张掖湿地芦苇蒸腾速率与叶性状关系对土壤水分的响应

了解植物蒸腾速率与叶性状关系对环境因子响应,对于探索植物碳水代谢关系和叶性状构建模式之间耦合的生理生态学机制具有重要的意义。选择张掖国家湿地公园的沼泽湿地为实验地,按湿地中心向边缘土壤水分依次递减的规律设置Ⅰ(95.70%)、Ⅱ(67.50%)、Ⅲ(50.70%)、Ⅳ(30.17%)4个土壤含水量样地,研究了不同土壤水分影响下芦苇(Phragmites australis)的蒸腾速率与叶面积、叶厚度的关系。结果表明:随着土壤含水量下降,湿地植被群落的高度、盖度和地上生物量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,芦苇的叶面积(LA)、叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而叶厚度呈增加趋势;芦苇的Tr与LA关系在样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅳ存在极显著正相关(P0.01),Tr与叶厚度关系在样地Ⅰ存在极显著正相关(P0.01),而在样地Ⅳ呈极显著负相关(P0.01);在样地Ⅱ和Ⅲ,芦苇的Tr与LA、叶厚度之间呈显著正相关(P0.05)。在土壤水分饱和与土壤水分胁迫的样地,芦苇分别采取了小而薄和小而厚的叶片构建模式,实现了低Tr;而在土壤水分适中的样地芦苇采取了大而薄的叶片资源投资策略,实现了较高的Tr,反映了植物种群适应异质生境的表型可塑性机制。     

高寒草地不同坡向披针叶黄华蒸腾速率与叶性状的关系

植物蒸腾速率(Tr)与叶性状间的协同变异关系,对理解异质性生境下植物叶片形态构建模式及其生态适应性具有重要意义。利用ArcGIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型(DEM),并提取样地坡度数据,研究了祁连山高寒草地不同坡向披针叶黄华叶性状与Tr的关系。结果表明:随着坡向由北坡向东坡、西坡、南坡转变,草地群落的密度、高度和土壤含水量逐渐减小,披针叶黄华叶面积(LA)与Tr呈减小趋势,而叶厚度呈增大趋势;在南坡和北坡披针叶黄华的Tr与LA之间存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与叶厚度之间存在极显著负相关关系(P0.01),在东坡和西坡披针叶黄华的Tr与LA之间存在显著正相关关系(P0.05),与叶厚度之间存在显著负相关关系(P0.05)。生长在南坡的披针叶黄华选择了小而厚的叶片和低的Tr,生长在北坡的披针叶黄华选择了大而薄的叶片和高的Tr,体现了异质生境中植物通过叶片生物量分配机制实现资源有效利用的生存策略。     

张掖湿地旱柳冠层内垂直层次光截获与叶片光合生理特性的关系

林冠光能截取(LI)与叶片光合生理特性的关联性反映了植物功能性状对光环境变化的响应及适应,是冠层结构和环境条件综合作用的结果。在张掖市黑河干流边缘的洪泛平原湿地随机选择10个样地,按等分原则将样地内的旱柳(Salix matsudana)冠层分为上、中、下3个层次,研究了旱柳冠层各层次LI与叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)、净光合速率(P_n)的相互关系。结果表明:随着旱柳冠层下降,叶面积指数(LAI)、平均叶倾角(MLA)、叶厚度、光合有效辐射(PAR)、LI、T_r和P_n均呈逐渐减小趋势,叶面积呈逐渐增加趋势,叶片含水量呈先增大后减小的趋势,叶片聚集类型由聚集为主转向分散为主;在树冠上层和下层,LI与T_r、P_n均呈显著正相关(P0.05),中层呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。在旱柳冠层内部,上层倾向于减小LI、T_r与P_n的保守性生存模式,中层和下层选择增大LI、T_r与P_n的开拓性模式,反映了湿地植物在异质性生境中根据其功能需求在自身性状之间进行的资源优化配置。     

秦王川盐沼湿地芦苇叶片比叶面积与光合效率的关联分析

植物比叶面积(SLA)与光合效率的关联性分析,有助于理解植物叶片的光合产物分配与能量分配之间的权衡机制。该研究以秦王川国家湿地公园芦苇(Phragmites australis)种群为研究对象,沿芦苇群落末端至水域边缘分别依次设置:(I:土壤电导率(EC) 2.3—2.8 ms/cm)、(II:1.8—2.2 ms/cm)、(III:0.8—1.5 ms/cm) 3个试验样地,研究了秦王川盐沼湿地不同土壤盐分条件下芦苇叶片SLA与光合效率的关系。结果表明:随着土壤盐分含量的降低,湿地群落的高度、地上生物量逐渐增大,密度、光合有效辐射(PAR)呈逐渐减小的趋势;叶面积、株高、净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均呈逐渐增大的趋势,叶厚度逐渐减小,比叶面积呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,叶干重的变化趋势与比叶面积完全相反;芦苇叶片实际光合效率(Y(II))、光化学淬灭系数(Q_P)和电子传递速率(ETR)呈先减少后增大的变化趋势,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NPQ))和最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,非调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Y(NO))呈逐渐增大的变化趋势。在3个样地中,芦苇SLA与Y(II)和ETR之间均呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),SMA斜率的绝对值均呈先增大后减少的变化趋势。随土壤含盐量的梯度性变化,芦苇种群适时调整叶片构件模式以改变叶片电子传递速率和实际光化学效率,实现植物光合效率的最大化,反映了盐沼湿地植物的特殊生存策略和叶片构件模式。     

敦煌阳关湿地芦苇叶性状对土壤水分的响应

为了了解干旱区湿地不同水分梯度下芦苇叶性状的构建模式及对不同水分环境的适应策略差异性,以敦煌阳关渥洼池湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)为研究对象,分析不同水分梯度下芦苇叶性状对土壤水分的响应。结果表明:(1)低水分梯度下的叶厚度(LT)和叶片磷含量(LPC)显著高于中、高水分梯度(P0.05),高水分梯度下的叶碳含量(LCC)也显著高于中、低水分梯度(P0.05)。(2)芦苇叶性状之间的关系也因水分的变化而有所不同。就整体而言,叶片碳含量与叶干物质含量(LDMC)极显著正相关(P0.01);叶厚度与叶片磷含量极显著正相关(P0.01),比叶面积(SLA)与叶氮含量(LNC)极显著正相关(P0.01)、与叶碳氮比(C/N)极显著负相关(P0.01)。(3)在水分作为限制因素的条件下,叶片碳含量与比叶面积对水分的响应最为突出。土壤含水量与叶厚度、叶碳含量和叶片磷含量均显著负相关(P0.05)。芦苇在低水分环境下采取高收入低投入的积极型生存策略,高水分下则采取低获取高消耗的保守型生存策略,说明了芦苇在适应异质生境的自我调节机制。     

胡杨异形叶结构型性状及其与胸径关系

对胡杨5种类型植株的叶片厚度、叶面积、比叶面积、叶片干重和干物质含量等5个结构型性状指标进行分析,研究叶片的结构型性状与胸径之间及各个结构型性状彼此间相互关系。结果表明:叶面积、叶厚度和叶干重与胸径呈极显著正相关(P0.01),叶片干物质含量与胸径间呈显著正相关(P0.05),比叶面积与胸径之间呈极显著负相关(P0.01),说明随着植株生长发育的进行,叶片的面积、厚度、干重和干物质含量均逐渐增加,而比叶面积逐渐减小。各性状指标间相关性表现为叶面积、叶厚度、叶干物质和叶片干物质含量任意2个指标之间均呈显著或极显著正相关;而比叶面积与这4个指标间均呈显著或极显著负相关。     

张掖湿地芦苇比叶面积和水分利用效率的关系

密度制约下植物比叶面积与水分利用效率的关系,对于认识土壤-植物-大气的物质循环和能量流动机制具有重要意义。采用样方调查法,研究了3种密度(高密度Ⅰ:210—230株/m~2;中密度Ⅱ:130—150株/m~2;低密度Ⅲ:50—70株/m~2)条件下芦苇种群比叶面积(SLA)和水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。结果表明:随着芦苇种群密度的逐渐降低,湿地群落的土壤含水量逐渐减小,芦苇的株高、叶面积、叶干重、SLA和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈逐渐减小的趋势,净光合速率(Pn)、叶厚度和WUE呈逐渐增加的趋势;不同密度条件下湿地植物芦苇比叶面积(SLA)与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系存在显著差异(P0.05),在高密度(Ⅰ)与低密度(Ⅲ)样地,芦苇SLA与WUE呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01);在中密度(Ⅱ)样地,二者呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。不同种群密度的湿地生境中,芦苇通过调整叶片形态构造,使比叶面积和水分利用效率形成了相反的变化趋势,反映了植物适应光照条件、土壤含水量等异质性环境因子的资源利用策略和光合产物积累模式。     

唐古特白刺叶性状及叶片δ13C、δ15N沿降水梯度的变化特征

叶片性状反映了植物对环境的适应能力及自我调控能力。以唐古特白刺天然种群为研究对象,沿300—40 mm年降水梯度,测定了7个样地的唐古特白刺叶片性状及叶片δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N。结果表明:(1)沿降水梯度变化,7个地区唐古特白刺叶宽、长宽比、叶厚、叶面积、比叶面积、叶氮含量、叶片δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N变异性显著(P0.05),而叶长差异不显著(P0.05)。唐古特白刺通过叶片各功能性状间的调节来适应环境的变化,并形成性状间的最佳功能组合。(2)唐古特白刺叶片δ~(13)C与叶面积、比叶面积呈负相关关系,与叶氮含量呈正相关关系,但其相关性均未达到显著性水平(P0.05),仅与地下水埋深表现出了极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。在降水量小于100 mm的区域,白刺主要利用地下水源,成为隐域植被,从而降低了对其他环境因子的响应。(3)叶片厚度和叶氮含量可以作为体现不同地区间唐古特白刺差异的叶功能性状。数据显示叶片厚度与年平均温度正相关(P0.05),尤其与年最高气温大于35℃日数关系更为密切(P0.01);在高温环境下,叶片增厚的同时叶氮含量显著降低(P0.05),而这一过程中叶片δ~(15)N值却有增加趋势(R~2=0.62,P0.05),因此叶厚度和叶氮含量对叶片δ~(15)N的相对影响在干旱与半干旱区之间发生转变,这为进一步探究干旱区荒漠植被的水分限制阈值提供了新思路。     

胡杨异形叶结构型性状及其相互关系

胡杨在个体生长发育过程中,叶形不断发生变化,植株上会逐年依次出现条形、披针形、卵形和阔卵形叶,且在同时具有这4种叶形的植株上,叶片在树冠中分布的顺序自上而下分别是阔卵形、卵形、披针形和条形。通过实验的方法对胡杨4种叶形叶片厚度、叶面积、比叶面积、叶片干重和干物质含量等5个结构型性状指标进行分析,研究不同叶形叶片的结构型性状与叶形(叶长/宽比值)之间的关系,以及各结构型性状指标间的相互关系。结果表明:叶片厚度、叶片干物质含量、叶面积和叶片干重与叶长/宽比值之间均呈明显负相关(P0.05);比叶面积随着叶长/宽比值的减小而逐渐减小,但二者相关性不明显,表明胡杨在个体发育过程中通过增加叶面积、叶厚度,减小比叶面积等方式来提高适应环境的能力。各结构型性状指标间相关性表现为:比叶面积与叶干物质含量和叶干重之间均呈明显负相关(P0.05),与叶厚度间呈极明显负相关(P0.01);叶片干重与叶厚度间呈明显正相关(P0.05);叶厚度与叶干物质含量之间、叶干重与叶面积之间均呈极明显正相关(P0.01),其它指标间无明显相关性。     

地下水埋深对灰胡杨叶性状与化学计量学特征的影响

以塔里木荒漠河岸林优势树种灰胡杨为研究对象,分析灰胡杨叶性状与化学计量学特征沿地下水埋深梯度(GWD)的变异格局及其相互关系,以揭示灰胡杨适应极端干旱环境的生态策略。结果表明：(1)不同地下水埋深条件下灰胡杨叶性状和化学计量学特征存在显著差异(P<0.05),叶面积(LA)、叶片含水量(LWC)、叶氮含量(LNC)和叶磷含量(LPC)随GWD增加呈下降趋势,叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶组织密度(LTD)、叶碳含量(LCC)、碳氮比(C∶N)、碳磷比(C∶P)和氮磷比(N∶P)随GWD增加呈上升趋势;其中C∶P、N∶P、LPC和LA变异系数较大(39.90%、36.09%、30.63%和28.22%),对GWD变化较为敏感。(2)LA与LTD和LDMC, LWC与LTD和LDMC, LNC与C∶N, LPC与LCC、N∶P和C∶P分别呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),LA与N∶P和C∶P呈显著负相关(P<0.05);逐步回归分析表明LA、LDMC、LTD、C∶P可作为响应地下水埋深变化的重要指标。(3)C∶N、N∶P、C∶P随GWD增加均呈上升趋势,LCC、LNC和L...     

Effects of leaf position and nitrogen supply on the expansion of leaves of field grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Leaf growth responses to N supply and leaf position were studied using widely-spaced sunflower plants growing under field conditions. Both N supply (range 0.25 to 11.25 g added N per plant) and leaf position significantly (p=0.001) affected maximum leaf area (LA_max) of target leaves through variations in leaf expansion rate (LER); effects on duration of expansion were small. Specific leaf nitrogen (SLN, g N m^-2) fell quite rapidly during the initial leaf expansion phase (LA < 35% LA_max) but leveled off during the final 65% increase of leaf area. This pattern held across leaf positions and N supply levels. Leaf nitrogen accumulation after 35% LA_max continued up to achievement of LA_max; reductions in the higher SLN characteristic of the initial phase were insufficient to cover the nitrogen requirements for expansion during the final phase. LER in the quasi-linear expansion phase (35 to 100% of LA_max) was strongly associated with SLN above a threshold that varied with leaf position (mean 1.79±0.225 g N m^-2). This contrasts with the response of photosynthesis at high irradiance to SLN, which has previously been shown to have a threshold of 0.3 g N m^-2; in the present work saturation of photosynthetic rate was evident when SLN reached 1.97 g N m^-2. Thus, once the area of a leaf exceeds 35% of LA_max, expansion proceeds provided SLN values are close to the levels required for maximum photosynthesis. However, growth of leaves during the initial expansion phase ensures a minimum production of leaf area even at low N supply levels.     

3种卫矛属植物叶片秋冬季转色期生理生化特征研究

以疏花卫矛(Euonymus laxiflorus)、丝棉木(E.maackii)和卫矛(E.alatus)3种卫矛属植物为试验材料,测定叶片转色期叶色参数和相关生理生化指标,探讨各项指标的变化规律和内在联系,为优良色叶植物的筛选提供依据。结果表明:(1)转色期,疏花卫矛的明亮度参数L~*和色素参数b~*(黄/蓝)呈上升趋势,色素参数a~*(红/绿)变化不大;丝棉木的L~*和b~*呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,a~*呈上升趋势;卫矛的L~*和b~*变化不大,a~*呈上升趋势。(2)3种植物的叶绿素含量在转色期呈明显下降趋势;疏花卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值较为平稳,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值呈上升趋势;丝棉木和卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值均呈上升趋势,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值保持平稳。(3)3种植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性呈下降趋势,查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线;卫矛的过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性保持平稳,疏花卫矛和丝棉木的POD活性呈上升趋势,疏花卫矛的PPO活性保持平稳,丝棉木的PPO活性呈下降趋势。(4)疏花卫矛和卫矛的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,丝棉木的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈上升趋势。(5)相关性分析显示,疏花卫矛呈现黄色主要是因为叶绿素的分解,丝棉木和卫矛呈现红色是因为花色素苷的合成,可溶性糖、淀粉、CHI对花色素苷的合成有一定作用,POD对叶片呈现红色有促进作用,PAL和PPO活性对花色素苷的合成无显著影响。     

不同模拟增雨下白刺比叶面积和叶干物质含量的比较

以荒漠生态系统典型植物白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)为研究对象,根据内蒙古磴口多年平均降水量和植物生长规律,设计两个增雨时段(生长季前期与生长季后期),每个增雨时段设置两个增雨梯度(72.5mm/a(50%)、145mm/a(100%)),对天然白刺灌丛进行增雨实验,研究了不同模拟增雨处理下2012年与2013年生长季白刺叶片的比叶面积(SLA)与叶干物质含量(LDMC)的变化。结果表明,增雨处理可以增加白刺叶片的SLA及LDMC,同时期增雨100%处理对SLA及LDMC的影响大于50%处理,但同时期增雨的两个处理之间无显著差异;白刺叶片SLA在生长季前期对水分响应明显,LDMC则在生长季后期对水分反应敏感;相同增雨处理,2012年白刺叶片SLA及LDMC的净增加值高于2013年;SLA与LDMC在2012年呈显著负相关,在2013年虽呈负相关,但相关性不显著。在未来降雨增加的背景下,荒漠植物白刺叶片SLA与LDMC对增雨具有较强的协调适应能力,在不同生长季节可以通过改变不同的叶片性状来适应环境变化。     

Leaf anatomy of the mosaic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficus benjamina</Emphasis> cv. Starlight and interaction of source and sink chimera components

Leaf anatomy was studied in the mosaic Ficus benjamina cv. Starlight and non-chimeric Ficus benjamina cv. Daniel. The number of chloroplasts in a white, chlorophyll-deficient tissue declines as compared to the green tissue. However, their functional activity is retained. The leaf of the mosaic F. benjamina contains two or, sometimes, three subepidermal layers. Mesophyll forms one layer in the green and white parts of leaf palisade and one white and one green layer in the transitional zone (edge). In the transitional zone, green spongy mesophyll is located between two white spongy layers and the proportion of photosynthesizing cells varies. In cv. Daniel, there are two subepidermal layers and one layer of columnar mesophyll cells. According to the morphometry data, the proportion of white zone in the leaf correlates with the leaf position in the whole shoot: the higher the branch order, the larger the proportion of white zone. The total leaf area depends also on its position in the shoot. No such correlation was found in non-chimeric F. benjamina cv. Daniel. In the mosaic chimera, the source-sink status appears to depend on the leaf position in the shoot. Experiments with individual shoots of the same order and elimination of all lateral shoots have shown that the proportion of white zone in new leaves on the shoot increases with the total area of green zone. Thus, the area of assimilating shoot surface affects the formation of leaves in the meristem. A hypothesis was put forward that the source-sink state affects the ratio of green and white parts in the leaf primordium. Products of photosynthesis (carbohydrates) are a possible metabolic signal affecting the meristem. It cannot be excluded as well that the hormonal state undergoes changes in the chimeric plant.     

Photosynthesis and transpiration of the flag leaf in four spring-wheat cultivars

Co₂ exchange and transpiration rates of the flag leaves of four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, namely Glenlea, Neepawa, Opal and Kolibri, were compared using infra-red gas-analysis technique. The plants were grown in a controlled environment under an 18-h photoperiod, with day and night temperatures of 20 and 15° C, respectively. The time course of the CO₂-exchange rate (CER) of the flag leaf differed among cultivars. CER began to decrease rapidly some 2 weeks after ear emergence in Glenlea, Neepawa and Kolibri, but only after 4 weeks in Opal. The decline in CER of Glenlea, Neepawa and Opal was continuous throughout the period of grain development whereas in Kolibri CER was maintained at a constant level between the 4th and 6th weeks after ear emergence. The transpiration rates of the flag leaves of the 4 cultivars did not change markedly until 6–7 weeks after ear emergence, indicating that the reduction in CER was not primarily a response to increased stomatal resistance to the diffusion of CO₂. Removing the ear of the main shoot of intact plants failed to depress CER of the subtending flag leaf until 5 weeks after ear removal. Removing the ears of all the tillers of plants in which all but 3 tillers had been removed at ear emergence did not depress CER until 4 weeks after ear emergence, but removal of the ear of the main shoot of plants where all the tillers had been removed at ear emergence reduced the CER of the flag leaf 2 weeks after ear removal. Removal of tillers at ear emergence had a marked effect on the time course of CER and transpiration rates of the flag leaf. Both CER and transpiration rates of a 4-tiller plant were maintained at a higher level throughout ear development as compared to those of a one-tiller plant. The transpiration rate of the flag leaf of Glenlea increased during the later part of the life of the leaf even for one-tiller plants with no ear, indicating that such a stomatal response may be part of the normal course of leaf aging and not a response to a feedback stimulus from the ear.     

Herbivory pattern and induced responses to simulated herbivory inQuercus mongolica var.grosseserrata

Seasonal changes in leaf traits and the herbivory pattern ofQuercus mongolica var.grosseserrata were studied, and simulated herbivory experiments were carried out in order to evaluate leaf trait responses. Leaves ofQ. mongolica emerged simultaneously in spring and most were retained until autumn. Nitrogen concentration was highest when leaves first emerged and decreased rapidly with leaf age. Leaf mass per area (LMA) increased with leaf age. Herbivore attack was concentrated in the first 20 days after bud-break, which corresponded to the high nutritional value of the leaves for herbivores at this time. Simulated herbivory experiments indicated that LMA increased with artificial leaf damage, suggesting an increase in leaf toughness, and that nitrogen concentration decreased later in the season in comparison with intact leaves. As a result, herbivore attack following artificial leaf damage decreased with increasing initial leaf damage. However, leaf longevity was not affected by initial leaf damage. These responses were considered to be a strategy to disperse herbivory damage among leaves.     

Physiological comparisons of two soybean cultivars differing in canopy photosynthesis. I. Variation in vertical 14CO2 labelling and dry weight partitioning

Differences in canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP) among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes have been shown to be correlated to seed yields. Since the physiological basis for such differences in CAP is unknown, two cultivars known to differ in CAP, Tracy and Davis, were studied during the 1978–1980 growing seasons. The CAP and dry weights of component plant parts were determined. In 1978 and 1979, ¹⁴CO₂ uptake by vertical leaf strata was determined and specific leaf weight (SLW) and leaf area index (LAI) were determined for corresponding strata in 1979 and 1980. Measurements were taken on several dates during reproductive growth. With the exception of CAP, all measurements (¹⁴C uptake, dry weights) were made in layers within the canopy. CAP on some dates were significantly higher in Tracy than in Davis and integrated CAP values from a certain growth period, labeled as R5 to R7, averaged 16 percent higher in Tracy for the three years studied. No differences in the relative recovery of ¹⁴C from different layers of leaves in the canopy were found. This indicates that variations in canopy structure or leaf orientation did not play a major role in the CAP differences between cultivars. The differences seem related to variations in leaf dry weights. Overall, Tracy exhibited 13.5, 19.2, and 13.2 percent greater leaf dry weights than Davis during 1978, 1979, and 1980, respectively. These differences in leaf dry weight seem largely due to a differences in the SLW. Data from these experiments indicate that differences in soybean CAP values were associated with differences in SLW.Abbreviations CAP Canopy Apparent Photosynthesis - CER Carbondioxide Exchange Rates - EST Eastern Standard Time - LAI Leaf Area Index - LSD Least Significant Difference - POPOP 1,4-bis-[2(5-phenyloxazdyl)]-benzene - PPO 2,5-diphenyloxazole - SLW Specific Leaf Weight     

胡杨枝芽生长特征及其展叶物候特征

以5个不同发育阶段的胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)个体为研究对象,观测记录了枝芽展叶物候、枝芽生长特征和叶形变化的空间分布规律。结果表明:不同发育阶段的胡杨个体以及同一个体树冠的不同层次,其枝芽生长及其展叶物候期表现出不同的时空特征。随着树龄的增加和树冠层次的增高(由基向顶),当年新生枝条长度、枝条叶片数和叶形指数逐渐减小,但叶面积和叶片干重逐渐增大。5个不同发育阶段胡杨个体均表现出展叶物候始于树冠顶层,依次向下结束于树冠基部;展叶物候期共性表现在枝芽萌动期均在4月上旬,起始展叶期集中在4月中旬,展叶终期则在5月上旬到下旬;树龄较大的个体其枝芽萌动期、起始展叶期、展叶终期较树龄较小的个体早;其枝芽萌动期到展叶终期的时间进程较树龄较小的个体短;不同发育阶段的个体枝芽萌动期出现的时间较为离散,起始展叶期和展叶终期出现的时间较为集中。相关分析表明,出叶周期与枝条长度、枝条叶片数量和叶形指数呈极显著正相关,与叶面积和叶片干重呈显著负相关。     

中国五种仙茅科植物叶形态及其分类学意义

为澄清仙茅科属间界限不清的分类学问题,该文以中国仙茅科3属5种植物为研究对象,利用显微镜、扫描电镜和石蜡切片技术,观察了其叶形态、叶表皮显微特征和叶解剖特征。结果表明:(1)叶形态有小型平整叶、中型波状叶、大型折扇状叶三种。(2)叶表皮毛状体结构为单细胞单列,可分为长柔毛、糙伏毛和星状柔毛三类。(3)叶表皮细胞有六边形和五边形,气孔为平列型和椭圆形,气孔大小和气扎密度呈反比。(4)叶表皮蜡质纹饰有光滑、颗粒、屑状和壳状四类。(5)叶中脉横切面分为平整型和龙骨型,维管束有圆形和椭圆形,叶表皮厚度与表皮细胞具有正相关性。对5种植物的叶形态和叶解剖特征比较分析认为,一些特征组合有助于理解仙茅科属间的亲缘关系和物种鉴定,支持大叶仙茅属独立于仙茅属。     

Over-expression of rice OsAGO7 gene induces upward curling of the leaf blade that enhanced erect-leaf habit

High-yield cultivars are characterized by erect leaf canopies that optimize photosynthesis and thus favor increased biomass. Upward curling of the leaf blade (called rolled leaf) can result in enhanced erect-leaf habit, increase erect duration and promote an overall erect leaf canopy. The rice mutant R05, induced through transferred DNA (T-DNA) insertion, had the rolled-leaf trait. The leaves in the wild type demonstrated natural drooping tendencies, resulting in decreasing leaf erection indices (LEIs) during senescence at the 20th day after flowering. Conversely, LEIs of the leaves in R05 remained high, even 20-day post-flowering. We applied T-DNA tagging and isolated a rolled-leaf gene from rice which, when over-expressed, could induce upward curling of the leaf blade. This gene encodes for a protein of 1,048 amino acids including the PAZ and PIWI conserved domains, belonging to the Argonaute (AGO) family. There are at least 18 members of the AGO family in rice. According to high-sequence conservation, the rolled-leaf gene in rice could be orthologous to the Arabidopsis ZIP/Ago7 gene, so we called it OsAGO7. These results provide a possible opportunity for implementing OsAGO7 gene in crop improvement. ZhenYing Shi and Jiang Wang contributed equally to this work.