藏北高原典型植被样区物候变化及其对气候变化的响应

植被物候作为陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应和反馈的重要指示,已成为区域或全球生态环境领域研究的热点。基于非对称高斯拟合方法重建了2001—2010年MODIS EVI时间序列影像,利用动态阈值法提取藏北高原植被覆盖2001—2010年每年关键物候参数。选取研究区内东部高寒灌丛草甸、中部高寒草甸及西部高寒草原和高寒荒漠4种典型植被类型,并结合附近的4个气象台站气候资料,分析典型植被物候在近10a对关键气候因子的响应特征。研究结果表明:(1)4种不同典型植被的物候特征(EVImax降低、返青期延后和生长季长度缩短)均表现出高寒灌丛草甸→高寒草甸→高寒草原→高寒荒漠草原的过渡;(2)藏北高原近10a的年平均气温及春、夏、冬三个季度的平均气温均呈显著升高的趋势,升温幅度在0.8—3.9℃/10a,降水减少趋势不显著,在这种水热条件下典型植被均表现出返青提前(7.2—15.5d/10a)、生长季延长(8.4—19.2d/10a)的趋势,而枯黄出现时间为年际间自然波动;(3)高寒灌丛草甸EVImax主要受春季降水量和气温影响,且降水的影响程度大于气温;对高寒草甸植被而言,春、夏季的气温和降水均有较大的影响;而高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受夏季平均气温和降水量影响;(4)高寒灌丛草甸的返青时间主要受前一年秋季降水量的影响,相关系数达-0.579;而高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受春季平均气温影响,高寒荒漠草原的特征最为明显(r=-0.559)。     

The relative controls of temperature and soil moisture on the start of carbon flux phenology and net ecosystem production in two alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

在温带和寒冷地区,春季植被物候的变化普遍受温度影响。然而,在寒冷地区的干旱/半干旱生态系统中,温度对物候的影响仍难以捉摸,因为土壤水分状况有调节物候的重要作用。利用生长度日(growing degree day, GDD)和生长季节指数(growing season index, GSI)模型,对最低温度(minimum daily temperature, T_min)与土壤水分(daily soil moisture, SM)进行耦合,探索热量需求和水文气候交互作用对青藏高原(QTP)两个不同降水状况的高寒草甸生态系统碳吸收期开始日期(start of carbon uptake period, SCUP)和净生态系统初级生产力(net ecosystem productivity, NEP)的影响。其中,一种是水分限制的高寒草原草甸生态系统,另一种是温度限制的高寒灌丛草甸生态系统。GDD模型和GSI模型与SCUP明显相关联：在湿润的高寒灌丛草甸生态系统中,SCUP对生长季前GDD和GSI的变化同样敏感;而在半干旱高寒草原草甸生态系统中,与GDD相比,SCUP对生长季前GSI的变化更敏感。这些不同模式表明,限制SCUP的气候因子由温度和水分有效性的平衡来决定。在湿润的高寒草甸生态系统中,在不受干旱胁迫的情况下,较高的SCUP温度敏感性可以最大化热效益,正如观察到的SCUPs与GDD模型模拟具有较高的线性相关系数(R²)和AIC。而在半干旱的草原化草甸中,较高的SCUP水分敏感性可以最大化水分效益,正如观测到的SCUPs与GSI模型模拟具有较高的R²和AIC。此外,虽然在高寒灌丛草甸生态系统中SCUPs由GDD决定,但两个高寒草甸生态系统NEP均受累积GSI控制。本研究重点强调湿润和半干旱高寒草甸生态系统水文气候交互作用对春季碳通量物候和植被生产力的影响;揭示半干旱地区高寒草甸生态系统物候和碳平衡模型中应该包括温度和水分条件。这些结果对改善植被物候模型具有重要意义,从而加深我们对将来植被物候、生产力和气候变化相互作用的理解。     

陕北黄土高原植被生态系统水分利用效率气候时滞效应

基于月尺度气温、降水以及MODIS-GPP、MODIS-ET遥感数据,采用基于像元的时滞偏相关分析,揭示了陕北黄土高原植被生态系统水分利用效率气候时滞效应及其影响因素。结果表明:①2000—2014年,受退耕还林草生态工程和气候变化的双重影响,陕北黄土高原WUE呈波动变化趋势,2001—2003年显著下降,2003—2005年、2010—2013年显著上升。受不同植被类型的影响,年内WUE呈急速双峰、缓速双峰和单峰型3种变化状态。②陕北黄土高原WUE对降水存在明显的时滞效应,滞后时间多为3个月,人为扰动较大的I-1、I-2、Ⅱ-2生态区以及植被覆盖度较高的Ⅲ-3生态区WUE对降水的时滞响应程度明显低于其他生态区;而对气温的时滞效应较弱,仅南部的Ⅲ-2、Ⅲ-3生态区WUE对气温存在1—2个月滞后时间。③不同植被类型WUE对降水的时滞效应较明显,荒漠类植被WUE对降水时滞响应程度最强,滞后时间近3个月,针叶林时滞响应程度最弱,滞后时间为2.1个月;但对气温的时滞效应总体较弱,针叶林WUE对气温滞后时间为15 d,其余大多数植被类型WUE对气温不存在滞后时间。④WUE气候时滞效应对植被覆盖度的敏感性存在一定的阈值效应,植被覆盖度高于阈值62.3%时,对降水的时滞效应开始逐渐减弱,而对气温的时滞效应逐渐显现。     

内蒙古不同类型草原光合植被覆盖度对降水变化的响应

植被是影响土壤侵蚀过程的重要因素。论文基于MODIS遥感数据和同期降水数据,用相关和回归分析方法从不同时间尺度揭示了内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原2002—2016年光合植被覆盖度(Fractional Photosynthetic Vegetation,f_(PV))的变化规律及其对降水变化的响应。结果表明:(1)2002—2016年间多年平均f_(PV)草甸草原为46.5%,典型草原和荒漠草原分别为36.3%和22.4%;草甸草原f_(PV)随时间变化呈不显著增长趋势(线性变化斜率为0.29%/a),典型草原和荒漠草原f_(PV)呈不显著下降趋势(线性变化斜率分别为-0.04%/a和-0.21%/a);相应时期年降水量随时间变化都呈现不显著波动上升趋势。(2)内蒙古草原的月植被覆盖度对月降水量存在明显的1—2个月滞后效应和显著的累积效应,且表现出草原类型越干旱,滞后效应越明显的特征;相比草甸草原和典型草原,荒漠草原植被对降水量变化更加敏感。(3)内蒙古3类草原年平均植被覆盖度对降水量的响应,均表现出年、季、月尺度上分别受当年降水量、生长季降水量以及6、7、8月份降水量的显著影响的特征;3类草原年植被覆盖度与生长季降水线性拟合结果都较好,内蒙古3种草原类型的年植被覆盖度与降水量具有的强相关性,可为区域土壤侵蚀动态评价提供科学依据。     

植被建设对黄土高原土壤水分的影响

为明确自退耕还林以来,黄土高原地区不同植被建设对土壤水分的影响。以Web of Science核心合集中黄土高原土壤水分研究的相关文献为对象,通过CiteSpace生成文献中的关键词并绘制关键词聚类图谱,分析植被建设对黄土高原水分的研究热点及前沿;同时以植被建设对黄土高原土壤水分影响的文献为基础,通过Meta分析量化了不同条件下(海拔,降雨、坡度等)植被建设对黄土高原土壤水分的影响程度。分析Web of Science核心合集中黄土高原土壤水分相关文献共232篇,结果显示近20 a黄土高原土壤水分研究主要包括4个方面的内容:(1)植被建设引起的土壤水分下降问题,(2)土壤水分时空变异特征,(3)土壤水分时空变异的影响因素,(4)遥感和水文模型模拟土壤水分四个方面。同时使用Meta分析了已发表的黄土高原植被建设对土壤水分影响文章103篇,结果表明:黄土高原植被建设大量消耗该区域土壤水分,乔木、灌木及草本植物对土壤水分的结合效应值(ES)依次为-1.893、-1.661、-1.239。植被建设对土壤水分的影响程度随年均降雨量的增大而减小,不同降雨区间的ES值为-0.864(≥500 mm)、-1.423(400-500 mm)、-1.534(<400 mm);在不同海拔区间,植被建设对土壤水分的消耗程度随海拔高度的增加而增加;在3个坡度范围,植被建设对土壤水分消耗程度以<15°最大,>25°次之,15-25°最小。总体而言,植被建设对土壤水分的消耗随着生长年限的增长而加剧,而灌木植被中柠条出现差异,其不同生长年限的效应值为-1.983(>30 a),-1.642(<20 a),-1.107(20-30 a)。由于黄土高原处于干旱与半干旱地区,大面积植被恢复加剧土壤水分消耗,影响到植被生长及其功能的可持续性。因此,应选择适宜植被并给予适当管理(修枝、稀植等措施)以提高土壤水分利用效率,使该地区土壤水分状况得到改善。     

气候变化下黄土高原植被生长期NDVI动态变化特征

理解植被对气候变化的响应对于预测未来生态系统过程和制定应对策略至关重要。本研究采用地理探测器和地理加权回归等方法，探讨了2002—2019年黄土高原不同植被类型主要生长期(4—10月)归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化的空间格局及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明：受退耕还林还草生态工程影响，黄土高原植被得到显著改善，其中草原和荒漠植被由于生境容易受到外界环境影响，NDVI呈不稳定状态，且在夏季最不稳定；日照时数的增加间接导致降水减少，产生较强的光抑制效应，造成日照时数变异系数对黄土高原生长期植被NDVI空间变化的解释力最大(0.124),黄土高原西北干旱区的荒漠受海拔影响，气压低，水汽蒸发量大，抑制植物叶片进行光合作用，与生长期植被变化呈正相关；荒漠区夏季降水量突增，植被对气温变化的响应减缓，出现NDVI变化对气温变化响应的滞后性；在8—10月，阔叶林高的植被覆盖度对水分胁迫的敏感性降低，产生对降水因子的滞后响应。     

中国北方草原植被对气象因子的时滞响应

利用1982~1997年的气温、降水和1983~1997年生长季的NOAA/AVHRR的归一化植被指数(Normalized differential vegetation index, NDVI)遥感数据,分析了中国北方温带草原植被生长对气象因子的时滞响应。根据4个时间尺度(1~4个月)和4个时滞期(前0~3个月)将降水数据进行16种组合方式,计算了植被的NDVI与同期及前期(前1~6个月)降水之间的相关系数。同时,计算了植被的NDVI与同期和前一个月气温之间的相关系数。结果表明:1)中国北方温带草原植被的NDVI与同期降水和气温的显著相关。2)植被的NDVI对前一个月降水的时滞响应最强烈,植被的NDVI与当月降水和前两个月降水的累积量相关性最强。3)在生长季的起始阶段,去冬、今春的降水总量对草甸草原植被的生长有重要的作用。在生长季的中期和后期,当月和前一、二个月的降水对典型草原和荒漠草原的植被有显著影响。4)在草甸草原、典型草原区,生长季早期的气温均对植被生长的影响较为显著。在荒漠草原区,气温不仅在生长季初期与植被的NDVI呈现正相关,而且在生长季的中后期,气温与植被的NDVI呈现负相关性。     

东北地区植被物候时序变化

植被与气候的关系非常密切,植被物候可作为气候变化的指示器。东北地区位于我国最北部,是气候变化的敏感区域,研究该区植被物候对气候变化的响应对阐明陆地生态体统碳循环具有重要意义。利用GIMMS AVHRR遥感数据集得到了东北地区阔叶林、针叶林、草原和草甸4种植被25a(1982—2006年)的物候时序变化,得出4种植被春季物候都表现出先提前后推迟的现象,秋季物候的变化则比较复杂,阔叶林和针叶林整体上呈现出秋季物候推迟的趋势,草原和草甸则表现为提前-推迟-提前的趋势。应用偏最小二乘(Partial Least Squares)回归分析了该区域植被物候与气候因子之间的关系,结果表明:春季温度与阔叶林、针叶林和草甸春季物候负相关,前一年冬季温度与草原春季物候正相关,降水与植被春季物候的关系有点复杂;4种植被秋季物候与夏季温度均呈正相关,除草原外,其余3种植被秋季物候均与夏季降水负相关。植被春季物候可能主要受温度影响,而秋季物候很可能主要受降水控制。     

日光诱导叶绿素荧光对亚热带常绿针叶林物候的追踪

植被物候期(春季返青和秋季衰老)是表征生物响应和陆地碳循环的基础信息。由于常绿针叶林冠层绿度的季节变动较弱,遥感提取常绿针叶林的物候信息存在着较大的不确定性,是目前区域物候监测中的难点。利用MODIS植被指数(归一化植被指数NDVI和增强型植被指数EVI)、GOME-2日光诱导叶绿素荧光(SIF)和通量数据(总初级生产力GPP)估算2007—2011年亚热带常绿针叶林物候期,用来比较三类遥感指数估算常绿针叶林物候的差异。结果表明:基于表征光合作用物候的通量GPP数据估算得到5年内亚热带常绿针叶林生长季开始时间(SOS_(GPP))为第63天,生长季结束时间(EOS_(GPP))为第324天,生长季长度为272天;基于反映植被光合作用特征的SIF曲线获得物候信息要滞后GPP物候期,其中生长季开始时间滞后19天,生长季结束时间滞后2天;基于传统植被指数NDVI和EVI的物候期滞后GPP物候期的时间要大于SIF滞后期,其中植被指数SOS滞后SOS_(GPP)31天,植被指数EOS滞后EOS_(GPP)10—17天。虽然基于3种遥感指数估算的春季和秋季物候都滞后于通量GPP的物候期,但是卫星SIF的物候信息能够更好地捕捉常绿针叶林的生长阶段。同时,春季温度是影响森林生长季开始时间的最重要因素;秋季水分和辐射是影响生长季结束时间的关键因素。由此可见,SIF估算的亚热带常绿针叶林的春季和秋季物候的滞后时间要短于传统植被指数,能更好地追踪常绿林光合作用的季节性,为深入研究陆地生态系统碳循环及其对气候变化的响应提供重要的基础。     

模拟增温改变青藏高原植物繁殖物候及植株高度

气候变化显著影响了高寒植物物候期及生长模式, 从而改变了高寒生态系统功能。而高寒植物物候期和生长状况对气候变化的响应程度, 与其自身资源分配策略有关。为了更好地探究气候变化下高寒植物繁殖物候及生长的规律, 该研究以青藏高原高寒草甸为研究对象, 按生物量从高到低选取15种常见植物, 其生物量之和占样地总生物量80%以上, 采用红外辐射器模拟增温的方法, 利用同质园实验, 观测无种间竞争条件下, 增温2年间植物返青、现蕾、开花以及结实物候, 并监测了植株高度。研究结果表明: (1)在功能群水平上, 增温使豆科类植物的返青、现蕾和开花时间分别显著提前了(8.21 ± 1.81)、(9.14 ± 2.41)和(10.14 ± 2.05) d, 使其开花持续时间显著延长了(6.14 ± 1.52) d, 而增温对其他功能群物候事件无显著影响。增温对高寒植物物候的影响存在种间及年际间差异, 但总体上增温使大多数高寒植物繁殖物候提前并且开花持续时间延长, 将更多的资源更多地分配到繁殖生长上。(2)增温显著降低了杂类草植物的植株高度(平均降低(3.58 ± 0.96) cm), 但对豆科类、禾草类及莎草类功能群植株高度没有显著影响。 增温对高寒植物植株高度的影响存在显著的种间差异以及年际差异。综上所述, 未来气候变暖背景下, 青藏高原高寒植物群落可能更早进入繁殖阶段, 从而降低在营养生长上的资源分配。另外, 由于各物种繁殖能力和营养生长对温度变化响应的差异, 气候变暖将导致高寒植物群落中各物种盖度的变化, 进而改变群落物种组成, 从而影响高寒生态系统的功能。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.