重组人CLK1的真核表达及鉴定

目的:合成真核细胞CLK1(Cdc2-like kinase 1)编码基因,构建CLK1/pEGFP-N2真核表达载体并在真核细胞HEK293A中过表达,为CLK1的生物学功能研究奠定基础。方法:从人脐静脉血管内皮细胞中提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR技术用已知引物合成cDNA,将CLK1基因扩增后插入真核细胞表达载体pEGFP-N2,将重组质粒热转化至大肠杆菌感受态Trans 10细胞中获得重组菌株,提取质粒进行酶切鉴定及插入基因测序;将构建的重组质粒转染HEK293A细胞,用Western印迹及免疫荧光检测CLK1的表达水平,同时对其下游的磷酸化SF2/ASF蛋白进行检测。结果:构建了CLK1/pEGFP-N2真核表达载体,将其转染HEK293A细胞后24 h,CLK1蛋白表达水平最高;同时,CLK1过表达后使得下游的SF2/ASF蛋白磷酸化水平升高。结论:构建了人CLK1基因的真核细胞表达载体CLK1/pEGFP-N2,并在HEK293A细胞中过表达,其生物活性也得到了验证。本研究为外源性CLK1基因在真核细胞中过表达提供了一种途径,为CLK1的生物学功能研究奠定了基础,也可为真核细胞其他蛋白表达体系的构建提供借鉴。     

三疣梭子蟹Δ6脂肪酸去饱和酶基因全长cDNA克隆与组织表达

旨在探讨三疣梭子蟹高度不饱和脂肪酸自身合成能力,探究三疣梭子蟹HUFA生物合成途径。采用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆得到三疣梭子蟹△6去饱和酶cDNA全长序列,并利用荧光定量PCR技术进行肝胰腺、肠道、鳃等8种组织的表达分析。通过分析序列表明,基因序列全长2875bp,其中5'非编码区长465bp,3'非编码区长1078bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长1332bp,编码443个氨基酸;并且编码的蛋白序列具有典型的去饱和酶特性:3个组氨酸保守区,一个N端细胞色素b5结构域以及一个血红素结合的HPGG结构域。荧光定量PCR结果显示,Δ6脂肪酸去饱和酶基因在三疣梭子蟹多个组织中均有表达,在肝胰腺中表达量最高,其次是肠道和肌肉,心脏中表达最少。结果表明三疣梭子蟹具有△6去饱和酶。     

人源跨膜蛋白43(TMEM43)的检测、细胞内定位及体外真核表达

为探究人源跨膜蛋白43(TMEM43)基因含量、定位分布及体外真核表达情况,利用RT-PCR及Western blot方法分别检测内源MRC-5和HEK293细胞内TMEM43基因及其蛋白表达情况,采用间接免疫荧光实验进一步分析其在MRC-5细胞内的分布;构建重组表达载体pcDNA3.1-EGFP-TMEM43,转染至HEK293细胞内检测外源TMEM43在HEK293细胞内的基因和蛋白表达情况。结果显示,基因水平TMEM43在MRC-5细胞内的表达明显高于HEK293细胞,蛋白水平仅能检测到MRC-5细胞内TMEM43的表达。重组表达质粒pcDNA3.1-EGFP-TMEM43转染HEK293细胞后,基因水平TMEM43表达显著升高, Western blot可检测到转染后细胞内TMEM43蛋白成功表达。结果表明,不同细胞表达TMEM43含量存在差异,肺来源细胞内TMEM43的表达明显高于肾来源的细胞;构建的重组载体pcDNA3.1-EGFP-TMEM43可成功转染HEK293细胞并表达。该研究为TMEM43结构及功能、与疾病相关机理的进一步探究提供了实验依据。     

小鼠DEAF1多克隆抗体的制备及应用

为研究DEAF1在小鼠胰淋巴结中的内源性表达及调控外周组织抗原基因表达的机制,将DEAF1的原核表达质粒转化至E.coli BL21中,诱导获得重组DEAF1蛋白;经尿素梯度裂解包涵体纯化获得的重组DEAF1蛋白分期免疫Balb/C小鼠,获取鼠抗DEAF1的多克隆抗血清;采用ELISA、Western blot、免疫荧光、免疫沉淀分别鉴定其效价、特异性、敏感性和亲和力。结果表明,抗血清可与抗原发生特异性的免疫反应,可用于检测DEAF1的表达及荧光定位,抗血清与抗原有较高的亲和力。结果证明所制备的多克隆抗血清具有较高的特异性、敏感性和亲和力。     

三疣梭子蟹不同组织同工酶的分析

采用垂直板状聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术 ,分析了三疣梭子蟹 (Portunustriuberbuculatus)雌性成体心脏、鳃、肌肉、眼睛、肝胰腺和卵巢 6种组织中的 1 0种同工酶 (ADH、MDH、ME、LDH、α AMY、GDH、SOD、SDH、EST和GOT)的分化表达模式 ,并对各种酶的同工酶位点表达及酶谱表型进行了分析。结果显示 ,三疣梭子蟹的同工酶系统具有明显的组织特异性。     

IFN-λ1在HEK293T细胞中表达纯化及活性检测

[目的]构建IFN-λ1真核表达质粒,利用人胚胎肾HEK293T细胞表达系统,获得具有良好生物学活性的IFN-λ1重组蛋白。[方法]将IFN-λ1目的基因克隆到pcDNA3.1+载体NheⅠ与XhoⅠ多克隆位点构建pcDNA3.1-IFN-λ1分泌表达质粒,并将其转染到HEK293T细胞中;采用Ni-NTA亲和层析方法分离纯化重组蛋白,SDS-PAGE和蛋白免疫印迹(Western Blotting)检测IFN-λ1的表达与纯度;采用qPCR、WB结合显微镜观察检测IFN-λ1的生物学活性。[结果]IFN-λ1真核表达质粒构建正确,而且能够在HEK293T细胞中分泌表达重组蛋白,分离纯化的IFN-λ1能够有效地诱导ISG15、ISG54、ISG56、OAS1、TNFα、MX1和TRAIL等凋亡相关基因的表达,激活p38促凋亡信号通路,抑制水泡性口炎病毒对BHK-21细胞的感染。[结论]成功构建了pcDNA3.1-IFN-λ1真核表达质粒,能够在HEK293T细胞中分泌表达IFN-λ1重组蛋白;分离纯化的IFN-λ1重组蛋白具有潜在的抗肿瘤和抗病毒生物学活性,为进一步研究IFN-λ1的功能和临床应用奠定了基础。     

真核细胞表达单纯疱疹病毒I型包膜糖蛋白B及其抗原性与免疫原性分析

为在真核细胞中表达并纯化I型单纯疱疹病毒（HSV I）包膜糖蛋白gB,并分析其抗原性和免疫原性,化学合成了包膜糖蛋白gB1胞外区基因片段,构建真核表达载体,并转染至HEK293细胞,表达的蛋白用羊抗HSV1+HSV2血清作为一抗,用ELISA检测其抗原性;用纯化的gB1蛋白免疫昆明小鼠,观察诱发抗体产生的时间及其效价,并用ELISA和Western blot检测小鼠抗gB1多克隆抗体特异性识别重组gB1抗原的能力,评价其免疫原性。结果显示在HEK293细胞中成功表达重组gB1蛋白,ELISA证实羊抗HSV1+HSV2多抗能够识别重组gB1蛋白;重组gB1蛋白免疫小鼠7周后,小鼠血清中多克隆抗体效价达到5×103,表明在真核细胞中高效表达并纯化的重组gB1蛋白具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性,为HSV检测试剂和疫苗研究提供了理论基础。     

小鼠GP73蛋白真核表达质粒的构建及其对mTOR转录水平的影响

目的:构建小鼠高尔基蛋白73(m GP73)的真核表达质粒,转染HEK293T细胞株验证重组质粒活性,并检测m GP73过表达情况下对小鼠肝癌细胞中mTOR m RNA水平的影响。方法:以实验室保存的H22小鼠肝癌细胞c DNA文库为模板,采用PCR技术扩增获得m GP73序列,将其插入pc DNA3.1-Flag-vector载体构建成重组质粒,转染HEK293T细胞后用蛋白免疫印迹检测融合蛋白的表达,并用q PCR检测在GP73过表达情况下H22细胞中mTOR转录水平的变化。结果:菌液PCR、重组质粒的双酶切结果及测序均表明重组质粒构建成功,蛋白免疫印迹表明m GP73蛋白在HEK293T细胞中获得表达,q PCR结果表明在m GP73过表达时mTOR的转录水平随之上升。结论:构建了pc DNA3.1-Flag-m GP73真核表达质粒,m GP73 m RNA过表达时mTOR的m RNA水平也上升,这为进一步研究m GP73在小鼠肝脏肿瘤转移过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

人P2X7真核表达载体的构建及稳定转染细胞株的建立

目的：构建人P2X7基因的真核表达载体,并通过转染获得稳定表达P2X7分子的HEK293细胞株。方法：以人脑组织P2X7cDNA为模板扩增出P2X7基因,插入到真核表达载体pEGFP-N1中,构建重组质粒pEGFP-N1/P2X7。用X-fect试剂盒将重组质粒转染HEK293细胞,通过G418辅助荧光筛选建立稳定表达P2X7-EGFP细胞株。经流式细胞仪、Western blot和激光共聚焦显微镜检测,了解人P2X7在HEK293细胞中的表达水平及细胞内定位。结果：重组质粒pEGFP-N1/P2X7构建正确,建立了稳定表达人P2X7的HEK293细胞系。Western blot和流式细胞仪检测证实,P2X7在HEK293细胞系中成功表达,激光共聚焦显微镜检测显示P2X7-EGFP定位在细胞膜上。结论：重组载体pEGFP-N1/P2X7构建成功并建立了稳定表达人P2X7的HEK293细胞系,为进一步研究P2X7离子通道结构和功能奠定基础。     

稳定表达乙型流感病毒血凝素蛋白细胞的构建

获得稳定表达乙型流感病毒血凝素蛋白的HEK-293-HA细胞株。采用RT-PCR方法扩增乙型流感病毒的HA基因,将其克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)上,构建pcDNA3.1(+)-HA重组质粒。将已鉴定正确的pcDNA3.1(+)-HA质粒与辅助质粒PLV-EF1a-EGFP(2A)Puro通过脂质体介导法共转染HEK293细胞,经嘌呤霉素筛选后得到重组细胞株HEK293-HA,通过流式细胞术法(FCM)来检测细胞中HA的表达情况。所得到的重组细胞经扩大培养后再连续培养15代,采用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)和蛋白免疫印迹法(WB)来检测HA蛋白表达的稳定性。结果表明重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-HA经双酶切及测序鉴定正确;共获得3株高表达阳性细胞株。细胞扩大培养后连续传代培养15代后进行Western blot和IFA检测结果表明,重组细胞的HA蛋白得到稳定的表达。已成功获得了能稳定表达乙型流感病毒血凝素蛋白的HEK-293-HA细胞,可为乙型流感病毒HA蛋白的进一步研究提供良好的基础。     

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of interferon- inducible protein 56 gene in large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea

In mammals, interferon-inducible protein 56 (IFI56) has been considered to play a role in mediating inhibition of viral replication and cell growth, and possibly in mediating cell apoptosis. Here, we reported the cloning of an IFI56 homologue from the spleen of large yellow croaker, a marine fish (LycIFI56). The complete cDNA of LycIFI56 gene is 1628 nucleotides (nt) encoding a protein of 437 amino acids (aa), with a putative molecular weight of 50.8 kDa. The deduced LycIFI56 protein has a high-level homology with all members of IFIT (IFN-inducible proteins with TPR domain) family, and its 9 putative TPR motifs all locate the corresponding position of these IFIT proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that five fish IFIT members form a unique clad independent of mammalian homologues, reflecting a distant evolutionary relationship from mammals. LycIFI56 gene was constitutively expressed in various tissues examined, such as gills, intestine, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, muscle and blood. Upon induction with poly(I:C), LycIFI56 gene expression is obviously up-regulated in spleen, gills, intestine, liver and kidney at 24 h post-induction, suggesting that LycIFI56 may be involved in the immune response induced by poly(I:C). Analysis of the expression kinetics of LycIFI56 and IRF1 genes revealed that the up-regulation of LycIRF-1 expression by poly (I:C) was apparently earlier than that of LycIFI56. These results would facilitate a better understanding of the expression regulation of fish IFI56 gene, and of its roles in immunity of bony fish.     

Release of podocalyxin into the extracellular space: Role of metalloproteinases

Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a type I membrane mucoprotein abundantly presented in the epithelial cells (podocytes) of kidney glomeruli where it plays an important role in maintaining the plasma filtration. PODXL is also expressed in other types of cells but its function is ignored. A recombinant soluble fragment of the PODXL ectodomain modifies the signaling of the membrane bound PODXL. Based on this antecedent, we aimed at investigating whether PODXL could be cleaved and released into the extracellular space as a soluble peptide. In this study, we used a fusion protein of human PODXL and green fluorescent protein expressed in CHO cells (CHO-PODXL-GFP) and a human tumor cell (Tera-1) inherently expressing PODXL. PODXL was detected by wide-field microscopy in the Golgi, the plasma membrane and in a vesicular form preferentially located at the leading edges of the cell and also progressing along the filopodium. We detected PODXL in the insoluble and soluble fractions of the extracellular medium of CHO-PODXL-GFP cells. Stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC) by Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) enhanced the release of PODXL to the extracellular space whereas this effect was prevented either by inhibitors of PKC or specific inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. It is concluded that intact PODXL is released to the extracellular space as a cargo of microvesicles and also as a soluble cleaved fragment of ectodomain.     

Characterization of two duplicate zebrafish Cb2-like cannabinoid receptors

Several cannabinoid receptors have been detected in many organisms. The best known are CB1, mainly expressed in the central nervous system and CB2 which is almost exclusively expressed in the periphery. Here we report the molecular characterization of two duplicate CB2-like cannabinoid receptors from zebrafish (Danio rerio) (zebrafish Cb2a and zebrafish Cb2b). The amino acid sequences of these receptors present 56% identity with Takifugu rubripes CB2 sequence and 39% with human CB2 sequence and conserve some specific key residues for cannabinoid receptor function. Both duplicate receptors are expressed in peripheral tissues (gills, heart, intestine and muscle), immune tissue (spleen) and also in the central nervous system. Using in situ hybridization techniques zebrafish Cb2 mRNA expression was observed for the first time in the adenohypophysial cells of the rostral pars distalis and proximal pars distalis of the pituitary gland. Given the importance of the existence of duplication of genes in teleosts, the combined analysis of these two new cannabinoid receptors opens a new exciting door to investigate and understand cannabinoid function throughout evolution.     

七鳃鳗Lja-SHP2分子鉴定、重组表达及免疫学研究

高等脊椎动物的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶SHP2(SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase-2)由ptpn11基因编码,催化酪氨酸残基去磷酸化,与其他能催化酪氨酸磷酸化的蛋白酪氨酸激酶共同调节机体内多种信号通路的信号传导。以往研究表明,SHP2在高等脊椎动物T细胞和B细胞的激活与信号转导过程中起着重要作用。为了研究无颌类脊椎动物日本七鳃鳗(Lampetra japonica)中与SHP2同源的分子——Lja-SHP2在免疫应答反应中的作用,本研究通过PCR扩增获取其Lja-SHP2开放阅读框序列,并构建到原核表达载体pET-32a中,成功在大肠杆菌中实现重组蛋白表达并制备了其兔源多克隆抗体。用混合菌免疫刺激日本七鳃鳗后,通过实时荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹方法检测了Lja-SHP2在日本七鳃鳗免疫相关组织中mRNA和蛋白水平表达谱。结果显示,混合菌免疫刺激后,Lja-SHP2 mRNA和蛋白表达在外周血白细胞和髓样小体中无显著变化,而在鳃组织中显著性上调(P<0.05),说明Lja-SHP2在混合菌刺激后主要参与了鳃组织的免疫应答反应。为了进一步探究Lja-SHP2与淋巴细胞亚群免疫应答反应的相关性,本研究分别使用B细胞有丝分裂原脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和T细胞的有丝分裂原植物凝集素(phytohemagglutinin,PHA)免疫刺激日本七鳃鳗。经LPS免疫刺激后,与对照组相比,白细胞中Lja-SHP2蛋白表达显著上调,鳃组织和髓样小体没有显著性差异表达;但经PHA免疫刺激后,与对照组相比,白细胞、鳃组织和髓样小体3种组织中Lja-SHP2均有上调,尤其在白细胞中上调最为显著,大约是对照组的2.5倍,说明Lja-SHP2参与了日本七鳃鳗由PHA介导的免疫应答反应。由于PHA能刺激日本七鳃鳗鳃组织中VLRA+淋巴细胞的活化,这表明Lja-SHP2可能参与了PHA介导的VLRA+淋巴细胞亚群的免疫应答反应。上述研究结果为进一步探索Lja-SHP2在七鳃鳗免疫应答过程中的功能奠定了基础,也为揭示SHP2分子家族的系统发生及探索高等脊椎动物适应性免疫系统的早期发生及其进化历程提供一定的线索。     

草鱼IL-10单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

白细胞介素10(Interleukin-10, IL-10)参与机体免疫应答调节, 协同其他细胞因子维持免疫系统稳态。为探究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)IL-10的细胞来源, 研究利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E. coli)表达系统制备了高纯度的草鱼IL-10重组蛋白, 免疫小鼠制备单克隆抗体后通过免疫印迹、激光共聚焦和流式细胞术对抗体进行分析。结果表明, 获得的单克隆抗体不仅能特异识别大肠杆菌表达的CiIL-10重组蛋白, 而且能识别HEK293细胞中表达的真核IL-10重组蛋白。脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide, LPS)和草鱼白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)刺激草鱼性腺细胞系(GCO)36h的免疫荧光染色分析表明, 草鱼IL-10单克隆抗体能与草鱼内源IL-10结合, 但IL-10阳性细胞数量在LPS处理前后无明显变化。该研究成功制备了高纯度CiIL-10重组蛋白, 获得了特异性好的高质量单克隆抗体, 为研究草鱼ILC2和Th2细胞的增殖、分化和功能奠定了基础。     

Release of podocalyxin into the extracellular space. Role of metalloproteinases

Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a type I membrane mucoprotein abundantly presented in the epithelial cells (podocytes) of kidney glomeruli where it plays an important role in maintaining the plasma filtration. PODXL is also expressed in other types of cells but its function is ignored. A recombinant soluble fragment of the PODXL ectodomain modifies the signaling of the membrane bound PODXL. Based on this antecedent, we aimed at investigating whether PODXL could be cleaved and released into the extracellular space as a soluble peptide. In this study, we used a fusion protein of human PODXL and green fluorescent protein expressed in CHO cells (CHO-PODXL-GFP) and a human tumor cell (Tera-1) inherently expressing PODXL. PODXL was detected by wide-field microscopy in the Golgi, the plasma membrane and in a vesicular form preferentially located at the leading edges of the cell and also progressing along the filopodium. We detected PODXL in the insoluble and soluble fractions of the extracellular medium of CHO-PODXL-GFP cells. Stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC) by Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) enhanced the release of PODXL to the extracellular space whereas this effect was prevented either by inhibitors of PKC or specific inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. It is concluded that intact PODXL is released to the extracellular space as a cargo of microvesicles and also as a soluble cleaved fragment of ectodomain.     

Identification and immunocytochemical analysis of DCNP1, a dendritic cell-associated nuclear protein.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Among so-called professional APCs, only DCs can activate naive T cells to initiate immune response. To better understand molecular mechanisms underlying unique functions of DCs, we searched for genes specifically expressed in human DCs, using PCR-based cDNA subtraction in conjunction with differential screening. cDNAs generated from CD34(+) stem cell-derived CD1a(+) DC were subtracted with cDNA from monocytes and used for generation of a cDNA library. The cDNA library was differentially screened to select genes expressed in DCs more abundantly than in monocytes. We identified a gene encoding a protein composed of 244 amino acids, which we designated as DCNP1 (dendritic cell nuclear protein 1). In Northern blot analysis, DCNP1 mRNA was highly expressed in mature DCs and at a lower level in immature DCs. In contrast, monocytes and B cells do not express the gene. In multiple human tissue Northern blot analysis, expression of DCNP1 was detected in brain and skeletal muscle. To examine subcellular localization of DCNP1, we performed immunofluorescence analysis using an anti-DCNP1 polyclonal antibody and found the molecule to be localized mainly in the perinucleus. In an immunohistochemical analysis, we compared the expression of DCNP1 with CD68, a marker for DCs and macrophages, in spleen, lymph node, liver, and brain. While DCNP1-positive cells showed a similar tissue distribution to CD68-positive cells, the number of DCNP1-positive cells was much smaller than that of CD68-positive cells. Our findings are consistent with the proposal that DCNP1 is specifically expressed in DCs.     

Overexpression and functional characterisation of the human melanocortin 4 receptor in Sf9 cells

The human melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4r) was successfully expressed in Sf9 cells using the baculovirus infection system. N- and C-terminally His-tagged receptors generated B(max) values of 14 and 23 pmol receptor/mg membrane protein, respectively. The highest expression level obtained with the C-terminally His-tagged MC4r corresponded to 0.25mg active receptor/litre culture volume. Addition of a viral signal peptide at the N-terminus of the His-tagged MC4r did not improve the expression level. Confocal laser microscopy studies revealed that both the N- and C-terminally tagged MC4r did not accumulate intracellularly and were mainly located in the plasma membrane. The recombinant receptors showed similar affinity for the agonist NDP-MSH (Kd = 11 nM) as to MC4r expressed in mammalian cells. Functional coupling of the highest expressed C-terminal tagged receptor to endogenous Galpha protein was demonstrated through GTPgammaS binding upon agonist stimulation of the receptor. Ki values for the ligands MTII, HS014, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH are comparable to the values obtained for MC4r expressed in mammalian cells.     

Immunological detection of Na(+)/H(+) exchangers in the gills of a hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, an elasmobranch, Raja erinacea, and a teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus

Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHE) are a family of ion exchangers with diverse functions that are well defined in mammals. NHE-1 is expressed in the plasma membrane of most mammalian cells where it regulates intracellular pH, and usually in the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells. It has also been detected in teleost gills where it may participate in systemic pH regulation. NHE-3 is usually expressed in the apical membrane of mammalian epithelial cells where it helps reabsorb Na(+) and HCO(3)(-); it has also been detected in teleost gills. We used Western blotting and heterologous antibodies to screen for expression of NHE-1 and NHE-3 in gills of an agnathan (Myxine glutinosa) and an elasmobranch (Raja erinacea), and NHE-3 in gills of a teleost (Fundulus heteroclitus). Positive NHE-1 bands were detected in gills from the agnathan and elasmobranch. Using the NHE-3 antibody, bands were detected in the gills of the elasmobranch and teleost. These data are some of the first direct evidence of NHEs in the gills of an agnathan and elasmobranch, and confirm the presence of NHEs in the gills of teleosts.