TLR介导的信号通路在肝纤维化中的作用

Toll样受体(Toll - like receptor,TLR)是在天然免疫与获得性免疫应答中发挥重要作用的模式识别受体(Pattern recognition receptors,PRRs).TLR识别来源于病原体或机体损伤产生的“危险信号”,介导多种炎症因子释放,激发机体对病原体的免疫反应,启动固有免疫并进一步活...     

内质网应激信号通路在肝纤维化中的研究进展

肝纤维化是各种因素导致的胶原大量沉积和炎症过度反应的病理过程,严重威胁人类的健康。寻求有效的肝纤维化治疗策略是全球性的医学难题。内质网损伤导致内质网应激,激活未折叠蛋白应答,介导三种跨膜蛋白(PERK、IRE1、ATF6)途径来维持内质网稳态,恢复内质网功能,而长期或过强的应激状态将诱导细胞相关凋亡信号表达和自噬,促进细胞死亡。目前研究发现内质网应激在肝纤维化的发生发展和逆转中起着重要作用。本文就内质网应激信号通路在肝纤维化中的作用进行综述。     

β-catenin信号及其在肝纤维化中的作用

CTNNB1编码的β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)是细胞膜上钙黏蛋白复合物的主要组成成分,参与Wnt介导的细胞内信号传递。除了Wnt通路,β-catenin还参与其他信号通路。β-catenin与转录因子如T细胞因子(T-cell factor,TCF)4、叉头框转录因子O亚族(Fork head box protein O,FOXO)及缺氧诱导因子(Hypoxia inducible factor1α,HIF1α)结合调控靶基因的转录表达。β-catenin信号的改变可激活肝星状细胞(Hepatic stellate cell,HSC),而HSC是肝纤维化形成过程中的主要效应细胞。因此,对β-catenin的调控有望成为抗肝纤维化的治疗靶点。本文就有关β-catenin信号及其在肝纤维化中的作用予以简要综述。     

细胞因子在肝纤维化基因治疗中的研究进展

肝纤维化是慢性肝损伤的修复反应过程,其形成机制较为复杂,各种细胞因子彼此相互作用,形成细胞因子网络,共同调控肝纤维化的发生、发展.因此,肝纤维化的治疗也应采取综合措施.本文就几种重要的细胞因子,如转化生长因子β、肝细胞生长因子、γ-干扰素、白细胞介素-10、基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制剂和肝再生增强因子等治疗肝纤维化的研究进展作一简要概述.     

肝纤维化大鼠贮脂细胞的超微结构和免疫组织化学研究

探讨贮脂细胞在免疫性肝损伤时的形态学变化及意义。应用猪血清注射法造成大鼠肝纤维化 ,取肝脏做免疫组织化学染色和透射电镜观察。结果显示贮脂细胞数目增多 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,α-平滑肌肌动蛋白 (α- SMA)阳性 ,胞质内脂滴减少 ,粗面内质网和线粒体增多。结果表明贮脂细胞在肝纤维化过程中 ,细胞形态、数目和功能有明显改变     

TGF-β与转录因子在肝纤维化中的相互作用

肝纤维化的形成是由于肝脏持续性损伤以及细胞外基质合成和降解失衡所引起的。转化生长因子-β(Transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)是肝纤维化形成中的关键细胞因子,在肝纤维化发生、发展过程中起着至关重要的作用。一些与TGF-β相关的转录因子如AP1、STAT3及Foxo3a等也参与肝纤维化的调控过程。现就在肝纤维化中TGF-β与转录因子AP1、STAT3和Foxo3a的相互作用作一综述。     

TGF-β1/Smad信号通路在肝纤维化中的研究进展

肝纤维化是各种慢性肝病发展的终末阶段,严重威胁人类健康,肝移植是根治肝纤维化的有效方法,但其应用受到肝源短缺的限制,因此寻求肝纤维化治疗靶点、突破肝纤维化治疗具有重要意义。肝纤维化的发生过程是一个复杂的级联反应,多种致纤维因子通过相应的信号通路作用于靶细胞,使之产生致纤维化的各种生物学应答,人转化生长因子β1(Transforming Growth Factorβ1,TGF-β1)是其中最重要的致纤维化因子,Smad蛋白(Drosophila Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Protein)家族是TGF-β1信号传至核内关键的下游信号分子,TGF-β1/Smad信号通路在肝纤维化中发挥主要作用,采取不同措施阻断或调控该信号的传导可作为防治肝纤维化的重要策略,是治疗肝硬化的重要靶点,本文在总结TGF-β1/Smad信号通路在肝纤维化过程中的作用机理的基础上,综述了近年来基于此而提出的各项临床治疗策略及其研究进展。     

Hippo-YAP/TAZ与Notch信号通路在肝纤维化中的作用

病毒性或代谢性慢性肝病引起的肝纤维化是全球健康的一大挑战。Hippo-YAP/TAZ通路与Notch信号通路在肝纤维化进展中发挥了至关重要的作用。经典的Hippo通路核心激酶级联在大量外界信号的作用下,通过磷酸化使转录共激活因子YAP/TAZ失活,从而调控细胞的生长与增殖以及干细胞再生、肿瘤形成等过程。Notch信号通路通过调控脂质代谢、IR、氧化应激、自噬、炎症与纤维化等方面参与肝病的发生与发展。该文就Hippo-YAP/TAZ与Notch信号通路在肝纤维化过程中对肝星状细胞、巨噬细胞、肝脂质代谢等方面的影响及两条通路的交互作用进行了详细地综述。概括了2条通路在肝纤维化中的研究现状,总结分析了交互作用研究中存在的问题和未来的方向,旨在为肝纤维化的防治提供新的靶点和理论依据。     

肝硬化患者的免疫功能障碍和白蛋白相关免疫、肝纤维化进展的相关性研究

摘要 目的：探究肝硬化患者的免疫功能障碍和白蛋白相关免疫、肝纤维化进展的相关性。方法：选择2018年8月至2021年7月在我院检查确诊为肝硬化患者90例。将其按照肝硬化的差异区分为早期肝硬化组（45例）与晚期肝硬化组（45例）。45名年龄和性别匹配的无症状志愿者作为正常对照,并对其结果进行分析。结果：早期肝硬化组和晚期肝硬化组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺和CD20(+)均高于对照组,晚期肝硬化组高于早期肝硬化组（P<0.05）;早期肝硬化组和晚期肝硬化组ALT、AST、TBIL、DBIL均高于对照组,晚期肝硬化组高于早期肝硬化组（P<0.05）;早期肝硬化组和晚期肝硬化组ALB、TP、A/G、PA均低于对照组,晚期肝硬化组低于早期肝硬化组（P<0.05）;早期肝硬化组和晚期肝硬化组HA、LN、PIIINP、CIV均高于对照组,晚期肝硬化组高于早期肝硬化组（P<0.05）;早期肝硬化组和晚期肝硬化组的TNF-α、IL-6、TLR4和TLR9均高于对照组,晚期肝硬化组高于早期肝硬化组（P<0.05）;CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺、CD20⁺、TNF-α和IL-6与HA、LN、PNIIINP、CIV水平呈正相关,而ALB、TP、A/G和PA与HA、LN、PNIIINP、CIV水平呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论：免疫功能指标、肝功能指标浓度与四种肝纤维化标志物在联合检测可提高肝硬化诊断的可靠性和准确性,指导临床诊治,减少肝癌的发生,更好地判断疾病预后与疗效。     

siRNA与固有免疫

转染小干扰RNA片段（small interfering RNA, siRNA）被广泛用于沉默基因表达.外源性核酸短链的进入能激活Toll样受体,触发免疫应答,促进机体炎症因子的表达与释放. siRNA还能活化双链RNA依赖性蛋白激酶（dsRNA-dependent protein kinase,PKR）等胞内模式识别受体,通过免疫反应引起机体功能障碍.siRNA的免疫效应与其核苷酸链的长短、碱基序列、核糖结构等密切相关,相应的化学修饰能阻断其激活模式识别受体,抑制固有免疫应答.本文综述了近年来siRNA对固有免疫应答的分子机制,为改善基因沉默效应和拓展该技术的临床应用提供有益帮助.     

抗病毒感染固有免疫应答的信号转导

入侵病毒的探知和适应性免疫应答启动均依靠固有免疫系统。三种模式识别受体(PRRs)在宿主防御系统第一线占据极其重要地位:Toll样受体、维甲酸诱导基因I样受体、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体。PRRs识别病原相关分子模式(PAMP)或危险信号分子模式(DAMPs)启动和调节固有免疫和适应性免疫应答。每种PRR都有单独的识别配体和细胞定位。激活的PRRs将信号分子传递给其配体分子(MyD88,TRIF,IRAK,IPS-1),配体活化后作为信使激活信号途径下游激酶(IKK复合物,MAPKs,TBK1,RIP-1)和转录因子(NF-κB,AP-1,IRF3),最终产生细胞因子、趋化因子、促炎细胞因子和I型干扰素。本文重点讨论PRRs信号通路及该领域取得的成果,以期为人类健康和免疫疾病防治提供策略。     

Macrophage receptors implicated in the “adaptive” form of innate immunity

The adaptive component of innate immunity occurs during the course of infection when antigen presenting cells alter expression of soluble or surface associated pattern recognition receptors. This results in increased recognition of a broad spectrum of pathogens, enhancement of effector functions and altered regulation of the inflammatory response.     

The implication of SUMO in intrinsic and innate immunity

Since its discovery, SUMOylation has emerged as a key post-translational modification involved in the regulation of host-virus interactions. SUMOylation has been associated with the replication of a large number of viruses, either through the direct modification of viral proteins or through the modulation of cellular proteins implicated in antiviral defense. SUMO can affect protein function via covalent or non-covalent binding. There is growing evidence that SUMO regulates several host proteins involved in intrinsic and innate immunity, thereby contributing to the process governing interferon production during viral infection; as well as the interferon-activated Jak/STAT pathway. Unlike the interferon-mediated innate immune response, intrinsic antiviral resistance is mediated by constitutively expressed antiviral proteins (defined as restriction factors), which confer direct viral resistance through a variety of mechanisms. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of SUMO in intrinsic and innate immunity; highlighting the involvement of the TRIM family proteins, with a specific focus on the mechanism through which SUMO affects i- interferon production upon viral infection, ii-interferon Jak/STAT signaling and biological responses, iii-the relationship between restriction factors and RNA viruses.     

髓样分化蛋白-2在天然免疫中的作用

Toll样受体 (Toll likereceptor ,TLR)家族作为模式识别受体 ,在天然免疫中具有重要作用。髓样分化蛋白 2 (myeloiddifferentialprotein 2 ,MD 2 )可能含有两个相对独立的功能结构域 ,既能与Toll样受体家族中的TLR4、TLR2结合 ,也能与多种配体结合 (包括lipopolysaccharide ,LPS)。这种特殊的结构可能与其三方面的主要功能有关 :(1)MD 2与TLR4结合 ,赋予TLR4对各种配体 (包括LPS)的反应性 ;(2 )MD 2与TLR2结合 ,赋予TLR2对LPS的反应性 ,并增强TLR2对细菌及其胞壁成分的反应性 ;(3)MD 2能促进TLR4和TLR2的表达 ,并且与TLR4在细胞内的分布密切相关。这表明MD 2可以通过两种方式直接或间接调控TLRs的功能 :与TLR2 /TLR4结合 ,或调控TLR2 /TLR4的表达与分布。因而MD 2不仅仅是TLR4的辅助分子 ,而且还是天然免疫中的调控分子 ,可能在感染、炎症、免疫等病理生理过程中具有更广泛的生物学功能     

Genetic analysis of innate immunity: TIR adapter proteins in innate and adaptive immune responses

The innate immune system senses pathogens largely through signals initiated by a collection of phylogenetically related proteins known as "Toll-like receptors" (TLRs), of which 10 representatives are encoded in the human genome. Our understanding of the sensing role played by the TLRs began with the positional cloning of a spontaneous mutation (Lps(d)) in the gene encoding the mammalian lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor. Other key innate immunity proteins have been disclosed by germline mutagenesis, and are discussed in the present review.     

肠道病毒调控固有免疫的分子机制研究进展

肠道病毒属于小核糖核酸病毒科,包括脊髓灰质炎病毒等多种重要人类病原体,已成为全球公共卫生安全的重大威胁之一。固有免疫是机体早期抵御病毒感染的重要防线。不同肠道病毒在进化中已经具备了多种途径躲避免疫识别或诱导固有免疫系统失活。本文重点对肠道病毒调控宿主固有免疫的相关分子机制进行综述,系统整理了肠道病毒逃避干扰素依赖与干扰素非依赖的抗病毒固有免疫防御的分子特征与作用规律,为肠道病毒致病机制的探究和抗病毒药物的研发提供参考。     

Current concepts of immune dysregulation in cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene and is characterized by a perpetuated feedback loop of bacterial infection and inflammation. Both intrinsic (CFTR-dependent) and extrinsic (CFTR-independent) mechanisms contribute to the inflammatory phenotype of CF lung disease. Innate immune cells, initially recruited to combat bacterial pathogens, are acting in a dysregulated and non-resolving fashion in CF airways and cause harm to the host by releasing proteases and oxidants. Targeting harmful immune pathways, while preserving protective ones, remains the challenge for the future. This review highlights current concepts of innate immune dysregulation in CF lung disease.This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Cystic Fibrosis: From o-mics to cell biology, physiology, and therapeutic advances.     

Resistance and augmentation of innate immunity in mice exposed to starvation

Mice were exposed to starvation for 3 days. Body temperature and various parameters were examined. By starvation, body temperature, blood glucose and ACTH decreased, especially on days 2 and 3. The level of corticosterone increased at this time. On the other hand, the number of lymphocytes yielded by the liver, spleen and thymus decreased from day 1 to 3. The change of the distribution of lymphocyte subsets was unique because NK, NKT and extrathymic T cells were stress-resistant in the liver. Conventional T and B cells were stress-sensitive. Reflecting the increased proportion of NK and NKT cells, NK and NKT activities were augmented. The increased proportion of NKT cells produced both IFNγ and IL-4 (Th0-type profile). The proportion and some functions of granulocytes and macrophages increased on Day 1 after starvation. These results suggest that starvation has a potential to increase the functions of unconventional lymphocytes and myeloid cells.     

Osteoblasts participate in the innate immunity of the bone by producing human beta defensin-3

Gram-positive bacterial bone infections are an important cause of morbidity particularly in immunocompromised patients. Antimicrobial peptides (AP) are effectors of the innate immune system and directly kill microorganisms in the first hours after microbial infection. The aim of the present investigation was to study the expression and regulation of gram-positive specialized human β-defensin-3 (HBD-3) in bone. Samples of healthy and osteomyelitic human bone were assessed for the expression of HBD-3. Using primary and immortalized osteoblasts (SAOS-2 cells), release and regulation of HBD-3 was evaluated after exposure to Staphylococcus aureus supernatant and/or corticosteroids using PCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blot and ELISA. To determine the role of toll-like-receptors-2 and -4 (TLR-2/-4), shRNA was used to downregulate TLRs. An osteomyelitis mouse model was created performed to investigate the release of murine β-defensins using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Cultured osteoblasts and human bone produce HBD-3 under standard conditions. The release increases within hours of bacterial supernatant exposure in cultured osteoblasts. This observation was not made in chronically infected bone samples. The shRNA-technology revealed the necessity of TLR-2 and -4 in HBD-3 induction in osteoblasts. Blocking protein synthesis with cycloheximide showed that the rapid release of HBD-3 is not dependent on a translational de novo synthesis and is not affected by glucocorticoids. The murine osteomyelitis model confirmed the in vivo release uptake of mouse β-defensins-4 (MBD-4) in bone. This report shows the bacterial induction of HBD-3 via TLR-2 and -4 in osteoblasts and suggests a central role of antimicrobial peptides in the prevention of bacterial bone infection. The rapid and effective induction of HBD-3 in osteoblasts incubated with conditioned media from bacteria is more likely a result of a rapid secretion of preformed HBD-3 by osteoblasts rather than a result of enhanced biosynthesis. The increased incidence of gram-positive bacterial bone infection in patients with regular intake of glucocorticoids does not seem to be caused by a deranged HBD-3 release in osteoblasts. The experiments comply with current German law.