黄土坡面细沟侵蚀形态试验

基于同一降雨强度下的室内连续模拟降雨试验,研究了典型坡度条件下黄土坡面细沟侵蚀形态,分析了细沟的空间分布特征、发育状况及距细沟沟头长度、细沟宽度和深度关系。结果表明:第1次降雨坡面以断续细沟为主,侵蚀方式主要为溯源侵蚀,细沟累积长度为39.3 m,坡面细沟总面积占试验土槽面积的14.2%;第2次降雨坡面以连续细沟为主,细沟沟壁崩塌增强,坡面的破碎程度增加,细沟累积长度增加32.1%,坡面细沟总面积增加115.6%。与第1次降雨相比,第2次降雨后细沟平均宽度、深度和坡面细沟侵蚀平均深度均增加,且在4—7 m坡段内增加幅度最大。单位斜坡长上细沟平均宽度和深度随斜坡长度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,表明径流能量的消长对坡面细沟侵蚀发育过程及形态特征有明显影响。第1次降雨单条细沟长度均小于3 m,细沟宽度随距细沟沟头长度的增大而增大,第2次降雨则呈现先增大后减小的趋势,细沟深度随距细沟沟头长度的增加一直呈现先增大后减小的趋势,细沟宽度与深度的拟合关系最好,细沟深度随宽度的增加而增大,后趋于稳定。     

沟牙田鼠的形态特征及分类地位探讨

沟牙田鼠是分布于中国四川西部和甘肃南部的一种罕见小型啮齿动物,迄今标本收藏甚少,种、属地位存在异议,有人认为应并入田鼠属。我们根据四川九寨沟自然保护区采到的16号不同年龄、性别的沟牙田鼠,就其牙齿形态和成年雄性的阴茎结构与其它田鼠类作了比较,发现其成体和幼体在M³和M₃形态上有很大不同。其他重要区别包括：上门齿宽大;下门齿外露部分很短,下门齿总长仅及下颌长的77％左右,远比其他田鼠小;M齿环呈圆弧形或豆形亦很特殊;成年雄性的阴茎骨近支烧瓶状,远支基部膨大与田鼠类差别很大。结果表明：沟牙田鼠属是有别于田鼠属的有效属。     

亚热带6种树种细根序级结构和形态特征

以福建省建瓯市万木林自然保护区内占优势的6种天然林树种(沉水樟Cinnamomum micranthum,CIM;观光木Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun,TOC;浙江桂Cinnamomum chekiangense,CIC;罗浮栲Castanopsis fabri,CAF;细柄阿丁枫Altingiagracilipes,ALG;米槠Castanopsis carlesii,CAC)为研究对象,对其1—5级细根的结构,形态特征及生物量进行了分析。结果表明:沉水樟,细柄阿丁枫和米槠细根分支比表现出在1,2级(4倍以上)明显大于其它序级(3倍左右);其余3种树种则是在3,4级的细根分支比最大,其中浙江桂达到8.65倍,其它序级则大致为3倍左右。6种树种1,2级细根数量占到总数的70%—90%。6种树种细根直径,根长,组织密度随序级升高逐渐增大,比根长减小,生物量未表现出一致的变化规律,6种树种生物量主要集中在高级根部分。方差分析表明,树种对细根分支比例有显著影响(P<0.05),浙江桂和米槠细根分支水平对分支比例有极显著影响(P<0.01),其余4种树种分支水平对分支比例有显著影响(P<0.05),树种和分支水平的交互作用对6种树种细根分支比均有极显著的影响(P<0.01);树种对细根根长,直径以及生物量均有极显著影响(P<0.01),对比根长有显著影响(P<0.05),而对组织密度的影响则不显著(P>0.05);树种和序级的交互作用对细根根长,直径以及生物量均有极显著影响(P<0.01),对组织密度有显著影响(P<0.05),对比根长影响不显著(P>0.05)。序级对6种树种细根根长,直径,比根长以及生物量的影响并未达到一致,对6种树种细根组织密度有极显著影响(P<0.01)。树种间1—4级根的比根长变异主要由组织密度引起,而5级根的比根长变异则由直径引起,同时在1级根中组织密度与直径呈现出权衡的关系。6种树种细根数量,直径,根长,比根长,组织密度以及生物量与序级之间回归分析发现它们与序级之间具有指数函数,线性函数,二次函数,三次函数或者幂函数关系。     

丝背细鳞鲀外部形态特征

以黄海捕捞的丝背细鳞鲀(Stephanolepis cirrhifer)为实验样本,共100尾,体全长7.00~14.50 cm,体重7.96~136.54 g。对其外部形态进行观察绘图描述,分析其鱼体侧面和头部、第二背鳍鳍条和鳞片的形态特征。对可量性状与可数性状进行测量和线性回归分析。对背鳍鳍条、尾鳍鳍条、臀鳍鳍条和胸鳍鳍条数量进行统计。观察发现,(1)体表被形态多样的绒状鳞片,鳞片为形似盾鳞的骨鳞,由基板和骨质凸起组成;腹鳍棘与腹部之间具有一可收缩的皮质三角形结构,体表布满黑色条纹与黑色斑点,以眼部为中心向外延伸出6条主侧线(背侧线、框上线、框下线、前鳃盖线、下颌线、上颞线)为其外部形态的明显特征。(2)线性相关性最好的是全长(TL)/体长(SL),其比值变动范围最小,雌雄差异小,相关方程为:SL=0.8239TL﹣0.0471(R2=0.9763);线性相关性最差的是头长/吻长,其比值不仅变动最大,而且雌雄的差异最大。(3)体长(SL)与体重(W)的关系为:W=2.3743e0.2803SL(R2=0.96);雄性:W=2.5406e0.2737SL(R2=0.96),雌性:W=2.0328e0.2954SL(R2=0.95)。(4)鱼鳍鳍条数量:第一背鳍为两根背鳍棘,第二背鳍30~34;臀鳍29~34;胸鳍12;尾鳍13;腹鳍为一个腹鳍棘。雌雄第二背鳍的第二根鳍条长度存在差异,雄性长度比雌性长约1/6~1/5。丝背细鳞鲀在黄海的出现,说明该鱼种洄游分布范围已经扩大到黄海。     

土壤增温对杉木幼苗细根生长量及形态特征的影响

为了揭示杉木人工林对全球变暖的地下响应,在福建省三明市陈大国有林场开展杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗土壤增温试验,采用内生长环法探讨增温实验开始后第2年(2015年1月、7月取样)和第3年(2016年1月、7月取样)杉木幼苗细根生长量和形态特征(比根长,SRL;比表面积,SRA;组织密度,RTD)的变化。结果表明:(1)随着苗木的生长,土壤增温对细根生长量的影响趋势是先抑制,再无显著影响,最后促进。(2)土壤增温对细根形态特征的影响在不同取样时间有差异:土壤增温对7月份(夏季)取样的细根SRL或SRA有显著促进作用,对1月份(冬季)取样的细根SRL、SRA均无显著影响。(3)土壤增温对第二、第三次取样的1—2 mm细根RTD有促进作用。表明土壤增温对杉木幼苗细根生长量的影响与苗木生长阶段有关;同时苗木可通过细根形态的调整(增大SRL和RTD)以适应土壤增温引起的土壤资源变化和环境胁迫,维持自身的生长。     

中国中沟细蜂属一新种记述(膜翅目,细蜂科)

记录我国中沟细蜂属Parthenocodrus 1新种:康定中沟细蜂P.kangdingensis sp. nov.(四川).描述了其形态特征并与近似种做了比较.模式标本存浙江大学寄生蜂标本室.     

桔小实蝇卵巢形态结构及发育特征研究

卵巢是实蝇产卵繁殖的重要器官,卵巢构成及发育进度决定了实蝇成虫的行为活动及繁殖力。本研究从桔小实蝇羽化之日起,逐日取样观察记录了桔小实蝇卵巢发育进程,描述了桔小实蝇卵巢形态结构和发育特征,并对卵巢进行了发育等级划分。研究表明：桔小实蝇卵巢由两组卵巢管组成,每组卵巢含卵巢管28根。新羽化桔小实蝇卵巢处于发育初期,无卵巢管。羽化后第4 d,卵巢管开始显现,卵巢管数量增加,至第10 d左右,卵巢发育成熟。进入产卵末期,卵巢管逐渐消解,卵巢变小萎缩。本研究将桔小实蝇卵巢发育进程分为5个发育等级,即发育初期(Ⅰ级) 、卵黄沉积期(Ⅱ级) 、成熟待产期(Ⅲ级) 、产卵盛期(Ⅳ级)和产卵末期(Ⅴ级)。本研究为开展桔小实蝇繁殖生物学和繁殖行为学深入研究提供了不可或缺的卵巢信息。      

中国中沟细蜂属种类记述(膜翅目:细蜂科)

记述中国中沟细蜂属 Parthenocodrus Pschorn-Walcher 5种,其中包括4新种:梵净山中沟细蜂P.fanjingshanensis He et Xu,sp.nov.、褐足中沟细蜂P.fu scipes He et xu,sp.nov.、鼓鞭中沟细蜂P.tumidiflagellum He et ...     

肉苁蓉寄生生长形态发育

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)是一种沙生根寄生濒危药用植物。利用光镜和电镜手段, 采用人工培养和诱导等方法详细观察并研究了肉苁蓉寄生生长过程中种子萌发、吸器产生以及植物体形态发育的过程。结果表明: (1)人工可以诱导肉苁蓉的种子萌发。肉苁蓉种胚具有明显的极性, 珠孔端细胞小于合点端, 珠孔端细胞分化、生长并产生白色的类胚根状结构。(2)有些化学物质可以诱导初生吸器的产生。用2, 6二甲氧基-对苯醌培养肉苁蓉24-26小时后, 其先端膨大并产生突起, 形成类似根毛状的结构, 即初生吸器。(3) 肉苁蓉属于主动寄生植物, 其在初生吸器与寄主幼根黏连后产生次生吸器。肉苁蓉与寄主梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)共培养, 其初生吸器主动与寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)黏连, 穿过寄主根表皮和皮层后与维管束连通形成次生吸器, 肉苁蓉植物体分化、发育的基本组织形成。被寄生后的寄主根横向发育加快, 同时肉苁蓉植物体开始分化和发育。(4)肉苁蓉可以寄生在寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)的任意部位。     

弓杠岭不同海拔云杉细根生物量及形态特征

海拔变化是多环境因子的梯度效应,细根作为植物吸收水分与养分的重要器官,其性状特征在指示植物的生长和分布等方面意义重大.该研究以弓杠岭2500～3300 m海拔地的云杉(Picea asperata)细根为研究对象,采用根序分级法对云杉1～5级根序的生物量及细根形态(平均直径、比根长、根长密度、比表面积)进行测定,以明确...     

Patterns of angiospermy development before carpel sealing across living angiosperms: diversity,and morphological and systematic aspects

Almost all angiosperms are angiospermous, i.e. the ovules are enclosed in carpels at anthesis and during seed development, but angiospermy develops in different ways across angiosperms. The most common means of carpel closure is by a longitudinal ventral slit in carpels that are partly or completely free. In such carpels, the closure process commonly begins at midlength of the prospective longitudinal slit and then proceeds downward and upward. Closure by a transverse slit is rarer, but it is prominent in groups of the ANITA grade and in a few early branching monocots (some Alismatales) and some early branching eudicots (a few Ranunculaceae and Nelumbonaceae), in these eudicots combined with a more or less developed longitudinal slit. In all these cases the carpels have a single ovule in ventral median position. In ANITA lines with pluriovulate carpels, there is only a short longitudinal slit in the uniformly ascidiate carpels. In carpels with a unifacial style the closure area is narrow; this pattern is rare and scattered mainly in some wind‐pollinated monocots and eudicots. In most angiosperms the carpels become closed before the ovules are visible from the outside of the still incompletely closed carpels (early carpel closure). This is notably the case in the ANITA grade and magnoliids. Delayed carpel closure, with the ovules visible before the carpels are closed, is much rarer and is concentrated in a few monocots (mainly some Alismatales and some Poales) and a few eudicots (mainly a few Ranunculales and many Caryophyllales, and scattered in some other eudicots). A kind of delayed carpel closure (with the placenta visible before closure but mostly not the ovules) also occurs in syncarpous gynoecia with a free central placenta. Most gynoecia with a free central placenta occur in the superasterids. In such gynoecia the individual carpel tips are not differentiated but the opening in young gynoecia has the shape of a circular diaphragm. In this case, when ovary septa and free carpel tips are missing, the number of carpels is sometimes unclear (Primulaceae, Lentibulariaceae, some Santalaceae). Extremely ascidiate carpels are concentrated in the ANITA grade, a few magnoliids and some early branching monocots. Aspects of potential advantages of plicate vs. ascidiate carpels with regard to flexibility of pollen tube transmitting tract differentiation are discussed. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178 , 556–591.     

羊草种群生态和演化形态学特性的比较研究

对单优种羊草种群的演普及演化规律的分析表明,黑钙土型羊草植物体结构简单,盐碱土型羊草结构复杂,演化出进化程度较高的通气组织、保护组织、薄壁组织及输导组织等．研究结果表明,不同土壤型羊草具有明显的种内差异．     

Measurement and simulation of the morphological development of filamentous microorganisms

Growth of Streptomyces tendae was investigated in submerged culture. Images of several mycelia were analyzed by means of an image-processing system. The studies revealed that tip growth angles and branching outgrowth angles could be regarded as normally distributed. Based on these results, a random model for directional growth of hyphal tips as well as directional growth of branches is proposed. This model shows curved elongation of hyphal tips, so that the morphological development of a mycelium up to the formation of a pellet is predicted, similar to that observed in nature.     

铝胁迫对入侵植物北美车前生长特性和生物量分配的影响

探讨了铝胁迫对入侵植物北美车前生长特性和生物量分配的影响.结果表明:低浓度( 100 mg/L)的铝胁迫处理对北美车前的生长无显著影响,高浓度(2 000 mg/L)使植株叶片数减少、叶面积变小;短时间高浓度铝胁迫促进北美车前的抽穗数,长时间(30 d)铝胁迫处理后穗生长受到抑制,这种抑制作用在高浓度铝胁迫处理下表现尤...     

光强对烟草幼苗形态和生理指标的影响

通过白纱布遮荫模拟不同光生境条件(透光率分别为100%、68.2%、35.4%和16.7%),研究了光强因子对烟草幼苗形态和生理指标的影响.结果表明:随相对光强的减弱,幼苗高度增加,茎粗、干鲜比、叶片厚度和单位叶面积质量均呈降低趋势,幼苗干物质积累减少,但其对叶数的影响不大.弱光条件下,叶片自由水、叶绿素、总氮和蛋白质含量增加,束缚水含量降低,叶绿素a/b值减小,转化酶活性降低;烟草幼苗根系相对不发达,根冠比和根生物量减小,根系活力降低.表明弱光条件不利于培育烟草壮苗,生产中应尽可能改善苗床的光照条件.     

A combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of Parthenocissus (Vitaceae) and taxonomic implications

Parthenocissus (the Virginia creeper genus, Vitaceae) consists of 13 species and shows a disjunct distribution between Asia and North America. We investigated the inflorescence structure, calyx morphology, appendages on the inner side of petals, leaf epidermis, pollen and seed characters throughout the genus. A combined phylogenetic analysis with 27 morphological and 4137 molecular characters was conducted and the result was largely congruent with that of the previous molecular work, but with higher resolution. The combined analysis identified two clades corresponding to the Asian and North American taxa. Parthenocissus feddei was resolved as closely related to the clade containing P. cuspidifera, P. heterophylla and P. semicordata. The four species share synapomorphies of having conspicuously raised veinlets, an obscurely five‐ (to eight‐) lobed calyx, appendages on the inner side of petals covering the entire length of anthers and foveolate pollen exine ornamentation. Within the Old World clade, the pentafoliolate species were weakly supported as more closely related to species with both simple and trifoliolate leaves. Furthermore, the ancestral states of tendril apices, inflorescence structure, appendages on the inner side of petals and exine ornamentation of pollen grains were reconstructed on the molecular strict consensus tree. The appendages on the inner side of petals and exine ornamentation of pollen grains were suggested to be important characters in the taxonomy of Parthenocissus, especially for species with trifoliolate leaves. Finally, the previous classifications of Parthenocissus were evaluated within the phylogenetic framework. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, ?? , ??–??.     

昆虫复眼形态结构及感光机制研究进展

复眼是昆虫的主要视觉器官,昆虫复眼形态、结构的研究是理解昆虫感光的基础。本文从昆虫复眼的外部形态、内部微观结构和功能以及对光的感受机制作一简要综述,且对今后昆虫复眼的研究方向进行了展望。     

土壤水分胁迫对玉米形态发育及产量的影响

未来气候变化可能加剧的干旱化将对我国主要粮食和最重要的饲料作物玉米产生严重影响。为增进玉米对干旱化响应与适应的理解及制定应对策略 ,利用大型活动遮雨棚及池栽对玉米进行了全程水分控制试验研究。对不同土壤水分胁迫下的玉米形态表征、生长发育及产量的分析表明 ,玉米受干旱胁迫的影响程度因受旱轻重、持续时间以及生育进程的不同而不同 ,受旱越重 ,持续时间越长 ,影响越甚。大喇叭口期前 ,玉米株高和生物产量受有限供水或轻度干旱影响不算很大 ,但从大喇叭口期后直至抽雄和灌浆期 ,轻度干旱胁迫持续久了也会对株高和生物产量产生较大不良影响。严重干旱胁迫则从拔节始至灌浆期均对株高和生物产量影响更为不利。进而引起果穗性状恶化 ,穗粒数和百粒重减小 ,最终导致经济产量大幅下降。说明玉米生育前期(大喇叭口期前 )进行有限的控水可行。而玉米生育前期干旱胁迫将使生育进程明显延缓 ,严重干旱胁迫可使抽雄、吐丝期较水分充足滞后 4 d左右 ,并引起成熟期推迟     

植被的防治风蚀作用

土壤风蚀是造成干旱、半干旱地区土地荒漠化与沙尘暴灾害的首要因素,也是目前全球性的主要环境问题之一.许多研究表明,通过植物防治风蚀是一种最根本、经济而有效的措施.本文在阅读大量国内外该领域文献的基础上,介绍了目前研究植被防治风蚀作用的风洞实验、野外观测和模型模拟3种主要方法,阐述了植被防治风蚀作用的机理及影响因素,并结合当前国内存在的一些问题和不足,对今后应重点开展的研究和需要解决的问题作了探讨.     

A critical review of ontogenetic development in Terebellidae (Polychaeta)

Garraffoni, A.R.S. and Lana, P.C. 2009. A critical review of ontogenetic development in Terebellidae (Polychaeta). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91 : 390–401. This study reviews the ontogenetic variability of the head, the first segments and the uncini in Terebellidae, based on primary literature and development series of four terebellid species. We test hypotheses on character homologies and indicate informative characters for future phylogenetic analyses. The prostomium, identified as the region above the prototroch band of the larva, in addition to being the region of origin of the buccal tentacles, contains a series of nerves originating from the cerebrum. The peristomium, which contains the mouth, is innervated by the stomogastric nerve and consists of upper and lower lips and an internal pharynx. The loss of the first notochaetae and neurochaetae in the course of development is a recurrent pattern in terebellids. The claviform chaetae disappear with age and growth, and can be used to define the larval stage. Chaetogenesis shows that the long shaft‐shaped manubrium and posterior process develop from different regions. The uncini terminology ‘double rows’ was reinterpreted and renamed ‘inverted rows’, which better reflects the inversion of chaetal positions during ontogenetic development.