内蒙古半干旱区鼠类群落结构及鼠害危害类型的研究

自1988-1993年在内蒙古半干旱区约110000km² 的面积上设置样地251个,用夹日法对鼠类群落进行调查,用每个样地主要鼠种捕获率和样地构成分类量刚,应用SAS系统的快速聚类法进行分类;分类结果结合该地区地带性植被分布的特征和地貌、地形特征,将该地区的鼠类群落划分为9个地带性鼠类群落并研究其结构特征,同时根据地带性鼠类群落分布与结构特征及当地实际鼠害状况将内蒙古半干旱区鼠害划分为5大害区的7种危害类型：Ⅰ.荒漠草原鼠害危害区:①小毛足鼠、三趾跳鼠危害类型;②戈壁五趾跳鼠、赤颊黄鼠危害类型;Ⅱ.草原化荒漠鼠害鼠害危害区：③戈壁五趾跳鼠、三趾跳鼠危害类型;Ⅲ.沙地草场鼠害区：④小毛足鼠、三趾跳鼠、子午沙鼠危害类型;Ⅳ.阴山北麓旱作农田危害区：⑤长爪沙鼠、小毛足鼠危害类型;⑥长爪沙鼠、草原黄鼠危害类型;Ⅴ.阴山山脉中段次生林地和人工林地危害区：⑦棕背繙、大林姬鼠危害类型。     

EP-1 不育剂对长爪沙鼠野生种群增长的控制作用

长爪沙鼠在内蒙古地区的分布非常广泛,长期以来由其造成的“鼠害” 不仅给农牧业生产带来危害,而且还传播疾病。2009 年3 ～ 10 月,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯荒漠草原,利用复合不育剂左炔诺孕酮- 炔雌醚(EP-1)
对长爪沙鼠野生种群进行了不育控制试验研究。结果表明,复合不育剂EP-1 对长爪沙鼠种群结构和种群密度均有显著影响,在5 月和6 月两个繁殖高峰期,不育剂EP-1 显著降低了幼体出生的数量,实验区与对照区幼体组
成差异和成体组成差异均达到极显著(P < 0.01)。在8 ～ 10 月,实验区和对照区种群结构组成中,幼体之间、成体之间差异均达到显著和极显著(P < 0.05, P < 0.01)。在整个发育生长期,实验区长爪沙鼠幼体种群从6 月
份开始出现,9 月达到数量最高值,幼体种群全年呈现下降趋势。而对照区幼体种群从5 月份开始出现,且数量在5 月份达到全年的最高值,幼体种群与实验区相反呈增长趋势。实验区种群总体数量全年呈下降趋势,而对
照区相反,呈增长趋势。因此,复合不育剂EP-1 显著降低了长爪沙鼠种群的繁殖率、幼体出生比例和种群密度,可以对长爪沙鼠野生种群起到有效的繁殖控制作用,进而降低该鼠对农牧业生产的危害和对人类疾病传播
的风险。     

大沙鼠洞群空间分布格局的研究

大沙鼠洞群空间分布格局的研究ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＳＰＡＴＩＡＬＰＡＴＴＥＲＮＳＯＦＨＯＬＥＧＲＯＵＰＳＯＦＲＨＯＭＢＯＭＹＳＯＰＩＭＵＳ大沙鼠（Ｒｈｏｍｂｏｍｙｓｏｐｉｍｕｓ）是亚洲中部荒漠以及荒漠草原的典型栖居者。中亚国家和蒙古国的学者在第二次世界大战...     

古尔班通古特沙漠区大沙鼠对荒漠植物群落的扰动效应

2006年5月,调查了大沙鼠洞区和对照区植物种类组成、盖度、密度、地上生物量,研究了大沙鼠对古尔班通古特沙漠植物群落物种组成和植被结构的影响.使用Mann-Whitney U检验表明,洞区植物种数(16.1)显著高于对照区(13.8)(Z=2.436,P<0.05);洞区半灌木种数(0.8)显著低于对照区(1.9)(Z=3.442,P<0.01).受大沙鼠扰动影响,大沙鼠洞区植被平均盖度(2.40%±2.30%)显著低于对照区(14.46%±6.82%)(Z=3.63,P<0.01);大沙鼠洞区地上植物生物量(6.52 g·m-2±6.30 g·m-2)显著低于对照区(23.3 g·m-2±12.85 g·m-2,Z=3.708,P<0.01).大沙鼠洞区Simpson指数(0.75±0.10,n=10)和Shannon-Wiener指数(0.78±0.12,n=10)显著高于对照区Simpson指数(0.61±0.16)和Shannon-Wiener指数(0.60±0.16)(t=2.362,P<0.05;t=2.948,P<0.01).结果表明:大沙鼠的掘洞、采食行为能够提高古尔班通古特沙漠1年生植物的物种多样性,并导致半灌木衰败.洞区的植物群落在一定程度上显现出次生演替的特征.     

大沙鼠的年龄鉴定与种群年龄组成

在鼠类生态学的研究中 ,对鼠类年龄的鉴定是一项重要的工作。年龄组成是种群的重要特征之一 ,它有助于了解种群的年龄结构以及种群数量变动的规律。大沙鼠 (Ｒｈｏｍｂｏｍｙｓｏｐｉｍｕｓ)是中亚地区荒漠及半荒漠草原的重要害鼠之一 ,在内蒙古西部的梭梭 (Ｈａｌｏｘｙｌｏｎａｍｍｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ)林区 ,由于大沙鼠的啃咬 ,影响了该地区梭梭林的正常结实 ,从而降低了结实量[1 ] 。同时 ,大沙鼠又是鼠疫和皮肤利什曼病的重要宿主。对大沙鼠的年龄鉴定与种群年龄组成进行研究 ,将有助于了解其种群数量变动的规律 ,从而为有效防治大沙鼠鼠…     

基于多源遥感数据的荒漠植被覆盖度估测

以塔里木河下游为靶区,根据地面调查和不同分辨率的多源遥感数据,逐级建立荒漠植被覆盖度遥感估测模型,并对不同模型、不同估测方法的估测精度进行比较.结果表明: 随着遥感数据空间分辨率的提高,植被覆盖度遥感估测模型精度增加;基于高分辨率、中高分辨率及中低分辨率遥感数据建立的植被覆盖度模型的估测精度分别为89.5%、87.0%和84.6%;遥感模型法的估测精度高于植被指数法.不同分辨率遥感数据估测荒漠植被覆盖度的精度变化规律,实现了荒漠植被覆盖度估测的高、中、低分辨率遥感数据参数及尺度的定量转换,可为研究区生态恢复遥感综合监测方案的制定和实施提供直接依据.     

轻小型无人机低空遥感及其在生态学中的应用进展

无人机低空遥感系统弥补了航天和航空遥感在影像分辨率、重访周期、云层影响以及高成本等方面的不足,为中观尺度的生态学研究提供了新方法.本文介绍了轻小型无人机低空遥感系统的组成,从物种、种群、群落和生态系统尺度综述了其在生态学中的应用现状,并指出目前存在的不足和未来的发展方向,以期为无人机生态学的后续研究提供参考.无人机生态学当前面临的挑战和未来发展的方向主要有物种形态和光谱特征库的建立、物种自动识别、光谱数据与植物生理生态过程之间关系的进一步挖掘、生态系统三维立体监测、多来源多尺度遥感数据融合等.随着无人机平台技术、传感器技术以及数据传输处理技术的成熟,以无人机低空遥感技术为基础的无人机生态学将迎来发展的机遇和曙光.     

利用小型无人机监测西洞庭湖 水鸟的可行性探讨

传统鸟类监测方法具有调查时间长、人力物力消耗大、调查结果不准确的局限。近年来,无人机遥感技术在生态学领域的应用日益广泛,但在鸟类调查上仍缺乏成熟的技术方法。本研究于2019年11月19至25日期间,使用搭载可见光相机的小型多旋翼无人机大疆Mavic 2行业变焦版,在湖南西洞庭湖国家级自然保护区内的四个水鸟集群分布区域划定监测样区,规划航线,设定合适的飞行和拍摄参数后采集遥感数据。根据水鸟对无人机的反应程度划分不同的惊扰等级,记录拍摄过程中鸟类受惊扰情况。利用图像拼接软件PTGui Pro 11.0,对采集到的影像进行拼接、匀色等解译预处理操作。对合成后的遥感影像建立水鸟分类标注表,进行人工解译,并对调查过程中的水鸟惊扰情况进行统计分析。本研究共进行11次飞行调查,获取10个样区数据,最大样区面积约为18 hm²,75 m飞行高度下影像分辨率为0.012 m/像素,对样区内6种体型较大的水鸟——苍鹭(Ardea cinerea)、大白鹭(A.alba)、小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)、凤头麦鸡(Vanellus vanellus)、绿翅鸭(Anas crecca)和罗纹鸭(Mareca falcata)进行了分类和计数。绿翅鸭和罗纹鸭二者依靠遥感图像无法区分,其余4种拍摄到的水鸟均成功解译和计数。惊扰等级记录显示,本次无人机调查对水鸟的惊扰程度较弱。结果表明,基于搭载可见光相机的小型无人机对湿地大型和中型水鸟进行快速遥感调查监测具有一定的可行性,在湖泊湿地类型的鸟类调查中具有应用潜力;通过选择合适的飞行平台,设定适当的飞行高度、飞行速度和图像重叠度等参数,能够在保证解译结果准确性的同时,避免对水鸟的过度干扰。     

鄂尔多斯高原生态过渡带的判定及生物群区特征

 本文用Holdridge生命地带方法对鄂尔多斯高原的生物群区进行了分类研究,研制了用于生态过渡带判定的计算机模型,模拟结果与实际情况基本吻合。鄂尔多斯高原的生物群区可分为草原、荒漠灌丛和荒漠3大类,草原群区以本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)群落为主,荒漠灌丛群区以冷蒿(Artemisia frigida),狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla)群落为主,荒漠群区以红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)群落为主。鄂尔多斯高原的地带性植被在传统上分为典型草原、荒漠草原和草原化荒漠3部分,在典型草原的边界划分上,传统划分与本文结果一致。而在荒漠草原和草原化荒漠的边界方面,模拟结果与传统划分有一定的差异。荒漠灌丛和荒漠草原以及荒漠和草原化荒漠在生物群落特征上具有一定的相似性,荒漠灌丛和荒漠在生态特征上较荒漠草原和草原化荒漠更为旱化,在地理位置上更为靠西部。该计算机模型结合了地理空间分析,能准确地确定生态过渡带的位置和宽度,为研究鄂尔多斯高原生态过渡带的特征提供了较可靠的技术手段。     

不同干扰荒漠生境中子午沙鼠的繁殖及种群动态特征

子午沙鼠(Merionesmeridianus)广泛分布于我国西北部地区,是荒漠啮齿动物群落的优势鼠种。种群繁殖特征是动物生活史参数中的一个重要组成部分,是种群数量补充的重要来源,而干扰是影响繁殖特征的重要因素。本研究于2012~2014年,在位于蒙古阿拉善左旗南部典型荒漠的野外实验区,设置禁牧、开垦、过牧、轮牧4种不同干扰样地,使用铗日法对实验样地子午沙鼠相对数量及繁殖特征进行调查。4种不同干扰生境中的子午沙鼠种群数量具有显著差异,禁牧过牧轮牧开垦;雌雄性比在轮牧生境中最高,开垦生境次之,禁牧生境最低;4种干扰生境中,轮牧样地子午沙鼠雌鼠怀孕率显著高于禁牧、过牧和开垦样地;雄鼠的睾丸下降率在过牧干扰样地显著高于其他3种干扰方式样地,轮牧样地雄鼠睾丸下降率最低;雌鼠平均胎仔数在4种干扰生境间无显著性差异;轮牧干扰样地繁殖指数显著高于其他3种干扰方式样地;繁殖指数、怀孕率及睾丸下降率对密度的反馈作用最为明显,但在不同的干扰生境中其反馈特征有差异。综上,子午沙鼠在轮牧生境中各繁殖特征指数最高,繁殖能力最强,种群密度相对较高,更适合其生存,其密度制约效应表现最为明显。     

气候变化情景下大沙鼠潜在地理分布

大沙鼠（Rhombomys opimus）是中亚地区典型的荒漠啮齿动物,其采食和掘洞行为造成了荒漠林和荒漠草原退化加剧,生态环境恶化。基于大沙鼠分布数据、气候、土壤和地形因子数据,采用MaxEnt模型预测大沙鼠在当前气候和温室气体低、中、高3种浓度排放情景下2050年和2070年的潜在适生区,分析亚洲大陆未来气候条件下大沙鼠适生面积和分布格局的变化趋势,探讨影响大沙鼠分布的主要环境因子。结果表明：模型AUC（Area Under Curve）值达到0.9以上,预测的准确性达到"极好"。经刀切法分析（Jackknife）表明,影响大沙鼠在适生区分布最主要的环境变量为温度季节性变化的标准差、土壤基本饱和度、最干季度降水量、最暖季度降水量和土壤可交换钠盐。Rcp2.6、Rcp4.5和Rcp8.5三种气候场景下2050年高适生区面积较当前分别增长15.78%、15.10%和13.44%;Rcp2.6、Rcp4.5和Rcp8.5三种气候场景下2070年高适生区面积较当前增长8.32%、13.18%和18.18%。中国大沙鼠适生区范围内,新疆所分布的大沙鼠适生区分布范围变化较大,3种情景模式下大沙鼠的适生区位置向新疆北部扩张;甘肃适生区位置向西北部扩张;内蒙西北部和阿拉善地区大沙鼠的适生区位置向四周扩张。研究揭示了未来气候下大沙鼠高适生区范围和空间变化,并得到影响其分布的主要环境变量,对其防控具有重要意义。     

低空无人机遥感在草原监测评价中的应用进展

低空域无人机遥感技术具有高时效性、高分辨率、低成本、易操控等优势,作为地面与高空遥感（航天与航空遥感）间测量尺度空缺的有益补充,低空无人机遥感扩展了样地样方空间尺度,提高了中、小尺度遥感观测信息的精细化程度,实现了草原生境信息的快速采集、处理与分析应用,是草原"星-空-地"一体化监测的重要组成。针对草原监测评价,总结了国内外低空无人机遥感在草原基况调查（草原草层高度监测、草原植被覆盖度监测与草原地上生物量估算）、草原动态监测（草原植被长势监测、草原产草量估测与草畜平衡监测）和草原应急管理（草原火灾、雪灾与生物灾害监测）中的应用。结合大数据、人工智能、云计算与物联网等新型技术,分析了低空无人机遥感在草原生态监测领域存在的不足和未来的发展方向,以期为低空无人机遥感关于草原监测评价与智慧草原的后续研究提供参考。     

Rhombomys opimus contribution to the “fertile island” effect of tamarisk mounds in Junggar Basin

Fertile islands are created and maintained by a combination of physical and biologically mediated processes. Plants have been shown to be very important in the formation of fertile islands, and recent research indicates that the activities of burrowing animals have a significant influence on the physiochemical properties of soil that can promote the development of fertile islands. In this paper, we chose tamarisk (Tamarix spp.)??a constructive species that grows in the oasis-desert ecotone, and the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus)??a widely distributed rodent in Central Asia to study the influence of great gerbils on soil nutrient dynamics in tamarisk mounds. Results indicate that fertile islands exist in tamarisk mounds without burrows of the great gerbil. However, the great gerbil??s burrowing activities promote the fertile island effect in tamarisk mounds: soil nutrients under shrubs with great gerbil activity were significantly higher than inter-mound areas in both surface soil and deep soil from 15 to 50?cm. Available nitrogen in mounds with rodent burrows was over twice as high as in tamarisk mounds without burrows at the same depth. The great gerbil??s burrowing activities promote the concentration of soil nutrients in the tamarisk mounds.     

Temporal Pattern of Agonistic Interaction in Two Gerbil Species (Rhombomys opimus and Gerbillus perpallidus) Differing in Resistance to Social Pressure

This study compares temporal patterns of intraspecific agonistic interactions in two gerbil species in order to indicate interspecific differences in levels of social resistance. Both cross-sex and same-sex pairs of great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus Licht., 1823), and only same-sex male pairs of pallid gerbils (Gerbillus perpallidus Setzer 1958) were observed during staged encounters on a neutral arena. Analysis of three latency measures—latency to first agonistic interaction; latency to overt aggression (attack and/or ‘arrested’ fight); and latency to establishment of a stable winner-loser asymmetry among opponents—revealed both similarities and differences among the species. Latencies to first agonistic interaction were similar (did not differ significantly) among species and sexes. However, great gerbil males showed significantly more long latencies to establishment of a stable asymmetry among opponents, than great gerbil females or pallid gerbil males. So, the periods of symmetrical struggle in agonistic conflict last longer in great gerbil males, than in great gerbil females or pallid gerbil males. These differences in temporal pattern of agonistic interaction may reflect sex and species differences in resistance to social stress.     

Persistence of plague outbreaks among great gerbils in Kazakhstan: effects of host population dynamics

Outbreaks of plague (Yersinia pestis) among great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus) generally require a high host abundance to be initiated. The duration of an outbreak is expected to depend on the subsequent development of this abundance; however, prediction is nontrivial due to the complexity of the gerbil–plague system. The aim of this study was to investigate how the duration of outbreaks depends on different types of host population dynamics generated from: a cyclic model; an autoregressive model giving irregular fluctuations; and a simple model with uncorrelated fluctuations. For each model, outbreak duration was studied under various levels of mean and variability of host abundance. Its focus on the effect of different gerbil dynamics sets this study apart from the few published studies on diseases in dynamic host populations. Plague outbreaks were simulated in a cellular automaton model based on statistical analysis of archived records of plague and host abundance. Temporal autocorrelation was found to make outbreak duration less sensitive to changes in mean abundance than uncorrelated fluctuations. Cyclicity had little effect on the mean duration of outbreaks, but resulted in a multimodal distribution. For all three types of gerbil dynamics, increased variability in gerbil abundance reduced the duration of outbreaks when the mean abundance was high (paralleling results on the risk of species extinction in fluctuating environments), but increased their duration when the mean abundance was lower. Spatial heterogeneity was briefly tested and produced longer outbreaks than the homogenous case. The results are relevant to predicting plague activity in populations of great gerbils.     

Variation in and Meaning of Alarm Calls in a Social Desert Rodent Rhombomys opimus

The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus), a social rodent that lives in family groups, emits three different alarm vocalizations in the presence of predators: a rhythmic call; a faster more intense call; and a single whistle. We tested the hypothesis that the alarm calls communicate risk of predation. We quantified the relationship between predator distance and type of alarm call via human approaches to gerbils. We also tested responses of focal adults in family groups to playback broadcasts of the different calls and controls of bird song and tape noise. Results showed that alarm calls were related to distance from a predator. Gerbils gave the rhythmic call when the predator was farthest away, the more intense call as the predator moved closer; and a short whistle when startled by a close approach of the predator. Gerbils stopped feeding and stood vigilant in a frozen alert posture in response to playbacks of all three alarm calls. They decreased non‐vigilant behavior to the alarm vocalizations more than to the controls and decreased non‐vigilant behavior significantly more in response to the intense alarm and whistle compared with the rhythmic alarm. We conclude that one function of gerbil alarm calls is to communicate response urgency to family members. The rhythmic alarm communicates danger at a distance, whereas the intense alarm and whistle signal the close approach of a predator.     

草地植物物种多样性测度方法及发展趋势

植物物种多样性是维持陆地生态系统多功能性和稳定性的关键要素之一.本文梳理了传统草地植物物种多样性的测度方法,结合无人机技术介绍了目前应用于草地植物物种多样性测度的新理念和新方法.传统的草地植物物种多样性测度方法依赖地面观测,需要投入大量的人力、物力且耗时,仅适合小范围的观测;卫星遥感方法受制于分辨率,难以直接对群落结构...     

大鵟对长爪沙鼠秋季的集群捕食策略

2003年9月10日—15日,在内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗嘎达布其口岸附近的典型草原区鼠害草场研究了大鵟(Buteo hemilasius)对长爪沙鼠的捕食策略。鉴于秋季是长爪沙鼠的活跃期,直接采用鼠丘核心区的沙鼠洞口数作为衡量长爪沙鼠集群大小的指标,分析了大鵟对不同大小集群的长爪沙鼠家族集群的捕食选择偏好。实验涉及了3hm2的实验样地,样地中具有符合实验统计的长爪沙鼠洞群为87个。5d内作者观察到大鵟蹲守在样地中的长爪沙鼠29只次,共涉及23个沙鼠洞群。通过分析大鵟蹲守和没有蹲守过的沙鼠洞群的洞口数量,利用非参数的Mann-Whitney U检验法分析,结果表明:大鵟蹲守的洞群的洞口数量总秩和为2569.5,大鵟没有蹲守的沙鼠洞群的洞口数量秩和统计量为1258.5,统计量U值为489.5。校正之后的Z值为-2.37459,两组差异达到显著的水平(P=0.017574)。此外,分析还显示:沙鼠洞群洞口数量(S)与大鵟蹲守次数(F)呈显著的正相关关系,相关式为:F=-0.0559+0.023×S,(r=0.2707,P﹤0.05)。结果表明,大鵟会首先在洞口数量多的长爪沙鼠集群蹲守捕食,因此在越冬期间,长爪沙鼠的集群数量会被限制,进而可能形成一种最优化集群数量的模式。本文的研究结果从一定角度支持了鼠类通过形成最优集群以降低天敌捕食概率的理论。长爪沙鼠可能借助扩散行为,以及秋季的分群行为来降低集群密度从而降低被捕食风险。     

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene promoter polymorphisms in Rhombomys opimus,the main reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis

Great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus) are the most common gerbils in center to northeast of Iran as well as central Asia and serve as reservoirs for the zoonotic agents, including Leishmania major, the principal etiologic agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). The outcome of L. major infection in gerbils is not uniform. Among several immune-related factors including cytokine genes, the polymorphism in interleukin 4 (IL-4) promoter gene showed a great impact on outcome and pathological symptoms of L. major infection at least in mouse model. In this study gerbils’ IL-4 promoter gene polymorphism is assessed. Specific primers were designed to develop a PCR-based assay to amplify IL-4 promoter gene to possibly define IL-4 promoter gene polymorphism in great gerbil populations with a range of Leishmania infection and symptoms collected from different foci of the central, north and northeast regions of Iran. The results showed that the designed primers amplify 689 bp of the promoter gene. Sequence analysis of the promoter gene revealed five polymorphic sites assembly six haplotypes among the gerbil populations. Further studies are needed to assess whether or not the five polymorphisms cause different outcome phenotypes following infection with L. major in great gerbils. The data might be used to characterize the immune responses of R. opimus against L. major infection.     

遥感GPP模型在中亚干旱区4个典型生态系统的适用性评价

总初级生产力(GPP)是全球生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,对全球气候变化有重要影响。目前有多种遥感模型可以模拟总初级生产力,比较不同遥感模型在中亚干旱区上的适用性对推进全球干旱区碳收支估算具有重要意义。基于涡度协相关技术观测的四个地面站数据验证MOD17、VODCA2、VPM、TG、SANIRv五种模型的模拟精度。结果表明：(1)基于光能利用率理论的MOD17、VPM模型模拟咸海荒漠植被和阜康荒漠植被GPP的精度最高(R²分别为0.52和0.80),但在模拟草地、农田生态系统生产力时存在较明显的低估(RE>20%);基于植被指数的遥感模型TG模型、SANIRv模型模拟巴尔喀什湖草地生态系统和乌兰乌苏农田生态系统GPP的精度最高(R²分别为0.91和0.81),同时模拟值与实测值的相对误差也较低;基于微波的VODCA2模型模拟各生态系统生产力的效果最差。(2)水分亏缺是限制植被GPP的主要因素,因此是否合理考虑水分胁迫是影响GPP模型在中亚干旱区适用性的重要因素。研究揭示了遥感GPP模型在中亚干旱区的应用潜力,为推进全球植被碳通量的准确估...