindoensis sp. nov., three species from the rainforest of the Guineo-Congolian phytogeographic region in Gabon, are described and illustrated. These species share a pileate basidiome, small basidiospores and an absence of setae. The critical morphological features that differentiate them are the pileus habit or shape, pore surface color, pore diameter and possibly ecology. Each new species forms distinct but closely related clades in phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal LSU, ITS and translation elongation factor 1-α. Other species in sub-Saharan Africa are discussed briefly. A key to six species of Fomitiporia from sub-Saharan Africa is provided. The new combination Fomitiporia apiahyna is proposed.     

A new wood-decaying basidiomycete species associated with esca of grapevine: Fomitiporia mediterranea (Hymenochaetales)

Fomitiporia mediterranea is described as a new wood-decaying basidiomycete species associated with esca of grapevine in European wine-growing countries. Characters of the fruit body are essentially identical with those of the closely related species, Fomitiporia punctata. Fomitiporia mediterranea is distinct by the sequences of the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and by larger mycelial growth rates at temperatures between 15 °C and 35 °C. While F. punctata is confirmed as a homothallic species, F. mediterranea is shown to be outcrossing, exhibiting a unifactorial mating behaviour with a multiple allelism of the mating type factor, A; single spore isolates of F. mediterranea are intersterile in pairing tests with F. punctata. In southern Europe, F. mediterranea not only occurs on Vitis vinifera, but also on a number of other hardwood genera; it seems restricted to Vitis vinifera elsewhere in Europe.     

Species recognition, geographic distribution and host-pathogen relationships: a case study in a group of lignicolous basidiomycetes, Phellinus s.l

Morphological, phylogenetic (sequencing of the ribosomal ITS region) and, if applicable, biological (pairings of single-spore testers) species recognition have been used to resolve relationships among 69 collections belonging to the Hymenochaetales genera Phellinus s.str. and Fomitiporia. The isolates originate from a variety of host plants in Europe, North America and Asia. Separate application of recognition modes led to differing results concerning the number of species, geographic distribution and host range. Sole application of morphological criteria was of limited value, especially in taxa exhibiting a wide distribution, both in terms of geographic origin and ecological niche. Relationships of putatively con-specific collections originating from different continents preferably should be resolved by using an integrative approach. In this study, application of a strict morphological approach led to the recognition of seven species. When using molecular and pairing test data, at least 12 species were detectable. Two of them, F. hesleri and F. polymorpha, are described as new. The number of Phellinus s.str. and Fomitiporia species supposed to have Northern Hemispheric or cosmopolitan distribution, when morphological characters are applied for species recognition, has been reduced significantly. As firm tendencies within morphological species, genetic divergence was more distinct in uniparental than in biparental taxa. In the latter, a strong correlation was observed between phylogenetic and biological species recognition. Overall length of the ribosomal ITS region clearly separated Phellinus s.str. and Fomitiporia but was of limited value as a diagnostic tool at species level. The level of innerspecific morphological plasticity of fruit bodies differs widely between even closely related species, suggesting that morphological transitions occur quite frequently in this fungal group. Considerable instability of the reproduction mode was evident in strains belonging to Phellinus tremulae and among closely related species of Fomitiporia.     

中国锈革孔菌科新种及值得注意的种

本文报道了产于我国云南西双版纳热带雨林的多孔菌一新种,版纳嗜蓝孢层孔菌 Ｆｏｍｉｔｉｐｏｒｉａ ｂａｎｎａｅｎｓｉｓ Ｙ．Ｃ． Ｄａｉ,该菌具有平伏的子实体较小的担孢子及大量的子实层刚毛这些特征很容易使该新种区别于同属的其它种,对与其它近似种的不同也进行了讨论锈革孔菌科的另外两种悦目小集毛菌Ｃｏｌｔｒｉｃｉｅｌｌａ　 ａｂｌｅｃｔａｂｉｌｉｓ（Ｌｌｏｙｄ） Ｋｏｔｌ, Ｐｏｕｚａｒ＆ Ｒｙｖａｒｄｅｎ和杜氏齿革菌 Ｈｙｄｎｏｃｈａｅｔｅ ｄｕｐｏｒｔｉｉ Ｐａｔ．被报道为中国新记录种,并根据我国的材料对这两种进行了详细描述。三个种被重新进行了组合它们是 Ｆｏｍｉｔｉｐｏｒｉａ ｓｏｎｏｒａ（Ｇｌｉｂ．）Ｙ．Ｃ． Ｄａｉ, Ｆｏｍｉｔｉｐｏｒｉａ　 ｓｕｂｌａｅｖｉｇａｔａ（Ｃｌｅｌａｎｄ　＆ 　Ｒｏｄｗａｙ） Ｙ．Ｃ． Ｄａｉ和 Ｏｎｎｉａ　ｆｌａｏｖｉｄａ（Ｂｅｒｋ．） Ｙ．Ｃ． Ｄａｉ．     

斑点嗜蓝孢孔菌化学成分、生物活性及水提物荧光猝灭研究

对斑点嗜蓝孢孔菌乙醇提取物进行分级萃取,利用柱层析技术得到6个单体化合物。经核磁数据比对为β-谷甾醇(1)、麦角甾醇(2)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(3)、5,8-过氧麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(4)、3-乙酰齐墩果酸(5)、白桦脂醇(6)。采用Alamar Blue法检测各有机相及单体化合物对NCI-H460人非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖的影响,用DPPH自由基清除法检测其抗氧化活性。利用荧光光谱及紫外-可见光光谱研究方法在模拟人体生理条件下,研究了斑点嗜蓝孢孔菌水提物与人纤维蛋白原的相互作用,实     

Fomitiporia tenuis and Fomitiporia aethiopica (Basidiomycetes, Hymenochaetales), two undescribed species from the Ethiopian highlands: taxonomy and phylogeny

Fomitiporia tenuis sp. nov. and Fomitiporia aethiopica sp. nov. from the Ethiopian highlands are described. Both are characterized by a resupinate habit, globose, dextrinoid basidiospores, cystidioles, and respectively scarcity or absence of hymenial setae. Fomitiporia pseudopunctata and F. robusta are reported also in the same area. The preliminary phylogenetic relationships of F. tenuis, F. aethiopica and F. pseudopunctata are inferred from parsimony analysis based on partial nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU). A preliminary key to the poroid Hymenochaetales with dextrinoid basidiospores (Fomitiporia, Phellinus s.l., Pseudoinonotus) is proposed.     

A new species of Fomitiporia (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) from China based on morphological and molecular characters

Fomitiporia punicata sp. nov., collected from Shaanxi Province, northern China, and so far exclusively on Punica granatum (Punicaceae), is described and illustrated, and its preliminary phylogenetic relationships are inferred based on sequence data from the ribosomal ITS-5.8S regions. Fomitiporia punicata belongs to the F. robusta–F. punctata complex, but is characterized by an effused–reflexed to pileate basidioma with triquetrous to ungulate pilei, pale yellowish brown to cinnamon brown pore surface, moderately thick-walled skeletal hyphae in the context, which are partly collapsed on drying, lack of setae, presence of fusoid to subulate cystidioles, and growth on Punica. It also forms a distinct clade within Fomitiporia, and is related to some species from the temperate or Mediterranean zone of the northern hemisphere. An identification key to the species of Fomitiporia recorded in China is provided. Fomitiporia tibetica is transferred to Pseudoinonotus.     

Multi-locus phylogeny and morphology reveal five new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fomitiporia</Emphasis> (Hymenochaetaceae) from China

Five newly identified species of Fomitiporia (F. alpina, F. gaoligongensis, F. hainaniana, F. subrobusta and F. subtropica) and their morphological and molecular characterisation are described in this paper. Fomitiporia alpina sp. nov. is distinguished by its pileate basidiomata, parallel tramal hyphae and large basidiospores (6.5–8 × 6–8 μm), and by its gymnosperm wood-living habitat. Fomitiporia gaoligongensis sp. nov. is distinct from other species due to its semicircular pileus and subglobose to globose basidiospores (6.5–7.6 × 6–7.4 μm). Fomitiporia hainaniana sp. nov. is marked by its resupinate basidiomata, the presence of setae and small globose basidiospores (4–5 × 3.8–4.4 μm). Fomitiporia subrobusta sp. nov. is characterised by its triquetrous basidiomata, small pores (6–9 per mm) with entire and thick dissepiments, and subglobose to obovoid basidiospores (6.2–6.8 × 5.2–6 μm). Fomitiporia subtropica sp. nov. can be differentiated by its resupinate basidiomata, smaller pores (6–10 per mm) and smaller basidiospores (5.2–6 × 4.4–5 μm). Phylogenetic analysis, based on multi-gene comparison of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene regions (nLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1α) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), confirmed affinity with the Fomitiporia species and showed association with similar fungi in the genus.     

Prevalence of Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata and C. oncophora infections in dairy calves in Brazil

Cooperia is the most prevalent helminth parasitizing calves in Brazil. Three species of this genus occur most often: C. punctata, C. pectinata and C. oncophora. Six calves from dairy farms in the south of the State of Minas Gerais aged six to 15 months were killed and necropsied each month over a period of two years. The Cooperia species were identified, counted, and the numbers related to the calves' age. The worm burdens due to the three species of Cooperia were statistically different. C. punctata was the most prevalent species and had a positive correlation with the age of the calves; C. pectinata appeared with lower intensity but was always present, and C. oncophora was not found in calves older than 11 months. These results show the existence of different degrees of resistance to Cooperia species among calves as the three species did not behave similarly. It seems to be an acquired resistance. C. punctata appears to be less immunogenic than C. pectinata and C. oncophora. As C. punctata and C. pectinata are more pathogenic than C. oncophora, it seems that this pathogenicity can be related to immunogenic aspects associated with the species.     

四种多孔菌子实体粗多糖抗肿瘤活性的比较研究

对粗毛纤孔菌、椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌、火木层孔菌、木蹄层孔菌4种多孔菌子实体粗多糖成分的含量及其体内抗肿瘤活性进行了比较研究。结果表明粗毛纤孔菌子实体中的粗多糖含量为4.1%,高于其他3种多孔菌;同时,4种多孔菌子实体粗多糖对H22荷瘤小鼠均显示出一定的抗肿瘤活性,除木蹄层孔菌外,其他3种多孔菌给药剂量为500mg/mL和1 000mg/mL时抑瘤率均大于40%,其中粗毛纤孔菌子实体粗多糖抑瘤率最高,低剂量组（500mg/kg）为58.12%,高剂量组（1 000mg/kg）为47.75%。     

The genera Cribrilina and Collarina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the British Isles and North Sea Basin, Pliocene to present day

Seven species assigned to the genus Cribrilina are illustrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and redescribed. At the present day, three species occur in the area studied: C. punctata (Hassall), C. cryptooecium Norman and C. annulata (Fabricius). The presence of Collarina balzaci (Audouin), which has previously been confused with Cribrilina punctata , is also reported. The following species of Cribrilina are known as Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils: C. punctata, C. cryptooecium, C. watersi Andersson, C. puncturata (Wood) and C. mucronata Canu & Lecointre. In addition, C. annulata and C. spitsbergensis Norman have been reported as fossils, but these occurrences could not be confirmed here by the examination of actual material. Lectotypes are selected for C. spitsbergensis, C. watersi, C. puncturata and C. mucronata. Type material of the American fossil C. marylandica , which has been synonymised with C. punctata , is illustrated.     

A novel Fomitiporia species associated with esca on grapevine in South Africa

Esca disease of grapevine is a complex trunk disease consisting of several symptoms, one of which, white rot, has been found to be caused by various basidiomycetes within the order Hymenochaetales. During recent surveys of esca-related pathogens in South African vineyards, several unidentified basidiomycetes were isolated from white rot occurring in diseased vines. A new Fomitiporia species, F. capensis, is described based on fruit body morphology and combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large-subunit (LSU) phylogeny, where it forms a clearly delineated and well-supported clade. Morphologically, F. capensis is similar to F. punctata in that both species essentially lack setae. Fomitiporia capensis, F. punctata and F. aethiopica produce similarly sized basidiospores but differ in terms of host range, pore size and, possibly, fruit body shape. Phylogenetically, F. capensis appears to be related to F. tenuis, though morphologically, the species differ significantly in that F. tenuis has smaller pores and smaller basidiospores. Fomitiporia capensis was found to occur widely as vegetative mycelium throughout the Western Cape Province, though fruit bodies were scarce in comparison. A vineyard with fruit bodies was also found in Limpopo in the north east of the country. Fruit bodies were found growing on the underside of the cordon of living vines displaying external symptoms typically associated with esca, or general decline and dieback symptoms together with internal white rot.     

Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico

A total of 115 additions and corrections are listed and discussed for the check list of the Noctuoidea of North America north of Mexico published in 2010. Thirty-two of these are changes in authorship and/or date of publication or spelling. Taxonomic changes are 33 new or revised synonymies, three new combinations, and six revisions in status from synonymy to valid species.     

Fomitiporia pentaphylacis and F. tenuitubus spp. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from Guangxi, southern China

Two specimens of Hymenochaetaceae were collected from Guangxi, southern China, during a recent field trip in August 2011. They are described and illustrated here as two new species, Fomitiporia pentaphylacis and F. tenuitubus, based on a combination of morphological and phylogenetic (ITS and nLSU sequences) data. The two species share subglobose to globose, hyaline and thick-walled basidiospores with strongly cyanophilous in cotton blue and dextrinoid reaction in Melzer??s reagent. These characters are typical for Fomitiporia, differing from other genera in Hymenochaetaceae. F. pentaphylacis resembles F. pusilla in field by its minute basidiocarps, but F. pusilla has distinctly multiple tube layers and smaller basidiospores. F. tenuitubus is similar to F. erecta in both macro- and micro-morphological features, except its larger basidiocarps, smaller pores, and slightly shorter basidiospores. In the phylogenetic perspective, the two species nested within the Fomitiporia clade, but were separated from other sampled species as well as from each other.     

Three new species of Fufius Simon, 1888 (Araneae,Cyrtaucheniidae) from Brazil with the redescription of Fufius funebris Vellard, 1924 and description of the female of Fufius lucasae Guadanucci & Indicatti, 2004

The mygalomorph neotropical genus Fufius Simon, 1888 comprises ten species, distributed from Guatemala in Central America to southeastern Brazil, in South America. Most of the species were described from northern South America, in the Amazonian region. Only F. funebris Vellard, 1924 and F. lucasae Guadanucci & Indicatti, 2004 are known from regions more to the south of the continent. Herein we describe three new Brazilian species, Fufius minusculus sp. n. and F. jalapensis sp. n. from the state of Tocantins, and F. candango sp. n. from Distrito Federal. The female of F. lucasae is described for first time and the male and female of F. funebris are redescribed based on specimens collected at the type locality.     

针层孔菌属和嗜蓝孢孔菌属2新记录种(英文)

仲氏针层孔菌和假斑点嗜蓝孢孔菌为中国孔状木生真菌2新记录种。本文根据采集的标本材料提供了该2个种的详细描述和线条图。     

Digestive enzymes of two freshwater fishes (Limia vittata and Gambusia punctata) with different dietary preferences at three developmental stages

The variation of activity of some digestive enzymes was studied in three age groups of two freshwater endemic fishes from Cuba: Limia vittata and Gambusia punctata. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase activities showed a different pattern between both species. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity increased with the age of fishes, while amylase activity decreased. The highest activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin was registered in G. punctata while the highest amylase activity was detected in L. vittata. Zymograms revealed proteases with molecular masses similar to trypsin and chymotrypsin reported for other fish species. Amylase electrophoresis showed the presence of this enzyme; in L. vittata amylase zymograms showed two bands with molecular masses of 175 and 100 kDa and in G. punctata four bands of 175, 100, 46 and 30 kDa respectively were found. The activity of the digestive enzymes can be used as an effective indicator of the feeding habits and the development of the digestive tracts in L. vittata and G. punctata.     

THE BIRDS OF THE SANTA ELENA PENINSULA, S.W. ECUADOR

A systematic account is given of the birds of the Santa Elena peninsula in S.W. Ecuador, based on three years observations (1954-7) and a collection of 425 skins. The status of individual species is decribed and the different elements of the avifauna discussed, viz. the Equatorial arid fauna, Nearctic migrants, sea-birds, and other wide-ranging forms and waterfowl. Seasonal movements of species of the Equatorial arid fauna are indicated in greater detail than has been previously known. The effect of a recently constructed reservoir on the bird life is mentioned. More detailed knowledge of the occurrence of species from the cold Humboldt current is provided. Several additions to the Ecuadorian list are given, and some birds recorded which were hitherto unknown or very rarely recorded from the west coast of S. America. Various matters of taxonomy affecting races of birds along the whole west coast of S. America are discussed.