红脂大小蠹幼虫和成虫耐寒能力及耐寒物质的研究

为明确红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte的耐寒能力以及主要耐寒物质,对越冬期幼虫和成虫的过冷却点及冰点进行了测定,同时对越冬期及非越冬期幼虫和成虫体内的抗冻保护物质进行了测定.结果表明,越冬期幼虫和成虫的过冷却点差异不显著,分别为-18.34±0.26℃和-18.59±0.63℃,冰点差异显著,分别为-10.17±0.36℃和-15.90±0.70.越冬期幼虫体内脂肪、甘油、海藻糖和山梨醇含量均显著高于非越冬期幼虫,水分、糖原和蛋白质含量差异不显著;越冬期成虫体内糖原、甘油、海藻糖和山梨醇含量均显著高于非越冬期成虫,水分、脂肪和蛋白质含量差异不显著.甘油、海藻糖、山梨醇是红脂大小蠹幼虫和成虫的主要抗冻保护物质,在越冬过程中发挥重要作用;此外,脂肪在红脂大小蠹幼虫越冬过程中也发挥重要作用,糖原在红脂大小蠹成虫越冬过程中发挥重要作用.     

日本龟蜡蚧雌成虫越冬前后耐寒性及相关生化物质含量的变化

【目的】了解日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green越冬前后对低温的耐受性和低温生存对策。【方法】采用热电偶法测定了日本龟蜡蚧雌成虫越冬前(10月)、越冬期(1月)及越冬后(4月)的过冷却点和冰点;采用生理生化方法测定了其体内的水分、脂肪、甘油、总糖、糖原以及海藻糖的含量。【结果】日本龟蜡蚧越冬期的过冷却点和冰点最低,分别为-13.74℃和-10.13℃,与越冬前(分别为-13.30℃和-9.95℃)差异不显著,但显著低于越冬后的(分别为-11.88℃和-7.12℃)。体内含水量在越冬期最低,为11.28%,显著低于越冬前(28.84%)和越冬后(29.60%)的含水量。脂肪含量在越冬前和越冬期较高,分别为86.38%和85.77%,且显著高于越冬后的(77.63%)。甘油含量在越冬前、后和越冬期均无显著差异。总糖含量在越冬前和越冬期均显著高于越冬后的。糖原含量在越冬前、越冬期和越冬后分别为4.03,5.45和1.76μg/mg,三者差异显著,越冬后糖原含量显著降低。海藻糖含量在越冬前最高为14.72μg/mg,显著高于越冬期(6.85μg/mg)和越冬后(7.92μg/mg),但越冬期和越冬后差异不显著。【结论】本研究结果明确了日本龟蜡蚧在越冬前后、越冬期的抗寒能力及与抗寒相关物质含量的变化情况,可为正确评价日本龟蜡蚧低温适应性、预测地理分布和种群变化提供理论依据。     

异色瓢虫成虫耐寒能力的季节性变化

为研究异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis自然种群耐寒能力的季节性变化,测定了其过冷却点、体内含水量及总脂肪含量和低温存活力。结果表明：异色瓢虫成虫低温存活力呈现出明显的季节性变化,越冬前成虫的耐寒性显著强于夏季成虫和越冬后成虫。冷驯化（5℃, 5 d）可以显著提高夏季成虫的低温存活力。雌雄成虫过冷却点和体内含水量随气温的降低而降低,升高而升高。过冷却点7月份最高,分别为−7.6℃和−8.0℃;越冬中期（2008-01-15）最低,分别为−18.1℃ 和−16.9℃。雌雄成虫体内含水量9月份最高,分别为66.87%和68.01%,10月份显著降低,越冬后期（2008-02-19）最低,分别为52.94%和51.53%。越冬期间过冷却点和体内含水量显著低于其他时期。而雌雄成虫体内总脂肪含量在越冬开始就达到最高,分别为50.07%和47.93%,随后又逐渐降低,越冬期间显著高于其他时期。由此可知异色瓢虫自然种群的耐寒性呈现出明显的季节性变化,文中还就异色瓢虫自然种群耐寒性影响因素及其越冬策略进行了讨论。     

绿盲蝽越冬卵的耐寒能力

近年来,随着转基因棉花的大面积推广,绿盲蝽成为了我国棉花和果树生产的重要害虫。为了阐明绿盲蝽越冬生态适应性,研究了绿盲蝽卵在越冬过程中的耐寒力变化,测定了卵内生化物质的含量,结果表明:绿盲蝽越冬卵低温存活力呈现出明显的月份变化,在-10℃、-20℃处理下,绿盲蝽的越冬卵的半致死时间从大到小的顺序依次为:1月>2月>12月>3月>4月,在-30℃处理下从大到小的顺序依次为:1月>12月>3月>2月>4月。在极端低温(-20℃)下1、2、3、4和5 d后,4月份保护卵死亡率明显低于相同处理下的4月份裸露卵的死亡率,枣枝中的越冬卵死亡率分别为4.32%、5.36%、5.42%、6.79%和7.63%,剥离出来的越冬卵死亡率分别为46.06%、51.84%、54.59%、63.07%和74.41%。人工滞育卵的耐寒性强于正常发育卵的耐寒性,弱于自然越冬过程中滞育卵的耐寒性。冷驯化可以显著提高绿盲蝽越冬卵的低温存活力,在0℃冷驯化20 min后,越冬卵的低温(-20℃、100 h)死亡率显著降低,冷驯化40 min后,低温死亡率趋于平稳,均在37%左右。越冬卵体内物质呈明显的季节性变化,越冬卵越冬期的含水量显著高于越冬后,其中1月份最高(43.98%),4月份达到最低(38.79%)。越冬卵体内总脂肪含量在整个越冬过程中逐渐降低,从12月份的38.24%,降低到4月份的27.08%。蛋白质和糖的含量均是先降低后升高,其中蛋白质从12月份的78.77μg/mg,降低到1月份的59.80μg/mg,然后又逐渐升高至4月份的73.62μg/mg,体内总糖含量由12月份的39.60μg/mg降低至1月份的21.17μg/mg,然后又逐渐升高至4月份的35.10μg/mg。绿盲蝽越冬卵的耐寒力随着月份的变化而变化,在整个越冬期间表现出较强的抗寒性,能够抵御冬季低温,而其越冬场所的保护作用增加了其对于冬季严寒的适应性。     

雌雄福寿螺耐寒能力的差异

为了解福寿螺耐寒性是否存在性别差异,对华南地区的雌雄福寿螺进行了过冷却研究及低温胁迫下存活率调查,并对入冬前后其体内耐寒性生理生化物质进行测定.结果表明:雌雄螺的过冷却点均值分别为-6.83℃和-6.26℃,雌螺过冷却点显著低于雄螺;进入冬季后,福寿螺自由水含量明显下降,结合水、甘油、脂肪、糖原含量均出现明显上升,除甘油外,其余各耐寒性生理指标均存在极显著的性别差异;未经过冷驯化的雌雄福寿螺经过10℃处理7d后存活率均在90%以上,继续在5℃下培养7 d后存活率出现明显的性别差异和壳高差异.野外调查发现在福寿螺自然种群中雌螺多于雄螺.表明福寿螺雌螺的耐寒能力强于雄螺.这对进一步探索福寿螺的生态适应性、自然性比及其耐寒性机制有一定的参考价值.     

雌雄福寿螺耐寒能力的差异

为了解福寿螺耐寒性是否存在性别差异,对华南地区的雌雄福寿螺进行了过冷却研究及低温胁迫下存活率调查,并对入冬前后其体内耐寒性生理生化物质进行测定.结果表明: 雌雄螺的过冷却点均值分别为-6.83 ℃和-6.26 ℃,雌螺过冷却点显著低于雄螺;进入冬季后,福寿螺自由水含量明显下降,结合水、甘油、脂肪、糖原含量均出现明显上升,除甘油外,其余各耐寒性生理指标均存在极显著的性别差异;未经过冷驯化的雌雄福寿螺经过10 ℃处理7 d后存活率均在90%以上,继续在5 ℃下培养7 d后存活率出现明显的性别差异和壳高差异.野外调查发现在福寿螺自然种群中雌螺多于雄螺.表明福寿螺雌螺的耐寒能力强于雄螺.这对进一步探索福寿螺的生态适应性、自然性比及其耐寒性机制有一定的参考价值.     

双委夜蛾不同虫态耐寒性及体内生化物质含量变化

【目的】探索双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis(Hampson)的耐寒策略及越冬虫态。【方法】以室内双委夜蛾种群为虫源,分别测定3龄、4龄、5龄、6龄和老熟幼虫以及蛹的过冷却点(supercooling point,SCP)、结冰点(freezing point,FP)、含水量以及脂肪、蛋白质、甘油、山梨醇和海藻糖含量。【结果】不同龄期幼虫和蛹之间过冷却点和结冰点存在显著差异,低龄幼虫SCP和FP较高;随着龄期增长,二者均降低,老熟幼虫的SCP和FP最低,分别为-18.20℃和-11.72℃。不同龄期幼虫和蛹的生化物质含量均存在显著差异。随着龄期的增加,含水量和甘油含量呈降低的趋势,蛹的含水量(65.33%)和甘油含量(154.90μg/mg)最低;脂肪和蛋白质含量随龄期的增加呈现增加的趋势,蛹的脂肪和蛋白质含量最高,分别为25.36%和2 298.37μg/mg。老熟幼虫海藻糖含量相对较高(57.28 mg/g),而山梨醇含量较低(15.49 mg/g)。【结论】与其他龄期相比,双委夜蛾老熟幼虫和蛹的耐寒性最强,是最可能的越冬虫态;脂肪、蛋白质和海藻糖可能是双委夜蛾重要的耐寒物质。     

异色瓢虫不同色斑型成虫的耐寒性研究

【目的】研究异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridi不同色斑型成虫的耐寒能力,以明确其色斑型比例所呈现的季节性变化的适应意义。【方法】本文测定了异色瓢虫实验种群和自然种群不同色斑型成虫的过冷却点(Supercooling point,SCP)及低温存活率。【结果】同一发育温度下异色瓢虫实验种群不同色斑型成虫的SCP和低温存活率均没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但是低温暴露中饲养在25℃下成虫的存活率下降更为剧烈。异色瓢虫自然种群黑底型与黄底型成虫的SCP呈现出明显的季节性变化,其SCP在7月份最高,分别为﹣8.2℃和﹣7.5℃;在1月份达到最低,分别为﹣16.8℃和﹣18.2℃。越冬开始(11月)黑底型成虫的SCP低于黄底型成虫的,整个越冬期间黄底型成虫的SCP一直低于黑底型成虫的,但是异色瓢虫黑底型与黄底型越冬成虫的低温存活率却没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。【结论】越冬期间异色瓢虫黄底型成虫的SCP低于黑底型的,这样可以通过体液过冷却的方式来避免结冰造成的伤害,以增强其越冬种群的耐寒能力,这也可能是越冬期间异色瓢虫黄底型成虫数量显著上升的一个原因。     

滞育七星瓢虫的代谢适应与抗寒性评价

滞育是部分昆虫固有的适应逆境胁迫的遗传属性,七星瓢虫具有显著的滞育现象。本文以七星瓢虫雌成虫为试材,研究正常发育、滞育及滞育解除后3组处理试虫糖、脂、蛋白等关键代谢物质含量波动规律,总结滞育期间的代谢适应特点,解析其与过冷却能力的相关性,探索滞育对七星瓢虫逆境胁迫耐受力的促升效应,丰富七星瓢虫的滞育基础理论研究。利用物质干湿重差数法测定七星瓢虫的含水量;利用氯仿-甲醇(体积比为2∶1)法抽提除去自由水个体的脂肪;总糖、海藻糖、甘油、山梨醇及总蛋白的测定采用标准曲线法,利用SUN-II型智能昆虫过冷却点测定仪测定七星瓢虫的过冷却点(supercooling point,SCP)。结果表明,七星瓢虫滞育组含水量(58.11%±6.55%)显著低于正常发育组(68.49%±2.26%)和滞育解除组(65.84%±4.02%)(F=8.15,P0.01),滞育解除后含水量恢复至正常发育组水平;滞育组总糖(10.60±0.54μg/mg)、糖原(8.72±0.62μg/mg)、脂肪(173.66±19.01μg/mg)含量远远高于正常发育组和滞育解除组(F=46.57,P=0.0006;F=114.25,P0.0001;F=8.48,P0.01);滞育组总蛋白含量(49.20±3.80μg/mg)显著低于正常发育组(71.02±6.15μg/mg)和滞育解除组(69.45±4.66μg/mg)(F=46.57,P=0.0006);滞育组中海藻糖(1.31±0.27μg/mg)、甘油(1.74±0.50μg/mg)、山梨醇(9.84±3.02μg/mg)含量与正常发育组、滞育解除组无显著性差异(F=0.79,P=0.4946;F=1.33,P=0.3004;F=1.69,P=0.2387)。七星瓢虫在滞育条件下其过冷却点(-16.53℃±1.44℃)显著低于正常发育组(-14.07℃±1.33℃)和滞育解除组(-15.29℃±2.10℃)(F=13.47,P0.0001),经过滞育低温驯化后滞育解除组过冷却点较对照组有所降低。滞育诱发七星瓢虫发生显著的代谢适应,蛋白含量显著降低,抑制新陈代谢进程;糖脂含量显著升高,保障滞育维持及解除后发育的能量需求;七星瓢虫滞育属糖原积累型;滞育个体过冷却点大幅下降,耐寒性显著提升。     

蠋蝽抗寒性对快速冷驯化的响应及其生理机制

快速冷驯化可以提高某些昆虫的耐寒性.为了探讨不同冷驯化诱导温度对蝎蝽抗寒性的影响及其生理机制,以室内人工饲养的第3代蝎蝽成虫为对象,利用热电偶、液相色谱分析等技术手段,测定了经15、10、4℃冷驯化4h和梯度降温(依次在15、10、4℃各驯化4h)冷驯化后,蠋蝽成虫过冷却点、虫体含水率及小分子碳水化合物、甘油和氨基酸含量,及其在不同暴露温度(0、-5、-10℃)下的耐寒性.结果表明:处理后暴露在-10℃时,梯度处理组和4℃冷驯化处理组的蝎蝽成虫存活率为58.3％,其他处理组及对照组(室温饲养)的存活率显著降低,平均为8.9％;梯度处理组与4℃冷驯化处理组蠋蝽成虫过冷却点平均为-15.6℃,比其他处理平均降低1.3℃;各处理虫体含水率无显著差异,平均为61.8％;与其他各组相比,梯度处理组和4℃冷驯化组蠋蝽成虫的葡萄糖、山梨醇和甘油含量分别增加2.82、2.65和3.49倍,丙氨酸和谷氨酸含量分别增加51.3％和80.2％,海藻糖、甘露糖和脯氨酸含量分别下降68.4％、52.2％和30.2％,而果糖含量各组间无显著差异.快速冷驯化对蠋蝽成虫具有临界诱导温度值,梯度降温驯化不能在快速冷驯化的基础上提高蠋蝽成虫的抗寒性.     

贡嘎山峨眉冷杉树干呼吸空间特征及其对温度的响应

采用红外线气体分析仪-土壤呼吸气室水平测定法(HOSC)原位监测了贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)树干CO_2释放速率(E_s),分析了树干E_s与树干温度(T_(stem))的关系。贡嘎山峨眉冷杉树干E_s和T_(stem)空间变化格局明显,不同测定高度树干温度为0.3m1.3m2.3m,以1.3m处E_s最大;不同方向E_s和T_(stem)均表现为南面北面。生长季和非生长季的峨眉冷杉E_s分别在0.51—0.99μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)和0.14—0.22μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)之间波动。峨眉冷杉树E_s变化趋势和T_(stem)一致,二者具有显著的指数函数关系(P0.01)。峨眉冷杉非生长季树干呼吸Q_(10)显著高于生长季(P0.01),其中生长季变幅在1.9—3.0之间,非生长季在4.6—6.8之间,暗示个体或群落水平树干CO_2释放通量的估算应充分考虑树干E_s空间特征和Q_(10)变化。     

Cold stability of pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase of Flaveria brownii

The nucleotide sequences of the complementary DNA of pyruvate, P_i dikinase (PPDK) from Flaveria bidentis, a C₄ plant which possesses a cold-sensitive form of PPDK, and Flaveria brownii, a C₄-like plant which possesses a cold-tolerant form of PPDK, were determined. PPDK was isolated from the leaves of both Flaveria species and purified and the N-terminal amino acid sequences characterised. Together with a maize PPDK cDNA, cDNA inserts which code for the mature form of PPDK of F. bidentis and of F. brownii were expressed in bacteria and the cold sensitivity of the expressed PPDK studied. The cold sensitivity of the PPDK expressed in bacteria mimics the cold sensitivity of PPDK found in vivo in all three plant species. This study indicates that the cold sensitivity of plant PPDK is controlled by the primary structure of the enzyme.     

Effects of irradiance and temperature on photosynthesis in C3, C4 and C3/C4 Panicum species

Species in the Laxa and Grandia groups of the genus Panicum are adapted to low, wet areas of tropical and subtropical America. Panicum milioides is a species with C₃ photosynthesis and low apparent photorespiration and has been classified as a C₃/C₄ intermediate. Other species in the Laxa group are C₃ with normal photorespiration. Panicum prionitis is a C₄ species in the Grandia group. Since P. milioides has some leaf characteristics intermediate to C₃ and C₄ species, its photosynthetic response to irradiance and temperature was compared to the closely related C₃ species, P. laxum and P. boliviense and to P. prionitis. The response of apparent photosynthesis to irradiance and temperature was similar to that of P. laxum and P. boliviense, with saturation at a photosynthetic photo flux density of about 1 mmol m^-2 s^-1 at 30°C and temperature optimum near 30°C. In contrast, P. prionitis showed no light saturation up to 2 mmol m^-2 s^-1 and an optimum temperature near 40°C. P. milioides exhibited low CO₂ loss into CO₂-free air in the light and this loss was nearly insensitive to temperature. Loss of CO₂ in the light in the C₃ species, P. laxum and P. boliviense, was several-fold higher than in P. milioides and increased 2- to 5-fold with increases in temperature from 10 to 40°C. The level of dark respiration and its response to temperature were similar in all four Panicum species examined. It is concluded that the low apparent photorespiration in P. milioides does not influence its response of apparent photosynthesis to irradiance and temperature in comparison to closely related C₃ Panicum species.Abbreviations AP apparent photosynthesis - I CO₂ compensation point - gl leaf conductance; gm, mesophyll conductance - PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density - PR apparent photorespiration rate - RuBPC sibulose bisphosphate carboxylase     

Low levels of quantitative and molecular genetic differentiation among natural populations of Medicago ciliaris Kroch. (Fabaceae) of different Tunisian eco-geographical origin

In this paper, we analyze the genetic variability in four Tunisian natural populations of Medicago ciliaris using 19 quantitative traits and six polymorphic microsatellite loci. We investigated the amplification transferability of 30 microsatellites developed in the model legume M. truncatula to M. ciliaris. Results revealed that about 56.66% of analyzed markers are valuable genetic markers for M. ciliaris. The most genetic diversity at quantitative traits and microsatellite loci was found to occur within populations (>80%). Low differentiations among populations at quantitative traits Q _ST  = 0.146 and molecular markers F _ST  = 0.18 were found. The majority of measured traits exhibited no significant difference in the level of Q _ST and F _ST . Furthermore, significant correlations established between these traits and eco-geographical factors suggested that natural selection should be invoked to explain the level of phenotypic divergence among populations rather than drift. There was no significant correlation between population differentiation at quantitative traits and molecular markers. Significant spatial genetic structure consistent with models of isolation by distance was detected within all studied populations. The site-of-origin environmental factors explain about 9.07% of total phenotypic genetic variation among populations. The eco-geographical factors that influence more the variation of measured traits among populations are the soil texture and altitude. Nevertheless, there were no consistent pattern of associations between gene diversity (He) and environmental factors.     

Cold requirement for maximal activity of the bacterial ice nucleation protein INAZ in transgenic plants

The bacterial ice nucleation gene inaZ confers production of ice nuclei when transferred into transgenic plants. Conditioning of the transformed plant tissue at temperatures near 0°C greatly increased the ice nucleation activity in plants, and maximum ice nucleation activity was achieved only after low-temperature conditioning for about 48 h. Although the transgenic plants contain similar amounts of inaZ mRNA at both normal and low temperatures, low temperatures are required for accumulation of INAZ protein. We propose that the stability of the INAZ protein and thus ice nucleation activity in the transgenic plants is enhanced by low-temperature conditioning.     

On the integration of subthreshold inputs from Perforant Path and Schaffer Collaterals in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons

Using a realistic model of a CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neuron, we make experimentally testable predictions on the roles of the non-specific cation current, I _h , and the A-type Potassium current, I _A , in modulating the temporal window for the integration of the two main excitatory afferent pathways of a CA1 neuron, the Schaffer Collaterals and the Perforant Path. The model shows that the experimentally observed increase in the dendritic density of I _h and I _A could have a major role in constraining the temporal integration window for these inputs, in such a way that a somatic action potential (AP) is elicited only when they are activated with a relative latency consistent with the anatomical arrangement of the hippocampal circuitry.     

Characterization of imipenem-resistant Serratia marcescens producing IMP-type and TEM-type beta-lactamases encoded on a single plasmid

To evaluate the roles of blaIMP and blaTEM genes in the resistance of Serratia marcescens against beta-lactams and to find the spreading ways of these genes, 19 clinical isolates of imipenem-resistant Serratia marcescens were analyzed. Six strains bore blaIMP and blaTEM genes on a single plasmid, as confirmed by transferring resistance determinants via conjugation and transformation, and by detecting bla genes with PCR analysis. The six strains showed two different genomic patterns on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All the transconjugants and transformants gained high-level resistance to ampicillin, cephalexin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime, and showed a reduced susceptibility to imipenem, but maintained full susceptibility to aztreonam. In addition, the expressions of blaIMP and blaTEM genes were constitutive, either in Serratia marcescens clinical isolates or in their transconjugants and transformants. These findings may explain the rapid spread of the above resistance determinants among Enterobacteriaceae via transmissible plasmids in the clinical setting.     

Influence of the interactions among ecological variables in the characterization of zearalenone producing isolates of Fusarium spp

To carry out the physiological characterization of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum isolates with regard to its zearalenone producing ability, an in-depth experiment with a full factorial design was conducted. The effects and mutual interactions of temperature, moisture, substrate and isolate on the production of the toxin were studied. The study was done with twelve isolates of Fusarium (7 of F. graminearum and 5 of F. culmorum). The analysis of variance shows that there is a complex interaction of all of these factors, which can influence the relative concentrations of the mycotoxin produced, and hence, the correct physiological characterization of the strain. All the tested cultures were susceptible to invasion by Fusarium. The moisture content of grains (water activity values 0.960, 0.970 and 0.980) did not constitute a limiting factor for fungal growth or ZEA production, but incubation temperature (15 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 28 degrees C, and 32 degrees C) affected the rate of zearalenone synthesis. Very low or undetectable ZEA production was observed at 32 degrees C. All tested isolates showed a characteristic behavior concerning the optimum temperature for ZEA production, which was usually 20 degrees C maintained during the whole incubation period. This finding, which does not agree with other reports obtained with strains from different origins, suggests that there are genetic differences that would explain the particular physiological behavior of each isolate related to the optimal production conditions for ZEA. The existence of significant differences regarding the susceptibility of the assayed cereal grains (wheat, corn and rice) used for ZEA production by the different Fusarium species (F. graminearum and F. culmorum) is described for the first time in this paper.     

赤霉素及温度处理对不同种源紫斑牡丹种子生根和发芽的影响

以不同种源的10份紫斑牡丹种子为材料,研究了赤霉素浓度及沙藏温度对不同种源紫斑牡丹种子生根的影响,分析了不同主根长度、低温时间及赤霉素浓度对各种源种子发芽的影响。结果表明:(1)适于紫斑牡丹种子生根的温度为15~20℃,原生种源种子生根对25℃的适应性随纬度增大而减弱;原生种源种子生根的最佳赤霉素处理浓度较高(400~450mg/L),次生种源种子生根的最佳赤霉素处理浓度较低(300~350mg/L)。(2)根长、赤霉素浓度、低温时间交互效应对各种源紫斑牡丹种子始萌期、发芽势和发芽率均有极显著或显著性影响;根长大于4cm时,赤霉素和低温处理能更有效地促进已生根种子发芽。(3)种子发芽最佳处理组合因种源而异,湖北种源、河南种源和甘肃种源最佳处理组合分别是低温20d结合300mg/L赤霉素、低温20d结合200mg/L赤霉素和低温40d结合300mg/L赤霉素。