九龙江河口区养虾塘沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量特征

通过对九龙江河口区陆基养虾塘水样和沉积物样品采集分析及结合室内模拟实验,探讨了虾塘在不同养殖阶段沉积物-水界面营养盐通量时间变化特征及其主要影响因素。虾塘沉积物向上覆水体释放NO_x~--N(NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N)、NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P能力均呈现随养殖时间推移而降低的特征。沉积物在养殖中期和后期分别呈现对上覆水体NO_x~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P的吸收现象,但总体表现为释放(平均通量分别为(1.87±1.15)、(1.58±0.52)mg m~(-2)h~(-1)和(1.22±0.62)mg m~(-2)h~(-1))。沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮交换以NH_4~+-N为主(沉积物平均释放通量为(46.18±13.82)mg m~(-2)h~(-1))。沉积物间隙水与上覆水间的营养盐浓度差(梯度)及温度对上述交换通量的时间动态特征具有重要调控作用。研究结果表明养殖初期或中期沉积物较高的无机氮(尤其是NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N)释放是养殖塘水质恶化的一个极具潜力的污染内源,可能会对虾的健康生长产生负面效应,控制沉积物无机氮释放是养虾塘养殖初期和中期重要的日常管理活动之一。     

亚热带河口养殖塘沉积物有机碳矿化及其影响因子

亚热带河口的养殖塘是温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)的重要排放源,但其沉积物有机碳矿化动力学特征目前尚未厘清.以我国东南沿海亚热带闽江、木兰溪以及九龙江河口区的6个凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖塘为研究对象,对沉积物取样,并进行为期60 d的室内厌氧培养,对养殖塘沉积物CO2累积产量曲线利用一阶动力学模型...     

闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地及围垦养虾塘的沉积物CH_4和N_2O产生潜力

河口湿地围垦转化为水产养殖塘已成沿海地区一个重要的生态环境问题,深刻影响着河口地区的碳、氮生物地球化学循环。为探讨河口湿地围垦成养虾塘后对温室气体产生的影响本研究以福建省闽江河口鳝鱼滩中部的短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)沼泽湿地及围垦养虾塘为对象,于2016年5月—2017年3月通过室内厌氧培养实验测定了2个生态系统表层沉积物的甲烷(CH_4)与氧化亚氮(N_2O)产生潜力。结果表明:①短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘的表层沉积物CH_4产生潜力分别为0.33～215.2和0.13～9.41 ng·g~(-1)·d~(-1)均值分别为40.07±23.00和2.16±0.98 ng·g~(-1)·d~(-1),呈现出秋季夏季春季冬季的时间变化特征;②短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘表层沉积物N_2O产生潜力分别为0.43～0.80和0.45～0.84ng·g~(-1)·d~(-1)均值分别为0.58±0.01和0.61±0.01 ng·g~(-1)·d~(-1);③短叶茳芏湿地沉积物CH_4产生潜力显著高于养虾塘沉积物(P0.01),2个生态系统表层沉积物N_2O产生潜力差异不显著(P0.05)。     

池塘内循环流水养殖模式对养殖塘上覆水-沉积物-间隙水磷时空分布特征及释放通量的影响

为了揭示池塘内循环流水养殖模式(Inner-circulation Pond Aquaculture, IPA)上覆水-沉积物-间隙水不同磷形态时空分布特征,探讨沉积物-水界面磷的释放通量及其主要影响因素,在IPA一条水槽前后端设置6个采样点,共设置4条,同时对常规传统池塘(Usual Pond Aquaculture, UPA)设置5个采样点,采用SMT(磷形态标准测试程序)法测量沉积物中磷的形态组成,对上覆水-沉积物-间隙水磷时空分布特征进行了分析,统计了磷释放通量及主要影响环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)从整体上, IPA上覆水及间隙水中不同形态磷含量低于UPA,且IPA水体磷空间分布差异较大,水槽后端沉积物向上覆水释放,水槽前端则表现为上覆水向沉积物汇集;(2)在养殖中后期,空间上, IPA水槽后端沉积物不同磷形态随着距离增加逐渐降低,且均低于UPA;时间上,2种模式TP、IP、OP和Fe/Al-P随着养殖的进行而显著增加, Ca-P呈先降低后增加的趋势;(3)UPA基本表现为沉积物对磷的吸收,而IPA磷释放通量时空差异较大,养殖初期,水槽前端表现对磷的吸收,水槽后端10 m内...     

贵州草海氮磷分布特征及沉积物释放通量估算

通过对草海丰水期和枯水期水体、表层沉积物及周边河流水体系统的样品采集与测试分析,阐明丰水期和枯水期氮磷在草海水体的空间分布特征,分析表层沉积物中氮磷的释放通量的空间分布特征,识别沉积物的"源"和"汇"特征。结果表明,两个水文期大部分入湖河流的总氮和总磷浓度高于出湖河流,湖水氮磷浓度受外源输入影响较明显;丰、枯两期挺水植物区水中氮磷浓度高于沉水植物区,且沿主要水流方向逐渐降低;丰水期水-沉积物界面水中氮磷浓度高于表层水体,枯水期该特征不明显。枯水期沉积物中总氮的释放通量范围为5.244~362.506 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),呈现出"源"的特征;沉积物中总磷释放通量范围为-3.081~3.009 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),在挺水植物区表现为"汇",在沉水植物区表现为"源",内源释放也不可忽视。     

阿哈水库沉积物-水界面重金属扩散通量

为了解阿哈水库水体中重金属的污染现状,选取了4个典型点位进行夏、冬两季采样分析,研究了上覆水体及沉积物孔隙水中Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cr及Pb 7种重金属的时空分布规律及其界面扩散通量。结果表明:阿哈水库上覆水体中溶解性重金属的均值含量符合我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅰ类标准与《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006),未受到重金属污染。夏季分层期,底层水缺氧导致水体As、Co、Cr含量增高,而冬季混合期重金属的垂向变化较小。沉积物孔隙水中重金属浓度均值高于上覆水,且Co与Ni、As呈显著正相关,其在水库中的迁移转化过程受铁锰循环的共同影响; Cu、Zn与Pb存在正相关关系,具有相似的污染来源。分析沉积物-水界面重金属扩散通量显示,Zn保持负扩散,表明沉积物对Zn具有很好的净化吸附效果;而Co、Ni、As、Pb保持正扩散,特别是夏季As的扩散通量达2.07μg·cm~(-2)·a~(-1),对上覆水体可能产生较大的释放风险。研究证实,近十年来阿哈水库水体重金属的污染控制取得了显著的效果。     

太湖春季沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征及界面释放的影响

通过对太湖春季不同湖区水体和沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征研究,探讨了间隙水中磷的释放对上覆水环境的影响。结果表明,颗粒态磷(PP)和溶解态有机磷(DOP)是太湖水体中主要的磷形态,占总磷的58%～95%。不同湖区沉积物间隙水磷的剖面变化可能与生态特征及水动力引起的沉积物-水界面的扰动强度密切相关。湖心和西部沿岸沉积物扰动强烈,致使间隙水中磷含量向上逐渐降底,而梅梁湾和贡湖间隙水磷的垂向变化不大。东太湖和竺山湖沉积物界面间隙水中磷含量偏高,可能是由于表层沉积物的有氧环境使Fe2+被氧化固定下来,并促进了总磷(TP)和溶解态活性磷(DRP)的扩散释放。总体而言,间隙水中各形态磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势,其中DRP的扩散潜力最大,竺山湖沉积物-水界面DRP扩散通量高达11.42mg.m-2.d-1,表明春季浮游植物的复苏生长对DRP的迫切需求。     

脱甲河水系CH_4关键产生途径及其稳定碳同位素特征

为明确脱甲河溶存CH_4关键产生途径,明晰水系碳同位素组成及其分布特征,为小流域CH_4排放估算和减排提供数据支撑.利用双层扩散模型法估算了CH_4浓度和传输通量,研究了周年内脱甲河4级河段(S_1~S_4)水体CH_4通量的时空分布及其主控环境因子;运用稳定同位素方法探究了溶存CH_4关键产生途径,分析了溶解CH_4、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机质δ¹³C分布特征.结果表明:水体pH均值为(7.27±0.03),各河段四季差异均显著;溶解氧(DO)在0.43~13.99 mg·L^-1内变化,S_1河段DO浓度最高且夏、秋季差异显著,其他河段均为冬与春、夏、秋季差异显著;可溶性有机碳(DOC)变化范围是0.34~8.32 mg·L^-1,由S_1至S_4河段总体呈递增趋势;水体电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(ORP)变化范围分别是17~436μS·cm^-1和-52.30~674.10 mV,各河段差异明显;铵态氮(NH_4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3^--N)浓度分别在0.30~1.35(平均0.90±0.10)mg·L^-1和0.82~2.45(平均1.62±0.16)mg·L^-1内变化.溶存CH_4浓度和传输通量变化范围分别是0~5.28(平均0.46±0.06)μmol·L^-1和-0.34~619.72(平均53.88±7.15)μg C·m^-2·h^-1;均存在时空变化且变异规律相似,为春季>冬季>夏季>秋季,S_2>S_3>S_4>S_1.通量与水体铵态氮和DOC浓度均呈显著正相关.各级河段均以乙酸发酵产甲烷途径为主导,但不同河段差异明显,乙酸发酵途径产CH_4贡献率以S_1河段最高(87%),其次为S_4(81%),S_2、S_3分别达到78%和76%.溶存CH_4、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机质的δ¹³C均值分别为-41.64‰±1.91‰、-14.07‰±1.06‰和-26.20‰±1.02‰,溶存甲烷δ¹³C与沉积物有机质的δ¹³C呈显著正相关,与其传输通量呈极显著负相关.     

老爷岭多年冻土小流域春季冻融期径流溶解性有机碳变化特征

溶解性有机碳（DOC）的输移过程是流域碳循环中重要的组成部分,对全球碳循环产生重要影响。以大兴安岭多年冻土区的典型森林小流域-老爷岭流域为研究对象,获得2021年4月9日到6月30日冻融期降雨量、气温、土温等气象数据及逐日径流量、径流DOC浓度,计算了冻融循环期（4月9日-28日）和融化期（4月29日-6月30日）流域径流DOC的输出通量,揭示了径流DOC浓度及输出通量的影响因素。结果表明：（1）研究时段内,老爷岭流域径流DOC浓度变化范围为3.88-33.75 mg/L,流域上游的径流DOC浓度变化趋势与下游基本一致,DOC浓度随着温度的升高呈现下降趋势,4月份平均径流DOC浓度明显高于5、6月份。（2）研究时段内流域径流DOC总输出通量为3215.48 kg/km²,其中5月径流DOC输出通量高于4、6月份。径流量与径流DOC输出通量存在显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,是流域DOC输出通量的主导因素。（3）研究时段内流域DOC浓度与平均气温呈极显著负相关（R²=0.5048,P<0.001）;降水样品中的DOC浓度变化范围为1.06-9.42 mg/L,显著低于径流DOC浓度;土壤中DOC含量变化趋势与径流DOC变化趋势一致,0-10 cm、10-20 cm土壤平均DOC浓度范围为77.57-133.99 mg/L。（4）冻融循环期平均日径流DOC浓度（24.02 mg/L）显著（P<0.05）高于融化期（14.64 mg/L）,而融化期平均日DOC输出通量（48.02 kg/km²）是冻融循环期（9.52 kg/km²）的5倍。研究结果揭示了大兴安岭多年冻土小流域春季冻融期径流DOC的输移特征及其影响因素,对理解多年冻土区碳循环有重要意义。     

我国养殖水体N2O排放特征及其影响因素研究进展

养殖水体作为不可忽视的温室气体排放源,已引起社会广泛关注。本文通过文献综述分析了国内养殖水体N₂O溶存浓度、饱和度及排放通量的时空分布特征,并结合N₂O产生机制探讨了养殖水体N2O排放的影响因素。我国养殖水体N₂O介于饱和与过饱和状态,水-气界面排放通量范围为-9.82×10^-3~143.25×10^-3mg·m^-2·h^-1,养殖水体成为N₂O的重要排放源;空间变异特征表现为南方地区的排放通量显著高于北方地区,北方地区养殖水体N2O排放通量整体高于本区自然水体,而南方地区相反;从时间变化特征看,各养殖塘排放通量变化规律较为相似,大致表现为养殖中期排放量最高,养殖末期和养殖初期较低;季节变化上,夏季最高、冬春季较低。养殖水体N₂O的产生机制与其他水生生态系统相似,主要为硝化和反硝化作用,影响养殖水体N₂O在排放的因素除温度、pH、营养盐、盐度、叶绿素a等环境因素外,还与曝气活动、饵料投放、排水活动和养殖种类等人为因素有关。     

2010年夏季珠江口海域颗粒有机碳的分布特征及其来源

于2010年8月对珠江口海域20个站位的颗粒有机碳(POC)进行采样,分析了POC的空间分布特征,讨论了POC与环境因子之间的关系,并利用碳稳定同位素(δ13C)分析了POC的来源及其贡献率。结果显示,研究区域POC的浓度范围98.5—1929.8μg/L,平均浓度541.9μg/L,空间分布总体呈现自北部海域向中部海域逐渐降低,中部海域至南部海域又逐渐升高,底层大于表层的特点。总悬浮颗粒物、叶绿素a、水动力是影响POC空间分布的重要原因。研究区域总悬浮颗粒物δ13C值的变化范围-27.05‰—-21.03‰,平均为-24.57‰,反映出珠江口海域颗粒有机碳为陆源和水生源混合来源,其分布呈现沿盐度梯度自口门内向口门外逐渐递增,底层高于表层的特点。陆源输入和海洋生物生产是影响δ13C值分布的主要原因。运用二元混合模型计算得知,珠江口北部和中部海域POC以陆源有机碳为主,贡献率平均为64%;南部海域POC以水生源有机碳为主,贡献率平均为68%。与20多年前相比,POC的分布特征与来源已经发生了改变,珠江口海域含沙量减少与营养盐含量增加可能是导致POC组成发生变化的主要原因。     

Neap-spring tidal effects on dissolved oxygen in two Malaysian estuaries

The longitudinal distributions of dissolved oxygen change dramatically during neap-spring tidal cycles in the lower Selangor and Klang Rivers. An oxygen deficit develops in both estuaries when the tidal range is high. The Selangor River inflow is nearly saturated with D.O., but during spring tides D.O. falls to as little as 15% of saturation in the middle reaches of the estuary. The Klang River has low D.O. freshwater input, an oxygen minimum develops during neap tides, and anoxic conditions are produced by spring tides. These oxygen minima are attributed to the high oxygen demand of sediment that rests on the bottom during neap tides and is resuspended during spring tides. The ecological effects of tidal cycling patterns of dissolved oxygen in these Malaysian estuaries need further study, within the context of land use patterns and other human activities.     

Transport and fate of dissolved organic carbon in the Lake Pontchartrain esutary,Louisiana, U.S.A.

Cycling dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were examinedin Lake Pontchartrain estuary, Louisiana, in relation to changesin freshwater inputs. DOC concentrations ranged from 5.3 to 8.5mg C L-1 reaching their highest during high river inflow.The percentage of DOC represented by HMW DOC (or colloidal material)was greatest (ca. 11%) at stations where freshwaterdischarge from rivers and surrounding wetlands was most significant.Moreover, the lignin-phenol content of this material (ranged from 0.09 to 0.33 and from 0.11 to 0.39)confirmed that a significant fraction of colloidal organic carbon wasderived from terrestrial sources. Riverine and benthic fluxes representedthe dominant sources of DOC to the estuary. On an annual basis, riverineand benthic DOC concentrations were estimated to be 2.8 ×10 10 g C yr-1 and 8.8 × 10 10 g C yr-1, respectively, while the totalDOC pool in the estuary was 3.8 × 10 10 gC. Annual average concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)(1298 M) and pCO2 (5774 atm)were comparable to those found in other freshwater systems that reachedCO2 saturation levels. Net losses of DOC in the LakePontchartrain estuary appeared to be primarily controlled by heterotrophicconsumption (conversion of CO2) – whichmay have been amplified by the long residence time (approximately 120days) of DOC in this system.     

Sediment-water fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon, O2, nutrients, and N2 from the hypoxic region of the Louisiana continental shelf

Globally, hypoxic areas (<63?mmol O₂ m^?3) in coastal waters are increasing in number and spatial extent. One of the largest coastal hypoxic regions has been observed during the summer in the bottom-water of the Louisiana continental shelf. The shelf receives the sediments, organic matter, and nutrients exported from the Mississippi River watershed, and much of this material is ultimately deposited to the sea floor. Hence, quantifying the rates of sediment-water dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), oxygen (O₂), and nutrient fluxes is important for understanding how these processes relate to the development and maintenance of hypoxia. In this study, the sediment-water fluxes of DIC, O₂, nutrients, and N₂ (denitrification) were measured on the Louisiana shelf during six cruises from 2005 to 2007. On each cruise, three to four sites were occupied in or directly adjacent to the region of the shelf that experiences hypoxia. DIC fluxes, a proxy for total sediment respiration, ranged from 7.9 to 21.4?mmol?m^?2 day^?1 but did not vary significantly either spatially or as a function of bottom-water O₂ concentration. Overall, sediment respiration and nutrient flux rates were small in comparison to water-column respiration and phytoplankton nutrient demand. Nitrate fluxes were correlated with bottom-water O₂ concentrations (r?=?0.69), and there was evidence that decreasing O₂ concentrations inhibited coupled nitrification-denitrification. Denitrification rates averaged 1.4?mmol?N?m^?2 day^?1. Scaled to the area of the shelf, the denitrification sink represented approximately 39% of the N load from the Mississippi River watershed. The sediment-water fluxes reported from this study add substantial information on the spatial and temporal patterns in carbon, O₂, and nutrient cycling available for the Louisiana continental shelf and, thus, improve the understanding of this system.     

Shrimp ponds lead to massive loss of soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in northeastern Brazilian mangroves

Mangroves of the semiarid Caatinga region of northeastern Brazil are being rapidly converted to shrimp pond aquaculture. To determine ecosystem carbon stocks and potential greenhouse gas emissions from this widespread land use, we measured carbon stocks of eight mangrove forests and three shrimp ponds in the Acaraú and Jaguaribe watersheds in Ceará state, Brazil. The shrimp ponds were paired with adjacent intact mangroves to ascertain carbon losses and potential emissions from land conversion. The mean total ecosystem carbon stock of mangroves in this semiarid tropical landscape was 413 ± 94 Mg C/ha. There were highly significant differences in the ecosystem carbon stocks between the two sampled estuaries suggesting caution when extrapolating carbon stock across different estuaries even in the same landscape. Conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds resulted in losses of 58%–82% of the ecosystem carbon stocks. The mean potential emissions arising from mangrove conversion to shrimp ponds was 1,390 Mg CO₂e/ha. Carbon losses were largely from soils which accounted for 81% of the total emission. Losses from soils >100 cm in depth accounted for 33% of the total ecosystem carbon loss. Soil carbon losses from shrimp pond conversion are equivalent to about 182 years of soil carbon accumulation. Losses from mangrove conversion are about 10‐fold greater than emissions from conversion of upland tropical dry forest in the Brazilian Caatinga underscoring the potential value for their inclusion in climate change mitigation activities.     

Variability and transport of suspended sediment,particulate and dissolved organic carbon in the tidal freshwater Hudson River

Measurements of suspended matter, particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon were made over a three year period at stations spanning 150 km of the tidal freshwater Hudson River. Suspended matter concentrations varied from year-to-year and were not related to freshwater discharge. The increase in suspended matter with depth in vertical profiles suggests that, during medium to low flow conditions, resuspension of bottom sediments was as important a source of sediment as loadings from tributaries. Particulate organic carbon showed significant variability among stations, and both autochthonous primary production and detrital organic matter are contributing to POC standing stocks. Dissolved organic carbon represented over half of the total organic carbon in the water column and showed little variation among stations.Examining downstream changes in transport showed that there was significant production of both suspended matter and POC within the study reach during the ice-free season. Tributary loadings within the study reach do not appear to be the cause of these increases in downstream transport. Dissolved organic carbon behaved conservatively in that there was no evidence for net production or net consumption within the river.The spatial/temporal patterns and analyses of transport suggest that suspended matter and POC, but not DOC, were controlled to a significant extent by processes occurring within the river and were not simply related to loadings from outside.     

广东省北江流域河流有机碳浓度历史重建

根据河流颗粒有机碳浓度(CPOC)、溶解有机碳浓度(CDOC)与河流总悬浮物含量(CTSS)和流量(Q)的关系,构建广东省北江流域河流有机碳浓度估算模型分别为:CPOC=0.0195×CTSS+0.0589和CDOC = 0.0047×CTSS+0.0027×Q+0.9087.由上述模型重建了北江流域河流有机碳浓度变化历史,结果发现,北江流域河流有机碳主要以颗粒有机碳形式存在;年内分布表现为汛期高于平水期;年际变化多样,但总体上均表现出下降趋势;空间分布上表现为自上游往下有机碳浓度有所下降,但在三水站有所回升.     

Carbon flux between an estuary and the ocean: a case for outwelling

The classical outwelling hypothesis states that small coastal embayments (e.g. estuaries, wetlands) export their excess production to inshore marine waters. In line with this notion, the present study tested whether the Swartkops estuary acts as source or sink for carbon. To this end, concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were determined hourly during the first monthly spring and neap tides over one year in the tidal waters entering and leaving the estuary. Each sampling session spanned a full tidal cycle, yielding a total of 936 concentration estimates. Carbon fluxes were calculated by integrating concentrations with water flow rates derived from a hydrodynamic model calibrated for each sampling datum. Over the year, exports to marine waters markedly exceeded imports to the estuary for all carbon species: on the basis of total spring tidal drainage area, 1083 g m^–2 of DIC, 103 g m^–2 of DOC, and 123 g m^–2 of POC left the estuary annually. Total carbon export from the estuary to the ocean amounted to 4755 tonnes, of which 83% was in the inorganic form (DIC). Thus, the bulk of carbon moving in the water column is inorganic - yet, DIC seems to be measured only rarely in most flux studies of this nature. Salt marshes cover extensive areas in this estuary and produce some carbon, particularly DOC, but productivity of the local Spartina species is low (P:B=1.1). Consequently, the bulk of carbon exported from the estuary appears to originate from the highly productive macroinvertebrate and the phytoplankton component and not from the salt marsh plants.