中国对虾三倍体的诱发研究I.温度体克

温度休克中国对虾（Penaeus orientalis）的受精卵,结果表明,用0、6和9℃的低温休克,温度越低或休克时间越长,对细胞分裂的抑制作用也越强,孵化率也越低。用30和33℃的高温休克,温度越高或休克时间越长,对细胞的伤害也越大,孵化率表明显降低。低温和高温休克都能诱发三倍体。三倍体的最高诱发率,低率（9℃）为43.8%,高温（30℃）为32%,并获得三倍体蚤状幼体。对虾三倍体的诱发成功,为对虾的我多倍体育种提供了可能。 The fertilized eggs of Chinese prawn(penaeus orientalis),were treated with cold and heat shocks at various time intervals after spawning and various time continuations to induce triploidy.The results indicated that,with 0℃,6℃ and 9℃ cold shocks,the cell division was inhibited more intensely and the hatching rate became lower as the temperature got lower or the treating time lasted longer.With heat shocks at 30℃ or 33℃,the higher temperature was or the longer the tratment lasted,the more seriously the cells were damaged or the lower the inducing rate became.Both cold and heat shocks could induce triploid.The highest indueing rate was 32% with heat shock and 43.8% with cold shock respectively.The successful induction of chromosome triploidy in prawn provided probability for the polyploid breeding in these species.     

中华绒螯蟹多倍体的诱导研究：Ⅱ热休克诱导中华绒螯蟹三倍体胚胎…

采用热闹休克方法在中华绒螯蟹进行了三倍体、四倍体的人工诱导研究。结果表明,在卵子受精后１０－２５分钟,用３８－４１℃的高温处理１－２分钟三倍体的平均诱导率为１０－５０％,则对受精后３０分钟的卵子进行了诱导,或在４０℃下处理超过２．５分和处理温度高于４２℃诱导１．５分钟的各试验组,均未检测到有三倍体胚胎。依据诱导三倍体的适宜诱导温度和处理时间,将受精后８１／２－９５／６小时的卵子用４０℃热休克处理１     

温度变化对家蟋蟀卵孵化率的影响

对低温萌动温度和高温孵化温度变化条件下家蟋蟀Acheta domesticus卵的孵化率变化进行研究,旨在探讨温度变化对家蟋蟀卵孵化的影响,为温度影响昆虫卵孵化提供一个新的证据。在低温萌动温度(4℃和7℃)和高温孵化温度(25℃和29.5℃)下观察记录家蟋蟀卵孵化的个体数量,采用方差分析方法检验温度变化对卵孵化率的影响。结果表明,低温萌动温度显著影响家蟋蟀卵的孵化率,而高温孵化温度对家蟋蟀卵的孵化率则无显著作用,但二者存在显著的互作效应。在同一孵化时间内,不同温度处理下家蟋蟀卵孵化率之间的差异有统计学意义。在不同温度处理下,家蟋蟀卵达到最大孵化率的时间不同。说明低温萌动和高温孵化是家蟋蟀卵孵化的重要影响因素。本研究为家蟋蟀人工饲养的较有利的温度条件设置提供一定的理论指导。     

光、温湿度对柑桔木虱发育、繁殖与存活的影响

本研究结果表明,在光照强度为11000lx以下(6小时光照时为15000lx)、每天光照时间在18小时以内,光照强度越大,光照时间越长,柑桔木虱雌成虫的产卵前期越短,产卵量越大,死亡率越低。 温度为15—34℃,相对湿度为43—92％范围内,温湿度对柑桔木虱卵的孵化率影响较小。柑桔木虱若虫在高温(34℃)、高湿(85％,92％)下死亡率高;适温(20—30℃)、低湿(43—75％)下死亡率低。湿度对柑桔木虱卵及若虫发育历期影响不大。在温度为15—34℃范围内,温度与卵及若虫的发育历期呈抛物线关系。柑桔木虱卵及1—5龄若虫的发育起点温度分别是:9.41℃、8.30℃、9.72℃、8.92℃、9.61℃及9.07℃,有效积温分别是:60.03日度、39.78日度、26.82日度,33.23日度及74.49日度。     

中华绒螯蟹多倍体的诱导研究 : Ⅱ.热休克诱导中华绒螯蟹三倍体胚胎和四倍体 状幼体

采用热休克方法对中华绒螯蟹进行了三倍体、四倍体的人工诱导研究。结果表明,在卵子受精后（发育水温２０±１℃）１０～２５分钟,用３８～４１℃的高温处理１～２分钟,三倍体的平均诱导率为１０％～５０％,而对受精后３０分钟的卵子进行诱导,或在４０℃下处理超过２５分钟和处理温度高于４２℃诱导１５分钟的各试验组,均未检测到有三倍体胚胎。依据诱导三倍体的适宜诱导温度和处理时间,将受精后８１／２～９５／６小时的卵子用４０℃热休克处理１５分钟,均获得了一定比例的四倍体胚胎,其中四倍体最高诱导率为５２９６％。检查卵受精后８５／６小时经热休克处理所孵得的氵蚤状幼体,其四倍体的出现频率约为１９７％。讨论了热休克处理促使第一极体保留生产三倍体和抑制第一次卵裂诱导四倍体的条件和技术关键,以及诱导参数与胚胎发育、胚胎存活的相互关系等问题。     

人工诱导兴国红鲤三倍体最佳诱导条件的研究

采用冷休克处理兴国红鲤受精卵诱导产生三倍体鱼 ,初步探讨了获得三倍体兴国红鲤的最佳诱导条件 ,即最恰当的诱导温度 ,最恰当的诱导起始时间 ,最恰当的冷休克处理时间。结果表明 ,在人工授精后 5～ 8min ,将受精卵置于 0～ 2℃的冰水中冷休克处理 1 0～ 1 5min ,再迅速回温至正常水温 ( 2 0～ 2 5℃ )的水中发育 ,可以获得 ( 70± 5) %的三倍体兴国红鲤胚胎 ,孵化率为 50 %～ 70 % ,成活率可达 4 0 %～50 %以上 ,此为采用冷休克技术人工诱导兴国红鲤三倍体的最佳条件。     

黄姑鱼三倍体的诱导、鉴定及其性腺发育特征

研究采用冷休克方法诱导黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)三倍体并进行鉴定,进一步采用组织学和生殖相关基因表达分析比较了三倍体黄姑鱼的性腺发育特征。研究结果表明:(1)在受精后2.5min以3℃进行10min的冷休克处理,冷休克处理组的受精率和孵化率分别为(70.31±4.49)%和(21.5±6.63)%,其受精率和孵化率显著低于二倍体对照组;(2)经流式细胞仪倍性检测和染色体核型分析发现,三倍体的DNA含量为二倍体的1.5倍,染色体数目为72条,而二倍体的染色体数目为48条,三倍体的比例为100%;(3)三倍体的生殖腺指数显著低于二倍体,进一步通过组织切片观察发现三倍体的精巢和卵巢发育较二倍体滞后,在12月龄时,二倍体精巢和卵巢处于Ⅴ期,而三倍体精巢和卵巢分别处于Ⅲ期和Ⅰ期;(4)三倍体精巢的dmrt1和vasa基因及三倍体卵巢的cyp19a基因表达量均显著低于二倍体(P<0.05);三倍体卵巢的vasa基因表达量也比二倍体低(P>0.05)。综上结果表明:研究通过冷休克处理成功诱导了黄姑鱼三倍体;三倍体的性腺发育较二倍体滞后,育性明显降低。     

低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响

为了探讨温度和光周期对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响, 系统调查了绿盲蝽越冬卵在不同温度和不同光照组合下的孵化率和孵化时间, 结果显示：绿盲蝽的越冬卵均为滞育卵,低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育解除均有影响。2℃的低温处理能够显著促进其滞育解除,在0~65 d范围内,随着低温处理时间增长,其滞育解除时间缩短,未经低温处理的越冬卵T₅₀为68.5 d,低温处理65 d的T₅₀为12.25 d,绿盲蝽越冬卵在2℃低温处理65 d后完全解除滞育;在0~40 d范围内,低温处理时间越长,绿盲蝽越冬卵的孵化率越高,在25℃、全光照的条件下不经低温处理的孵化率为68.65%,低温处理40 d后在25℃的条件下的孵化率达到99.46%。在20~26℃范围内,绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育后发育历期随着温度的上升而缩短, 随着光周期的延长而缩短。结果说明低温处理能够提高绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除率,但不是其滞育解除的必要条件,低温处理与自然变温对绿盲蝽滞育解除的作用相似;高温和长光照能够促进绿盲蝽的滞育解除,缩短发育历期。     

三种稻飞虱在恒定高温胁迫下的生态表现

对揭飞虱、白背飞虱、灰飞虱等3种稻飞虱的不同虫态在38℃恒温下,暴露不同时间后的生存率进行了研究。结果表明,随高温处理时间的延长．卵孵化率明显下降,卵历期延长。褐飞虱、白背飞虱卵在38℃恒温下暴露12h后．卵孵化率比对照分别低34%和45%;暴露24h后,两种稻飞虱的卵孵化率均比对照低25％;致死中时值LT50分别为11h和10h。3种稻飞虱8日龄若虫及羽化后3天的雌雄成虫的生存率,随处理时间的延长而呈显著下降趋势,褐飞虱、自背飞虱和灰飞虱若虫的致死中时值LT50依次为15．6h、17．8h和25．9h,长翅型雌成虫依次为34．7h、17．1h和43．2h．长翅型雄成虫依次为28．9h、23．2h和54．5h。另外,高温处理过的若虫,其羽化出成虫的体重明显下降,在高温下暴露30h后,白背飞虱长趣型雌成虫的体重比对照低32％,褐飞虱短翅型雌成虫低50％;高温处理后存活的白背飞虱雌成虫产出的卵块较小,总产卵量也明显下降。     

鱼类染色体组操作的研究 Ⅰ.静水压休克诱导三倍体水晶彩鲫

采用静水压休克方法研究了促使第二极体保留诱发三倍体水晶彩鲫的最佳条件。在卵受精后4—5min采用600kg/cm~2或650kg/cm~2的静水压处理3min,不但能导致100％的三倍化,而且胚胎的存活率相当高,孵化率为对照组的90％左右。研究表明,静水压休克是进行鱼类染色体组操作的有效方法,休克的最佳条件易于掌握,处理程序易于标准化。文中讨论了静水压处理的条件与三倍体出现率和胚胎存活率的关系,以及最佳条件下和不适条件下胚胎死亡的原因。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.