笼养食蟹猴行为时间分配对抑郁模型行为评价的启示

为了从笼养食蟹猴行为时间分配的研究中分析影响行为时间分配的因素并为抑郁模型行为评价选择最佳的时间窗,2011年1月～6月,采用动物焦点观察法对江苏省苏州中科实验动物有限公司的40只笼养食蟹猴的昼间活动规律进行昼间7个时段行为观察.研究发现,笼养食蟹猴昼间7个时段行为时间分配表现为休息最多(68.58％),其次是进食(10.14％)、社会交流(9.92％)、运动(5.57％);争斗和交配较少;社会交流行为持续时间在上午时段( 10:30～11:30)明显高于下午时段(14:30 ～ 16:30)(Z=-4.72,P＜0.01);幼崽对母亲猴的行为影响明显,有幼崽组较无幼崽组具有更高的社会行为(Z=-2.86,P＜0.01)和运动行为(Z=-6.57,P＜0.01);运动行为与年龄呈负相关(rs=-0.357).研究表明幼崽和年龄因素影响食蟹猴7个时段行为时间分配,抑郁模型行为评价宜选择上午时段(10:30 ～11:30).     

在缺乏繁殖能力的食蟹猴群体中探究指长比与社会等级以及行为的关系

为了探究笼养食蟹猴Macaca fascicularis指长比与社会等级、行为之间的关系,2016年1月,在江苏省苏州西山中科实验动物有限公司猴场内筛选12只健康雌性食蟹猴,组建新的群体前测量实验个体的食指和无名指指长比率(指长比)。利用人为观察记录法和视频采集法记录群体进食顺序和个体行为,分析群体等级秩序和相应个体的行为表现。研究发现,在食蟹猴抑郁样(低头、蜷缩)、独处、运动、社交、自我护理、攻击等行为中,高、低指长比组的食蟹猴在抑郁样、独处、攻击行为上的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究表明,社会等级强度较高的食蟹猴个体具有较低的指长比比值,在社会活动中具有更强的攻击性;具有较高指长比比值的食蟹猴个体在社会环境下更容易出现抑郁倾向。     

食蟹猴人拟腹盘吸虫的检查及药物驱治

对广西各猴场新引进的食蟹猴进行人拟腹盘吸虫检查,发现食蟹猴的人拟腹盘吸虫感染率随年龄增长而增加,雌性个体感染率为29.7%,雄性个体感染率为17%,雌雄个体之间感染率呈显著性差异（P＜0.05）.用不同剂量的吡喹酮治疗该病,结果显示剂量为150 mg/kg能达到很好的治疗效果,转阴率达100%;而剂量小于70 mg/kg投喂,则无效;剂量大于150 mg/kg投喂,副作用太大,呕吐严重.为此,用吡喹酮驱治人拟腹盘吸虫时,应在剂量上严格控制.     

秦岭川金丝猴个体间团抱模式及其影响因素

团抱行为作为保持体温与增进社会关系的一种有效途经在非人灵长类中广泛存在,受环境和社会因素影响在各物种间呈现出多样的模式。本研究自2007 年9 月至2008 年4 月间,运用焦点动物取样法和瞬时扫描取样法对秦岭北坡周至国家级自然保护区内的一群秦岭川金丝猴的团抱模式进行了1 637 回次的扫描,结果表明研究群内的个体回避单独休息,倾向于形成团抱,团抱主要发生在2 个或3 个个体之间,较少形成4 个或4 个以上个体的团抱;团抱主要由青少年个体和成年雌性组成,成年雄性和携婴雌性多参与小的团抱,青少年猴更频繁地出现在3 个个体的团抱中,未携婴雌性在4 个和4 个以上个体团抱中比例明显增加;秦岭川金丝猴各年龄性别组的个体对团抱伙伴的选择有各自的偏好,大多数团抱由成年雄性和未成年个体发起,但获得较少的团抱;雌性和携婴雌性较少主动发出但获得较多的团抱,这显示出雌性作为团抱的主体具有很高的社会亲和力;此外团抱模式还存在季节性的变化,冬季寒冷期团抱的频率和大小都会增加,并且个体选择在距离地面较近的区域团抱以保持体温,春季生育期个体倾向于在树冠层团抱以获得新鲜的食物并且避免婴猴被捕食。秦岭川金丝猴的团抱行为是物种在其独特的社会组织形式下对山地极端环境的一种适应,在进化中以行为模式获得更高适合度的具体策略。     

食蟹猴糖化血红蛋白水平的调查研究

目的调查食蟹猴群体的HbA1c水平并建立其背景数据库。方法采集后肢静脉血以高效液相色谱法测定176只(雌性88只;雄性88只)食蟹猴的HbA1c值。结果雄性食蟹猴的HbA1c平均值高于雌性食蟹猴(4.80%±0.56%vs.4.61%±0.55%),两者间存在显著性差异(P0.05)。不同年龄段食蟹猴的HbA1c统计结果发现,青年组雌雄性食蟹猴的HbA1c平均值均高于老年组,两个年龄段间的雌性和雄性之间均存在显著性差异(P0.05),而中年组雌性与雄性和其他年龄段间的差异不显著。结论不同性别和年龄段间食蟹猴HbA1c水平具有显著差异性,HbA1c水平与性别和年龄具有相关性。     

食蟹猴微卫星DNA标记遗传监测及多态性分析

目的研究国内食蟹猴种群的遗传背景特性,建立食蟹猴种群遗传质量监测方法。方法采用微卫星DNA遗传标记技术对50只食蟹猴种群个体进行遗传质量监测及DNA多态性分析。结果从100个微卫星DNA位点中筛选出20个多态性高的位点,其食蟹猴种群个体的等位基因数目为5-10条,个体间均呈现高度的多态性;其观察等位基因数（Na）为5.0～10.0,有效等位基因数（Ne）为4.6118～8.3404,基因多样性（H）为0.7832～0.8801和香隆信息指数（I）为1.5651～2.1592。结论本实验有效地分析了食蟹猴种群的遗传多态性,为今后筛选特异性微卫星位点来建立食蟹猴种群遗传质量监测方法提供了理论依据。     

食蟹猴的基础血糖值调查

目的 调查圈养食蟹猴基础血糖值情况.方法 采用快速血糖仪对153只6～19岁雄性食蟹猴和87只6～24岁雌性食蟹猴的血糖进行测定.结果 不同性别的食蟹猴血糖值存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),其中雌性食蟹猴血糖平均值为4.09 mmol/L±1.03 mmol/L,雄性食蟹猴血糖平均值为3.32 mmol/L±0.59 mmol/L;不同年龄段的食蟹猴血糖值差异显著(P＜0.05),年龄大的食蟹猴血糖值比年龄小的食蟹猴血糖值整体较高;体重指数与基础血糖值之间无显著相关性.结论 食蟹猴基础血糖值与人类基础血糖值相比,水平较低;性别和年龄是影响食蟹猴血糖值的主要因素.食蟹猴基础血糖值调查为糖尿病动物模型的建立及其相关研究提供了有关血糖值的基础数据参考.     

食蟹猴阴道涂片的动态观察

目的　为食蟹猴实施人工授精和适时配种提供一种有效的测定排卵期的方法。方法　选择 4～ 6岁性成熟的雌性食蟹猴 30只 ,对其阴道涂片进行动态观察。结果与结论　食蟹猴阴道涂片中主要有角化上皮细胞、中层基底细胞、白细胞和细胞碎片等。分析结果说明 ,白细胞数各时期差异均具显著性 ;角化上皮细胞在月经前期和月经期没有差异 ,但其他各期差异具显著性 ;月经期和月经后期中层基底细胞数目变化差异不显著 ,但其他各期差异具显著性 ;月经前期和月经期的细胞碎片数目相似 ,但其他各期差异具显著性。各时期细胞成份变化规律是 ,角化上皮细胞从月经期到排卵期呈逐渐增加至最高 ,然后逐渐减少 ;而白细胞、中层基底细胞和细胞碎片则恰好相反。     

黑叶猴外形整体结构的研究

根据黑叶猴(Presbytis francoisi)解剖标本的测量数据,用几何方法绘制出整体外形结构图;用R聚类分析结果找出了所测变量之间的相互关系;Q聚类和三维空间模式结构展示了黑叶猴外形整体结构与蜘蛛猴、食蟹猴、长臂猿、大猩猩和黑猩猩之间的相互关系。结果表明,在所测的23项变量中,由5个小聚类组成:与个体大小相关的变量、与前肢结构相关的变量、与后肢结构相关的变量、与颅骨结构相关的变量和臀部结构。在这些变量中,臀部宽与其他变量表现了极弱的相关关系。黑叶猴的外形整体结构与其他几种灵长类比较,更接近于食蟹猴和长鼻猴,其次接近于蜘蛛猴。因此从外形整体结构相似性分析,黑叶猴的运动与食蟹猴、长鼻猴和蜘蛛猴具有某些相似处。     

恒河猴与食蟹猴微卫星DNA多态性的比较分析

目的分析恒河猴和食蟹猴群体间的遗传多样性,确立一种对恒河猴和食蟹猴种群个体的遗传鉴别方法。方法利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增技术采用15个多态性微卫星DNA位点对50只恒河猴和50只食蟹猴个体进行了DNA多态性的分析,对比两群体间等位基因数目差异。结果筛选的15个具有显著多态性的微卫星DNA位点对恒河猴和食蟹猴种群可以进行DNA多态性分析,其等位基因数目均在7个以上,且两群体间有11个位点的等位基因数存在一定的差异。结论利用这些多态性微卫星DNA位点建立一种有效鉴别恒河猴和食蟹猴种群遗传背景的方法具有一定的可行性。     

Respiration rate, heart rate, and body temperature values in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) during barbiturate anesthesia

Respiration rate, heart rate, and body temperature values were obtained from 14 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) during neurosurgery under barbiturate anesthesia. Vital sign values markedly declined below baseline during the early stages of surgery, steadily increased as surgery progressed and neared completion, and finally returned to baseline by the end of the postsurgical recovery period. There was considerable variability among the 14 monkeys, but the ranking of each monkey relative to the others remained constant across the period of observation. The findings suggested that the cynomolgus monkey may be more sensitive to barbiturates than the rhesus monkey, and cynomolgus monkeys may exhibit considerable individual differences in their sensitivity to barbiturates.     

Dominance, cortisol, and behavior in small groups of female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

The relationships among social rank, basal cortisol concentrations, and social behavior were assessed in adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Subjects were 157 unrelated, reproductively intact animals housed in 30 small groups. Rank determinations were made monthly. Blood samples were collected on two occasions, 4.5 and 7.5 months following initial group formation. Regular behavioral observations were conducted on a subset of animals over a period of 4 weeks, 9 months following group formation. Analyses revealed that serum cortisol values were significantly correlated across the two sampling periods, with no significant change in absolute values. While social rank was positively correlated across both samples, there was no relationship between rank and cortisol. However, dominant and subordinate animals did differ in the rates of performance of aggressive and submissive behaviors. These data suggest that social rank does not influence baseline serum cortisol in adult female cynomolgus monkeys, despite stability in measures of rank and cortisol and the presence of the usual behavioral differences between dominants and subordinates.     

Longitudinal study of craniofacial growth in Macaca fascicularis

This paper is an analysis of normal craniofacial growth in adolescent crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Eight female adolescent monkeys were used in this study. Their individual craniofacial growth was studied for a 24-month period utilizing tantalum implants and roentgenographic cephalograms. Throughout the observation period, each monkey consistently showed a class I molar relationship with a good overjet and overbite. The amount of anterior displacement of the maxilla and the mandible was significantly dominant compared to the vertical displacements at every observation period. The midface exhibited a maxillary differential growth pattern in which the premaxilla displaced superiorly and the posterior maxilla moved inferiorly, resulting in a counterclockwise rotation of the entire maxilla. Growth of the lower anterior teeth and alveolar bone compensated for the incremental vertical spaces which were induced by superior displacement of the premaxilla and inferior repositioning of the chin. In addition, the amount of anterior displacement of the upper and lower anterior teeth were significantly larger than that of the premaxilla and the chin. The dentocraniofacial growth pattern in Macaca fascicularis was quite similar to that seen in Macaca mulatta.     

Radiation-induced translocations in spermatogonial stem cells of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta

3 adult monkeys, one Macaca fascicularis and two Macaca mulatta, were whole-body irradiated with 1 Gy gamma-rays (60 Co). Reciprocal translocations induced in spermatogonial stem cells were scored as translocation multivalents in primary spermatocytes from 7.5 to 27.5 months after exposure. The translocation yields ranged from 4.1% at the earliest to 1.8% at the latest sampling interval. No significant differences were observed in the responses of the individual animals. A decline in the translocation frequencies with time after treatment was found in all 3 animals. The present data are different from those reported for testicular X-irradiation of the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta (van Buul, 1980; Lyon et al., 1976) in that the translocation yields are higher. They are consistent with the results reported for testicular gamma-irradiation of the crab-eating monkey Macaca fascicularis (Matsuda et al., 1984, 1985). In view of the present results it appears unlikely that a species difference exists within the genus Macaca in the sensitivity of spermatogonial stem cells to the induction of translocations by ionizing radiation.     

Construction and validation of a systematic ethogram of Macaca fascicularis in a free enclosure

Behavioral studies in non-human primates have become ideal models for further investigations into advanced cognitive function in humans. To date, there is no systematic ethogram of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) in a free enclosure. In a field observation of 6012 subjects, 107 distinct behaviors of M. fascicularis were preliminarily described. 83 of these behaviors were then independently validated through a randomized cohort and classified into 12 behavioral categories. 53 of these behaviors were then selected to accurately reflect the daily mundane activity of the species in a free enclosure. These findings systematically document the behavior of M. fascicularis in a free enclosure for use in further investigations.     

Nature Needs Nurture: The Interaction of Hormonal and Social Influences on the Development of Behavioral Sex Differences in Rhesus Monkeys

Thirty years of research on early social and hormonal environments and their relationship to the expression of behavioral sex differences in rhesus monkeys are reviewed. These studies demonstrate that whether aggressive and submissive behaviors are sexually dimorphic depends primarily on the social and not the hormonal environment. Early rearing environments without mothers or allowing brief periods of peer interaction produced higher levels of male aggression and female submission. Presenting behavior was expressed more by females than males in environments with high male aggressivity and female submissiveness. No sex differences in presenting occurred in low aggressivity environments, unless monkeys were reared isosexually, when males presented more than females. Rough and tumble play and foot-clasp mounting were consistently exhibited more by males than females across all rearing environments studied, but rearing environment affected the degree of the sex difference. When reared isosexually males displayed less, and females more, foot-clasp mounting than when heterosexually reared. No social environment increased the low frequency of female rough and tumble play. Suppressing neonatal androgen in males did not effect any sexually dimorphic behavior. Prenatal androgen administration to genetic females masculinized many aspects of their juvenile behavior, consistently increasing rough and tumble play and foot-clasp mounting across different social environments. Thus the sexually dimorphic behaviors which showed the smallest variability across social contexts were the most profoundly affected by the prenatal hormonal environment. These studies demonstrate that the expression of consistent juvenile behavioral sex differences results from hormonally induced predispositions to engage in specific patterns of juvenile behavior whose expression is shaped by the specific social environment experienced by the developing monkey.     

Behavioral stereotypy in old and young rhesus monkeys

Four old (25 years) and six young (3 years) female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were observed individually in a laboratory cage with either an old or a young monkey present as a social partner. The behavioral repertoire was coded into ten mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories. An information analysis of the individual behavior records is presented along with subject and partner age effects on the frequency of bouts and the amount of time spent in each category of behavior. Knowledge of the relative frequencies of the behaviors tells more about the behavior of young than old monkeys; and knowledge of the preceding behavior tells more about the behavior of old than young monkeys. Further, knowledge of the relative frequencies tells more about the behavior of both old and young monkeys with junior or elder partners than with age peers; whereas knowledge of the preceding behavior is more informative for old monkeys than for young ones regardless of the partner's age. Both old and young engaged in more affiliative behaviors with age peers than with junior or elder partners. An hypothesis is proposed which relates this social homophyly to the age difference in behavioral stereotypy.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Japanese, rhesus, Formosan, and crab- eating monkeys, inferred from restriction-enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNAs [published erratum appears in Mol Biol Evol 1988 Sep;5(5):601]

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms in four species of macaques, i.e., Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata), rhesus monkey (M. mulatta), Formosan monkey (M. cyclopis), and crab-eating monkey (M. fascicularis), were analyzed to study phylogenetic relationships. When 17 restriction enzymes of 6-bp recognition were used, 42-49 sites were observed in the samples. The estimated number of nucleotide substitutions per site among Japanese, rhesus, and Formosan monkeys ranges from 0.0318 to 0.0396, and that between the crab-eating monkey and the other monkeys from 0.0577 to 0.0653. These findings suggest that the crab-eating monkey diverged from the other three approximately 1.5-3.0 Myr before the present (Mybp) and that the Japanese, rhesus, and Formosan monkeys diverged approximately 0.9-1.8 Mybp, although the branching order cannot be determined conclusively.      

Possible influence of measles virus infection of cynomolgus monkeys on the outcome of the neurovirulence test for oral poliovirus vaccine.

Macaque monkeys are susceptible to measles infection which triggers temporary immuno-depression similar to the well known phenomenon in humans. It is known that feral monkeys become infected with measles virus when they are exposed to humans. Since Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis are species used to assay the neurovirulence of oral poliovirus vaccine, the immunodepression caused by measles infection of the test monkeys could significantly alter the results of the neurovirulence test. The serum titers of measles-neutralizing antibodies were studied in over 1500 monkeys used for neurovirulence tests. A high proportion of the feral monkeys had measles antibodies (51-100%); in contrast, none of 493 M. fascicularis monkeys which had been bred in a primate colony under strict isolation measures was found positive for measles antibodies. An increase in the prevalence of measles in the population of Ontario and Quebec provinces was accompanied with an increase in the proportion of measles-positive monkey and their serum antibody titers were found higher. It was observed that monkeys used in tests that had been performed during high measles prevalence presented with a poliomyelitis of more pronounced severity clinically and histologically. The analysis of 29 tests conducted on type 1 vaccines over several years showed a positive correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.5141, P less than 0.0022) between severity of poliomyelitis and the presence of measles serum antibodies in test monkeys (some animals seroconverted during the test). A similar observation, when type 3 Sabin vaccines were tested in M. fascicularis, was recently reported from another laboratory in Ontario.