几丁质酶的研究进展

几丁质是自然界中含量仅次于纤维素的第二大类多糖,已从各种细菌、真菌、植物、哺乳动物和昆虫中分离并鉴定出来。随着近年来对几丁质及其衍生物的了解,发现此类多糖的物理化学特性在现实中有非常广泛的应用。几丁质酶是一类分解几丁质的酶,广泛分布于细菌、真菌、植物、哺乳动物、昆虫等物种中,并发挥着重要作用。近年来国内外工作者对这些不同来源的几丁质酶做了深入研究,为其在医学和农业上更广泛的应用提供理论基础。     

几丁质及其衍生物对胆固醇代谢的影响

几丁质(chitin)又称甲壳素,化学名称为N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖多聚体,是一种天然的多糖类纤维素。几丁质脱乙酰基即为几丁糖(chitosan)。几丁质、几丁糖及其衍生物具有非常良好的生物安全性,而且可以自然降解。由于其独特的生物化学性能,几丁质、几丁糖及其衍生物已被证实具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长、抗粘连、缓释药物、降胆固醇、调节凝血功能和促进创面愈合等作用。国内已有关于其抑制肿瘤细胞生长、抗粘连、缓释药物     

几丁质及脱乙酰几丁质的微生物降解作用

几丁质及脱乙酰几丁质的微生物降解作用王士奎,王汉潜（廊坊师范专科学校生物系,河北廊坊１０２８４９）氨基糖（ＡｍｉｎｏＳｕｇａｒ）在自然界中主要以多糖（几丁质、肽聚糖、糖蛋白、粘多糖等）形式存在。其中,几丁质作为多数真菌和无脊椎动物的主要结构成份,在自...     

几丁质及其衍生物的生物活性与在农业中的应用

本文主要介绍了几丁质及其衍生物的理化性质、细胞学效应,及其对植物生长发育的调节和植物抗病性的诱导和作用机理,并展望了几丁质及其衍生物在农业上的应用前景。     

昆虫几丁质合成及其调控研究前沿

几丁质合成与降解是昆虫最重要的生理过程之一。本文根据国外和作者自己的研究,综述了昆虫几丁质合成及其调控研究进展。昆虫几丁质的生物合成通路始于海藻糖,终止于几丁质,其中共有8个酶参与。目前研究最多的为海藻糖酶和几丁质合成酶。昆虫存在2个海藻糖酶基因和2个几丁质合成酶基因。可溶性海藻糖酶基因对昆虫表皮的几丁质合成影响更大,而膜结合海藻糖酶基因则主要影响中肠的几丁质合成。几丁质合成酶A主要负责表皮和气管几丁质的合成,而几丁质合成酶B则负责中肠围食膜的几丁质合成。目前,昆虫几丁质合成的调控途径主要有两种:利用RNAi技术和几丁质合成抑制剂。     

几丁质及其衍生物作为药物载体的应用

本文介绍了几丁质及其衍生物作为药物载体,制备各种剂型的缓释制剂方法和应用。     

植物几丁质酶的生物功能

几丁质酶(ＥＣ3.2.1.14)是一种能降解几丁质(Ｎ乙酰氨基葡萄糖线性聚物)的糖苷酶。已经发现多种微生物、动物、植物都可产生几丁质酶。就植物而言,几丁质酶不仅存在于被子植物的双子叶植物和单子叶植物,而且也存在于裸子植物及蕨类植物中[1]。在植株中,几丁质酶可分布于根、茎、叶、花器、果实、种子诸器官。种子、根、花器中的几丁质酶含量一般较其它器官高。在正常情况下,植物中几丁质酶活性较低,但经诱导因子诱导,活性会迅速升高。真菌、细菌、病毒的侵染,真菌和植物细胞壁的组成成分,多糖等诱导物,伤害,乙烯,有机分子如水杨酸、氨基酸类…     

几丁质及其衍生物的生物活性与在农业中的应用

本文主要介绍了几丁质及其衍生物的理化性质、细胞学效应,及其对植物生长发育的调节和植物抗病性的诱导和作用机理,并展望了几丁质及其衍生物在农业上的应用前景。     

几丁质酶基因及其应用新进展

几丁质酶能降解真菌和昆虫细胞壁的主要成分几丁质而在生物防御中具有重要的作用。近年来随着重组DNA技术的进一步发展和对几丁质酶基因表达与调控机理研究的进一步深入,将几丁质酶基因导入植物增强其抗真菌能力方面的研究取得了较大进展,促进了几丁质酶的产业化应用。     

几丁质酶抑制剂的研究进展

几丁质和几丁质酶在工农业、环保、医药、食品等行业具有广泛的用途。几丁质酶抑制剂是指一类能特异性地与几丁质酶结合,并对几丁质酶产生抑制作用的化合物分子。研究几丁质酶抑制剂,不仅对于深入研究几丁质酶的结构与功能,而且还可能为发现新型的几丁质酶抑制剂提供依据,并为杀菌剂、杀虫剂、化疗药物等的发展提供新的导向。     

甲壳素及其衍生物在医药卫生领域中的应用

甲壳素是自然界储存量仅次于纤维素的第二大天然多糖化合物 ,本文综述了其药理作用、在医药卫生方面的应用研究情况 ,如甲壳素抗感染、抗凝血、抗癌及降血脂等作用及在制剂方面的应用等     

甲壳质脱乙酰基酶的研究概况及进展

甲壳质脱乙酰基酶（ｃｈｉｔｉｎｄｅａｃｅｔｙｌａｓｅ）最初是从真菌毛霉（Ｍｕｃｏｒ．ｒｏｕｘｉ）分离纯化的一种乙酰基转移酶。这种酶可以催化脱去甲壳质分子中Ｎ－乙酰葡糖胺链上的乙酰基,而使之变成壳多糖［１］。除几种真菌外,在昆虫中也发现了这种酶的存在［２］。真菌的甲壳质脱乙酰基酶主要参与真菌细胞壁的形成［３］,还与真菌自溶的过程中的细胞壁裂解有关［４］。最近又发现它参与植物和病原微生物的相互作...     

甲壳素酶学研究现状

本文介绍了甲壳素在生物合成和分解代谢过程中所涉及的相关酶,如甲壳素合成酶、甲壳素水解酶和其它相关酶,讨论了它们在分离纯化、结构鉴定、作用机制与模型、酶的固定化、基因工程以及应用等方面的研究现状和进展,对甲壳素的研究开发以及相关领域具有理论和实际意义 。     

Chitin synthesis inhibitors: old molecules and new developments

Abstract Chitin is the most abundant natural aminopolysaccharide and serves as a structural component of extracellular matrices. It is found in fungal septa, spores, and cell walls, and in arthropod cuticles and peritrophic matrices, squid pens, mollusk shells, nematode egg shells, and some protozoan cyst walls. As prokaryotes, plants and vertebrates including humans do not produce chitin, its synthesis is considered as an attractive target site for fungicides, insecticides, and acaricides. Although no chitin synthesis inhibitor has been developed into a therapeutic drug to treat fungal infections in humans, a larger number of compounds have been successfully launched worldwide to combat arthropod pests in agriculture and forestry. This review summarizes the latest advances on the mode of action of chitin synthesis inhibitors with a special focus on those molecules that act on a postcatalytic step of chitin synthesis.     

昆虫几丁质合成酶及其抑制剂

几丁质合成酶(CS)是几丁质合成的关键酶,它具有3个结构域:结构域A、结构域B和结构域C,其中结构域B是催化域。根据氨基酸序列的差异,几丁质合成酶分为两类:CS-A及CS-B,分别在表皮及围食膜基质中催化合成几丁质。关于几丁质合成有2种假想模型。有多种抑制剂可以抑制几丁质的合成,其中核苷肽抗生素类及核苷磷酸类作用于CS的催化部位,是竞争性抑制剂,其它抑制剂的作用机理仍不明确。     

α-Chitin dissolution,N-deacetylation and valorization in deep eutectic solvents

Chitin displays a highly rigid structure due to the vast intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, thus hindering its dissolution and deacetylation using most solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are special and environmentally friendly solvents composed of a hydrogen bond acceptor and a hydrogen bond donor. This allows them to dissolve chitin by disturbing its natural hydrogen bonding while establishing new bonds, hence turning the polymer more susceptible to solvents. Therefore, four distinct DESs (choline chloride-lactic acid ([Ch]Cl:LA), choline chloride:oxalic acid ([Ch]Cl:OA), choline chloride:urea ([Ch]Cl:U) and betaine-glycerol (Bet:G)) were applied in chitin dissolution, being the most performant ones further applied in its homogenous N-deacetylation with NaOH. In this work, a milder and more biocompatible approach was carried out by using 30 wt% NaOH at 80°C, instead of the typical ≥40 wt% NaOH at temperatures ≥100°C. Herein, the reaction process took up to 18 hours, being the results analyzed through ATR-FTIR. Chitin was converted into chitosan with a 70-80% degree of deacetylation (DDA) in a short period while using homogenous conditions. These promising results provide the first proof of concept of the ability of Bet:G and [Ch]Cl:LA-based DESs to be used as a greener approach for the chitin homogeneous N-deacetylation.     

COMPARISON OF CHITIN STRUCTURES DERIVED FROM THREE COMMON WASP SPECIES (Vespa crabro LINNAEUS, 1758, Vespa orientalis LINNAEUS, 1771 and Vespula germanica (FABRICIUS, 1793))

There has been no study on the chitin structure of wasp species. Here, we selected the three most common wasp species belonging to the family Vespidae for chitin extraction and characterization. Chitin was isolated from each wasp species and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), elemental analysis (EA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chitin contents of Vespa crabro, Vespa orientalis, and Vespula germanica were 8.3, 6.4, and 11.9%, respectively. The crystalline index (CrI) values for the chitin extracted from each species were 69.88, 53.92, and 50%, respectively. The most important finding of the study is that although the same method was used to extract chitin from each of the three wasp species, the degree of acetylation was different: for V. crabro and V. orientalis it was 96.85 and 99.82% (the chitin was extremely pure), respectively, whereas that for V. germanica the chitin was 79.83%.     

几丁质合酶在人类致病真菌中的研究进展

抑制真菌细胞壁的合成常作为防治真菌感染的安全有效手段。几丁质是真菌细胞壁及隔膜的重要结构成分，几丁质合酶是催化几丁质合成的关键酶。真菌细胞中几丁质合酶家族的不同成员在调控几丁质的合成中存在着差异，因此产生不同的生物学效应。本文通过综述几丁质合酶在人体三大条件致病真菌白色念珠菌、烟曲霉、新生隐球菌中的研究进展，分析了几丁质合酶对真菌致病性影响的机制，总结了几丁质合酶调控真菌细胞增殖、形态转换、病原菌与宿主的相互作用和细胞壁损伤诱导的补偿效应，展望了抗真菌感染的新策略及关于真菌几丁质合酶的未来研究方向。     

Synthesis and deposition of chitin in larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina

Chitin synthesis in third-instar Lucilia cuprina larvae cultured at 23 °C was investigated using in vivo and in vitro systems, the latter with whole and with homogenized integuments. Synthesis was at a maximum between 24 and 48h after ecdysis from the second instar. Chitin was deposited in layers, and labeled GlcNAc was rapidly cleared from the hemolymph. In in vitro homogenate systems, the rapid conversion of UDP-([¹⁴C]GlcN)Ac to ([¹⁴C]GlcN)Ac and its 1-phosphate derivative contributed to the low incorporation of this precursor into chitin. The extent of the conversion was reduced by the addition of KCN or phenylthiourea. In in vivo and in vitro tissue systems the level of incorporation of ([¹⁴C]ClcN)Ac was higher than that of UDP-([¹⁴C]GlcN)Ac. However, in in vitro homogenate systems there was no difference unless UTP was added when the level of incorporation of only ([¹⁴C]GlcN)Ac was increased (by a factor of 9). Incorporation of UDP-([¹⁴C]GlcN)Ac, but not that of ([¹⁴C]GlcN)Ac, was decreased when larvae were deprived of food. Soluble oligosaccharides were detected in in vitro homogenate systems. They were formed during chitin synthesis and may represent newly initiated chitin chains. A reappraisal of current ideas on chitin synthesis in insects is needed.     

Prevention of Death of Axotomized Hypoglossal Neurones and Promotion of Regeneration by Chitin Grafting

1. Chitin is known to promote skin wound healing. In this study, chitin, prepared from Zuwai crab shell, was used as a bridge between the proximal and distal stumps of cut hypoglossal nerves in shrews. We compared the effects of chitin on the regeneration of transected right hypoglossal nerve axons, with those of porcine dermis, bovine dermal aterocollagen, and autologous nerve bundles.2. To assess the survival of neurones, the size of neuronal cell body, and number of motoneurones were determined in the absence of any bridged material and in the presence of porcine dermis, bovine dermal aterocollagen, chitin, or autologous nerve bundles as a bridge.3. Our results revealed a significantly better outcome in chitin and autologous nerve bridged groups; the size of neuronal cell body and number of hypoglossal neurones were higher than in the other groups. Chitin also enhanced the regeneration of neurones; the number of horseradish peroxide positive neurones indicative of repaired axonal processes was significantly higher in chitin and autologous nerve-bridged groups than in other groups.4. Our results demonstrated that the use of chitin sheet or autograft successfully prevented the death of severed neurones and promoted the regeneration of the lesioned nerve. Although the mechanisms underlying the effects of chitin are still unknown, chitin seems to be a potentially useful biocompatible material for nerve repair and regeneration.