几个气候区木本植物的开花结果物候

分析了我国海南和广东、秦岭、东北等不同森林气候区木本植物开花、结果物候以及果实和种子大小分布的规律。三个区系的开花、结果物候和种子、果实大小分布,都有类似的格局。但随着纬度的升高,一年中植物开花和结果的时间更加集中,海南和广东整年都有木本植物开花,秦岭有10个月左右,而东北仅有7个月。并且随着纬度升高,开花高峰的时间较迟,而结果高峰的时间较早。在海南和广东,热带区系成分和温带区系成分的木本植物,一年中开花和结果物候格局是很一致的。三个区系木本植物的果实和种子大小分布的格局也是很相似的,但海南和广东植物果实和种子大小范围较大,较多样,随着纬度升高,果实和种子大小范围变小,较单调。三个区系木本植物最小的果实的大小都差不多,为0．1cm,但最小的种子的大小却很不相同,随着纬度的升高而增大,开花和结果物候与月均气温及降水量的相关性因不同的区系而不同．鼎湖山常见木本植物果熟期和气候因子的相关性比结果期更显著。     

西安木本植物物候与气候要素的关系

根据1963–2007年中国物候观测网西安观测站的物候和气温、降水资料,分析了西安站34种木本植物春季展叶始期、展叶盛期、始花期和盛花期等4个关键物候期的变化趋势、对气候变化的阶段响应特点及其与气温、降水变化的关系。结果表明,1963年以来,西安地区气温呈显著上升趋势,特别是1994年前后,气温发生明显突变,上升趋势更加明显;西安春季物候变化主要呈现提前趋势。在45年中,观测到的34种植物的展叶始期平均提前1天,展叶盛期平均提前1.4天,始花期平均提前9天,盛花期平均提前12天;以突变点为界,34个物种1995–2007年的4种物候期比1963–1994年平均提前了4.34±0.77天;春季物候期的早晚主要受春季气温的影响,特别是春季物候期发生当月和上一月的平均气温对物候期的影响最为显著。叶物候和物候发生期前一月的降水量有较为明显的相关关系,花物候期和降水的关系不明显。     

浙江古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林开花物候:气候因素、系统发育关系和功能性状的影响

植物的开花物候受气候因素、植物系统发育关系和功能性状的影响。然而当前植物开花物候研究中未见同时考虑这3个因素的报道。为了解它们相互之间的影响, 本研究利用中国东部地区浙江省古田山国家级自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林24 ha大样地(GTS; 118°03′50′′-118°11′12.2′′ E, 29°10′19′′-29°17′41′′ N)设置的130个种子雨收集器5年的开花数据检验这3个因素对开花的影响。结果表明, 古田山植物的开花高峰期集中在5月, 群落开花格局明显受温度和降雨的影响。利用植物DNA条形码数据研究发现, 植物间系统发育关系对古田山植物开花时间有显著影响, 亲缘关系近的物种开花时间更相近。植物的平均开花时间受最大树高的影响, 但不受传粉方式、花色、种子质量和扩散方式的影响。该研究结果说明气候因素、植物系统发育关系和功能性状都可能影响植物开花物候格局, 同时考虑这3个因素能够帮助我们更好地理解开花物候格局。     

蒙古莸的开花物候与生殖特征

通过对蒙古莸自然种群和人工种群的开花物候进程观察,统计不同种群的结实率,分析开花物候对其生殖成功的影响。结果表明:(1)蒙古莸花期在7月末至9月中旬,人工种群较自然种群的开花物候明显提前,其中始花期提早4～5d,但两个种群的花期持续天数基本一致。(2)蒙古莸个体间具有较高的开花同步性,不同种群蒙古莸植株的开花同步性指数均大于0.80,且自然种群略高;晴好天气下绝大多数花朵都集中在上午10:00以前开放,阴雨天则延迟开放或者不开放,这种"集中开花模式"增加了传粉者的访问频率,是蒙古莸提高生态适应性、保障其生殖成功的一种表现。(3)开花物候指数与结实数之间的相关分析表明,花序水平上,开花数及花期持续时间与结实数呈极显著正相关关系。     

绵枣儿的开花物候与传粉特性

该文对绵枣儿的开花物候与传粉特性进行了研究,分析了绵枣儿的开花进程、开花物候指数、开花物候指数对其生殖成功的影响,重点探讨了绵枣儿对传粉昆虫的种类及其活动规律。结果表明:(1)绵枣儿始花日期为7月中下旬,单株持续时间15 d左右,种群持续时间30~35 d。呈现出"M"型开花物候曲线,其两年的开花同步指数分别为0.862、0.885,表明开花的年际间差异较小。并且分析出植株的相对开花强度分布在30%~60%之间。(2)相关分析表明:绵枣儿的开花数目与坐果数和持续时间呈现出极显著正相关(P0.01),绵枣儿的持续时间与坐果数之间呈现出显著相关(P0.05),而其始花日期与开花数目、坐果数和持续时间并没有显现出相关性,即绵枣儿植株开花的数目越多,其坐果率越高,持续时间也就越长。(3)绵枣儿的访花昆虫总共有14种,可分属为5目10科。其中传粉昆虫有5科10种。该研究结果表明各传粉昆虫在单花停留的时间和其访花频率上呈现出显著的差异,在日访花频率上也差异明显。     

准噶尔无叶豆的开花物候与生殖特征

 为了研究沙漠稀有植物准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)的开花物候特征及其对生殖成功的影响, 2005和2006年连续两年对其自然种群的开花物候和开花过程中的花部表型变化进行了观察, 并运用相对开花振幅、开花强度和开花同步性等开花物候指数研究了开花物候特征。结果表明: 准噶尔无叶豆在5月下旬至6月中下旬开花, 其种群、个体、花序和单花的花期分别历时26~29 d、8~10 d、5~7 d和2~3 d。单花开花进程依其形态和散粉特征可分为散粉前期、散粉初期、散粉盛期和凋谢期4个时期。其个体水平的开花物候进程(开花振幅曲线)呈渐进式单峰曲线, 具有很高的开花同步指数, 表现出一种集中开花的模式。开花物候指数与座果数之间的相关分析结果表明, 始花日期与花期持续时间存在负相关关系, 而与开花数和座果数存在正相关关系; 花期持续时间与开花数和座果数存在显著正相关关系。准噶尔无叶豆个体开花物候在很大程度上是由其遗传因子决定的, 而开花物候在年度间的变异, 可能是由于荒漠气候的差异(主要是水分和温度的差异)所引起的。作为沙漠窄域分布特有种, 准噶尔无叶豆在环境和人为干扰的双重选择压力下, 为了吸引更多的传粉者访问而达到生殖成功, 形成了大量集中开花的模式。     

迁地保护条件下两种沙冬青的开花物候比较研究

沙冬青属(Ammopiptanthus)植物是我国西北荒漠区唯一的常绿阔叶灌木。作者对吐鲁番沙漠植物园迁地保护的两种沙冬青的开花物候进行了详细的比较观察,旨在探讨它们在同一生境条件下开花特性的异同点及其影响因素。主要结果如下:(1)两种植物在开花频率、花序开放顺序、开花振幅曲线及单花寿命等开花参数上相似,但在始花时间、单株花期、花序的开花数及开放持续时间与频率分布、开花振幅等参数上明显不同;(2)在个体和群体水平上,蒙古沙冬青(A.mongolicus)始花时间均比新疆沙冬青(A.nanus)早,蒙古沙冬青开花全过程为20–21d,新疆沙冬青为13–14d;(3)蒙古沙冬青花序的开花数比新疆沙冬青多、开放持续时间长,两者在开花数(F=17.51,P<0.01)和持续时间(F=14.08,P<0.01)上均存在显著差异;(4)花序上的花大多从近基部向两端开放,开花振幅呈单峰曲线,但新疆沙冬青的开花振幅较高;(5)花序开放持续期的频率分布明显不同,新疆沙冬青较蒙古沙冬青更为集中,但两者的单花寿命稳定,均在7d左右;(6)花序上每天的开花数与其座果数呈正相关(蒙古沙冬青,r=0.885,P<0.05;新疆沙冬青,r=0.827,P<0.01),但其开花数和座果数与始花时间存在不同程度的相关关系,这些特点可能与开花对传粉者的吸引以及物种本身的遗传特性有关。对上述观察结果及其影响因素的分析表明,两种植物在开花参数上所表现出的一致性可能是受系统发育限制的,而彼此间的差异可能与其进化历史及所处的环境异质性有关,是在与环境的长期适应过程中分别形成的一些可遗传的变异;而不同年份间两种沙冬青在花序的开花数及开放持续时间上表现出的差异可能与环境温度的变化有关。这些结果对于探讨该属植物的繁殖生物学特性及其保护对策具有重要意义。     

濒危植物矮沙冬青开花物候研究

对矮沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus Cheng f.)的形态学特征、开花物候及花空间分布进行了研究,结果表明:在单花、花序、单株、居群水平上的开花物候都表现出很强的开花不同步性,在单花、单花序水平主要表现在单花寿命4~9 d不等,平均(6.74±1.23)d,以7 d出现的频率最高;单花序开花持续时间范围在4~13 d,平均(8.33±2.63)d,以10 d出现的频率最高;单株及居群水平上表现更为明显.矮沙冬青的花具有虫媒传粉的特征,花主要分布在花枝的上部,下部花所占比例很小,有很多花枝花全部为上部花.相关性分析表明上部花和总花数相关性极显著(r=0.990,P<0.01),而中部花、下部花和总花数的相关性不显著,甚至呈负相关.单株不同方位开花数量差异不显著(F=0.0579,P>0.05).     

短命植物角茴香的开花物候与生殖特征

为了研究角茴香的开花物候特征及其对生殖成功的影响,于2015年对其自然种群各水平的开花物候指数、开花过程中的花部特征变化和结实特性进行了观察和统计。结果表明：（1）角茴香种群花期为4月下旬至5月下旬,种群水平的花期持续时间为36 d。（2）单花具有独特的花瓣结构,其内层花瓣由白色的侧裂片和黄色的兜状中裂片构成,中裂片是角茴香植物花粉二次呈现的关键功能器官;开花进程依其外层花瓣开裂大小可分为4个阶段,即外层花瓣顶端未张口、外层花瓣顶端张口5~7 mm、外层花瓣顶端张口12~14 mm和外层花瓣顶端张口3~5 mm。（3）花序水平的开花振幅曲线呈渐进式单峰曲线,开花同步指数为0.748,个体水平表现出较高的相对开花强度,其分布频度的偏斜率为0.45,主要频度范围分别集中在20%~30%和50%~70%之间。（4）花序水平的始花日期与花期持续时间存在显著负相关关系,开花数与座果数存在显著正相关关系。（5）自然状态下,角茴香结实率和结籽率分别是82.7%±0.1%和93.6%±0.8%。角茴香开花强度分布频度上出现的高、低强度的分异趋势是吸引传粉者、促进结实的有效生殖对策。     

中国特有植物血水草开花物候与生殖特性

于2008年3-5月对分布在井冈山的血水草(Eomecon chionantha Hance )5个自然种群的开花物候进行了观察,运用开花振幅、相对开花强度和开花同步性等指数研究了其开花物候特征及其对该种生殖成功的影响.结果表明:血水草开花时间为3月下旬-5月上旬,种群花期历时24 ～46 d,个体平均开花持续时间为11～21 d,单花花期一般为3～5d;井冈山血水草种群的开花物候进程呈单峰曲线模式具有一个开花高峰期,表现出一种“集中开花模式”;与大多数亚热带植物一样,血水草具有较低的相对开花强度,分布频率集中在10％ ～30％.开花物候指数与生殖间的相关分析结果表明:始花时间与花期持续时间呈显著负相关,而与开花数和坐果率呈显著正相关;花期持续时间与开花数和坐果率呈显著正相关;同步性指数与始花时间、开花数、花期持续时间呈负相关.血水草“集中开花模式”是其在长期的进化过程中适应周围气候条件及生境的一种生殖保障.     

传粉方式和果实类型对木本植物繁殖物候的影响

该研究利用谱系独立比较法(Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts,PIC)和Wilcoxon秩和检验法,分析中国科学院植物研究所植物园(39°54'N,116°12'E)中的84个物种170株个体的传粉方式和果实类型对木本开花时间和结实时间的影响,其中Wilcoxon秩和检验法检验的结果作为PIC检验结果的参考。结果表明:(1)传粉方式显著影响植物开花和结实时间,风媒花植物比虫媒花植物开花和结实早;(2)果实类型对结实时间的影响在考虑和不考虑物种间系统发育关系时表现不同,当不考虑物种间系统发育关系时,肉质果实植物结实时间比非肉质果实植物早;(3)不同的传粉方式间以及不同的果实类型间植物的花果间隙期无显著差异,但本研究结果显示肉质果实植物结实时间比非肉质果实植物大约早20d。由此推论:(1)植物固有属性,如传粉方式和果实类型,会影响植物繁殖物候,且不同的属性影响强度不同;(2)与某一特定物候期或繁殖器官相关性大的属性对该物候期的影响可能更大,如传粉方式对开花时间的影响可能大于其对结实时间的影响,而果实类型对结实物候期的影响更大。     

西安和宝鸡木本植物花期物候变化及温度敏感度对比

植物物候是指示生态系统对气候变化响应的重要证据。已有研究多基于代表性站点的物候观测数据研究物候特征及其对气候变化的响应规律。同一气候区内,不同站点的物候变化及对温度变化响应的敏感度是否一致仍需深入探讨。本文选择同属于暖温带湿润区汾渭平原气候区的西安和宝鸡为研究区,利用"中国物候观测网"在两个站点21个共有物种的开花始期和开花末期数据,比较了1987—2016年两站点各植物花期物候变化特征及其对温度变化响应的敏感度差异。结果表明,西安和宝鸡各物种的开花始期和开花末期均以提前趋势为主。大部分物种开花始期在西安的提前趋势(平均趋势-0.57 d/a)明显强于在宝鸡的提前趋势(平均趋势-0.29 d/a),但开花末期趋势差异不显著。除紫薇和迎春的敏感度差异较大外,其他物种开花始期和开花末期的温度敏感度在两站点间非常接近,无显著差异。由此可见,在同一气候区的不同站点,因增温幅度不同,植物的始花期变化存在较大差异,不能用单站点的物候变化反映整个气候区的物候变化。但同一植物在单站点的温度敏感度可以较好的反映同一气候区其他站点的植物物候-气候关系。本文研究结果可为利用有限站点的物候观测数据分析区域物候...     

Meta-analysis of phenotypic selection on flowering phenology suggests that early flowering plants are favoured

Flowering times of plants are important life-history components and it has previously been hypothesized that flowering phenologies may be currently subject to natural selection or be selectively neutral. In this study we reviewed the evidence for phenotypic selection acting on flowering phenology using ordinary and phylogenetic meta-analysis. Phenotypic selection exists when a phenotypic trait co-varies with fitness; therefore, we looked for studies reporting an association between two components of flowering phenology (flowering time or flowering synchrony) with fitness. Data sets comprising 87 and 18 plant species were then used to assess the incidence and strength of phenotypic selection on flowering time and flowering synchrony, respectively. The influence of dependence on pollinators, the duration of the reproductive event, latitude and plant longevity as moderators of selection were also explored. Our results suggest that selection favours early flowering plants, but the strength of selection is influenced by latitude, with selection being stronger in temperate environments. However, there is no consistent pattern of selection on flowering synchrony. Our study demonstrates that phenotypic selection on flowering time is consistent and relatively strong, in contrast to previous hypotheses of selective neutrality, and has implications for the evolution of temperate floras under global climate change.     

Substantial variation in leaf senescence times among 1360 temperate woody plant species: implications for phenology and ecosystem processes

Background and Aims Autumn leaf senescence marks the end of the growing season in temperate ecosystems. Its timing influences a number of ecosystem processes, including carbon, water and nutrient cycling. Climate change is altering leaf senescence phenology and, as those changes continue, it will affect individual woody plants, species and ecosystems. In contrast to spring leaf out times, however, leaf senescence times remain relatively understudied. Variation in the phenology of leaf senescence among species and locations is still poorly understood.Methods Leaf senescence phenology of 1360 deciduous plant species at six temperate botanical gardens in Asia, North America and Europe was recorded in 2012 and 2013. This large data set was used to explore ecological and phylogenetic factors associated with variation in leaf senescence.Key Results Leaf senescence dates among species varied by 3 months on average across the six locations. Plant species tended to undergo leaf senescence in the same order in the autumns of both years at each location, but the order of senescence was only weakly correlated across sites. Leaf senescence times were not related to spring leaf out times, were not evolutionarily conserved and were only minimally influenced by growth habit, wood anatomy and percentage colour change or leaf drop. These weak patterns of leaf senescence timing contrast with much stronger leaf out patterns from a previous study.Conclusions The results suggest that, in contrast to the broader temperature effects that determine leaf out times, leaf senescence times are probably determined by a larger or different suite of local environmental effects, including temperature, soil moisture, frost and wind. Determining the importance of these factors for a wide range of species represents the next challenge for understanding how climate change is affecting the end of the growing season and associated ecosystem processes.     

北京地区木本春季物候特征与生物学特性的关系

植物物候是植物生活史中的重要性状,也是指示气候与自然环境变化的重要指标,现已成为全球变化领域的研究热点之一。传统物候研究多假设物候由气候因素决定,如气温、降水、光照等,并主要从植物物候的年际变化角度探讨了气候因素对物候特征的影响。然而,不同物种的物候存在较大差异表明植物物候还与自身生物学特性（如系统发育和功能性状）有关,但植物生物学特性如何影响植物物候仍缺乏深入研究。基于北京地区44种木本植物1965-2018年的展叶始期和开花始期观测资料,以展叶始期和开花始期的3类物候特征（平均物候期、物候对温度的响应敏感度和物候期的积温需求）为例,探究植物物候特征与系统发育和功能性状的关系。首先,利用系统发育信号Blomberg’s K和进化模型检验植物物候特征是否具有系统发育保守性,并通过系统发育信号表征曲线直观表达植物物候特征的进化模式;之后,利用广义估计方程分析植物生活型、传粉型与物候特征的关系,以揭示不同植物的资源利用方式及生存策略的差异。研究发现：（1）除展叶始期的温度敏感度外,其余物候特征的进化均受随机遗传漂变和自然选择力的共同作用,可推断物候特征具有系统发育保守性,即亲缘关系越近的物种物候特征越相似。（2）开花始期的系统发育信号强度比展叶始期更大,表明繁殖物候的系统发育可能比生长物候更保守。（3）植物展叶始期及其积温需求与生活型密切相关。灌木比乔木的展叶时间早、积温需求少。植物开花始期与传粉型相关,风媒植物开花显著早于虫媒植物。研究成果有助于深入理解物候变化的生物学机制,对于丰富物候学的理论研究有重要意义,同时对植物保护也具有重要的指导价值。     

Diversification of floral orientation in Lonicera is associated with pollinator shift and flowering phenology

Floral orientation has been suggested to be a functional floral trait that can enhance reproductive fitness through adaptation to both biotic factors (e.g., pollination) and abiotic factors (e.g., temperature). However, whether those factors drive the diversification of floral orientation needs to be explored through multiple related species. Phylogenetic relationships in Lonicera were identified by incorporating the species’ floral orientation (upward vs. downward) and pollinator types. Furthermore, transitions in floral orientation were evaluated together with pollinator shift, and seven Lonicera species were used to detect the influence of floral orientation on pollination and reproductive success. The relationship between temperature and the angle of floral orientation was investigated. Floral orientation in Lonicera showed that most of the closely related species within the same node displayed a similar pattern of floral orientation, and pollinator shift can lead to transitions between upward and downward orientation. Additionally, the angle of floral orientation increased with flowering phenology from spring to summer, and changing floral orientation significantly decreased pollination and seed production. Moreover, the average daily temperature during flowering phenology was significantly correlated with the angle of floral orientation. Our results indicate that pollinator shift could be an important event, leading to the diversification of floral orientation. Results of field investigations inferred that floral orientation should be a functional floral trait adapted to flowering phenology. Downward-facing flowers might help decrease heat loss to adapt to cold conditions. This study disentangled the influences of historical events and local adaptation on the evolution of floral orientation.     

Asynchronicity in root and shoot phenology in grasses and woody plants

Phenology is central to understanding vegetation response to climate change, as well as vegetation effects on plant resources, but most temporal production data is based on shoots, especially those of trees. In contrast, most production in temperate and colder regions is belowground, and is frequently dominated by grasses. We report root and shoot phenology in 7‐year old monocultures of 10 dominant species (five woody species, five grasses) in southern Canada. Woody shoot production was greatest about 8 weeks before the peak of root production, whereas grass shoot maxima preceded root maxima by 2–4 weeks. Over the growing season, woody root, and grass root and shoot production increased significantly with soil temperature. In contrast, the timing of woody shoot production was not related to soil temperature (r=0.01). The duration of root production was significantly greater than that of shoot production (grasses: 22%, woody species: 54%). Woody species produced cooler and moister soils than grasses, but growth forms did not affect seasonal patterns of soil conditions. Although woody shoots are the current benchmark for phenology studies, the other three components examined here (woody plant roots, grass shoots and roots) differed greatly in peak production time, as well as production duration. These results highlight that shoot and root phenology is not coincident, and further, that major plant growth forms differ in their timing of above‐ and belowground production. Thus, considering total plant phenology instead of only tree shoot phenology should provide a better understanding of ecosystem response to climate change.     

Genetic variation in flowering phenology and avoidance of seed predation in native populations of Ulex europaeus

The genetic variation in flowering phenology may be an important component of a species’ capacity to colonize new environments. In native populations of the invasive species Ulex europaeus, flowering phenology has been shown to be bimodal and related to seed predation. The aim of the present study was to determine if this bimodality has a genetic basis, and to investigate whether the polymorphism in flowering phenology is genetically linked to seed predation, pod production and growth patterns. We set up an experiment raising maternal families in a common garden. Based on mixed analyses of variance and correlations among maternal family means, we found genetic differences between the two main flowering types and confirmed that they reduced seed predation in two different ways: escape in time or predator satiation. We suggest that this polymorphism in strategy may facilitate maintain high genetic diversity for flowering phenology and related life‐history traits in native populations of this species, hence providing high evolutionary potential for these traits in invaded areas.