南岳木兰科树种资源及其花果期调查

通过对湖南南岳山木兰科树种花果期调查及种类统计表明,南岳木兰科树种有7属60种(含种下等级),其中已开花有6属42种,已结果有6属33种,有的树种在一年内开花二次,且花多、花香、花期长。这为木兰科树种的园林应用提供了基础资料。     

关龙胆开花结实生物学特性

关龙胆系中药材商品名,原植物为龙胆属三种植物(东北龙胆、粗糙龙胆、三花龙胆)。本文对关龙胆从花蕾至果实发育全过程进行了观察与讨论。明确了它们有15天左右的花期相遇,可进行杂交;繁育行为属兼性自交;花期较长导致种子胚发育不整齐。     

Diversity of flowering and fruiting phenology of trees in a tropical deciduous forest in India

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In the dry tropics, vegetative phenology varies widely with tree characteristics and soil conditions. The present work aims to document the phenological diversity of flowering and fruiting with reference to leafing events in Indian dry-tropical tree species. METHODS: Nine tree species, including one leaf-exchanging and eight deciduous showing varying leafless periods, were studied. Monthly counts of leaves, flowers and fruits were made on 160 tagged twigs on ten individuals of each species for initiation, completion and duration of different phenological events through two annual cycles. KEY RESULTS: Variation in flowering relative to leaf flushing (which occurred just prior to or during a hot, dry summer) revealed five flowering types: summer flowering (on foliated shoots), rainy-season flowering (on foliated shoots following significant rains), autumn flowering (on shoots with mature leaves), winter flowering (on shoots undergoing leaf fall) and dry-season flowering (on leafless shoots). Duration of the fruiting phenophase was shortest (3-4 months) in dry-season and winter-flowering species, 6-9 months in rainy-and autumn-flowering species, and maximum (11 months) in summer-flowering species. A wide range of time lag (<1 to >8 months) between the start of vegetative (first-leaf flush) and reproductive (first-visible flower) phases was recorded in deciduous species; this time lag was correlated with the extent of the leafless period. A synthesis of available phenological information on 119 Indian tropical trees showed that summer-flowering species were most abundant (56 % of total species) amongst the five types recognized. CONCLUSIONS: The wide diversity of seasonal flowering and fruiting with linkages to leaf flush time and leafless period reflect the fact that variable reproductive and survival strategies evolved in tree species under a monsoonic bioclimate. Flowering periodicity has evolved as an adaptation to an annual leafless period and the time required for the fruit to develop. The direct relationship between leafless period (inverse of growing period) and time lag between onset of vegetative and reproductive phases reflects the partitioning of resource use for supporting these phases. Predominance of summer flowering coupled with summer leaf flushing seems to be a unique adaptation in trees to survive under a strongly seasonal tropical climate.     

鹤望兰开花结果特性

鹤望兰在亚热带厦门地区引种露地栽培,观察结果表明,实生苗始花期为4年生,全年开花,夏、秋季为盛花期,冬季产花量少。每枝花序均可产生多个果实,每个果实有种子10粒以上,果实成熟期80~140d。并观测了株高生长与种子发芽特性     

Influence de l'âge des grand-parents sur l'apparition des mâles chez le Rotifère Notommata copeus Ehr.

When parental females (♀♀P = mothers) of the rotifer Notommata copeus are placed in light conditions inducing the appearance of mictic females in their offspring (F₁), the age of the parents of these parental females significantly affects the ratio of mictic females in the F₁ generation.

The preparental females (♀♀PP = grandmothers), the parental females and the F₁ females are isolated in a medium changed at each generation and, in the second experimental series, changed daily: the preparental age effect implicates the transmission of substances on two generations.

This influence of the preparental age is rhythmic: the ratio of mictic females in F₁ related to this age varies in a sinusoidal manner. This influence is endogenous: it persists, always in a sinusoidal form, when the medium in which each grandmother is placed is changed daily.

Furthermore, the net reproduction ratio, Ro, does not vary significantly with the preparental age during these experiments.     

芒果花果期蓟马群落结构变化

为了解芒果花果期蓟马群落结构的变化情况,用拍打法定期定点监测了海南省乐东、东方和儋州三地不同果园内花果期蓟马种类及其数量的变化情况,为芒果园蓟马的监测与适时防控提供数据支撑。三地共采集到2科8属18种蓟马,其中儋州果园的蓟马物种丰富度最高（16种）,乐东和东方分别为11种和9种;茶黄蓟马Scirtothrips dorsalis、花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa及黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis为海南芒果园普遍发生的恒有种。乐东、东方及儋州三地果园蓟马群落的多样性指数(H′)分别为1.153、0.834和1.371,均匀度指数分别为0.481、0.379和0.494,表明不同种类数量分布不均一,其中优势种花蓟马在群落中的数量较大。三地果园花期不同阶段芒果植株上的蓟马种类数及虫口数均表现为花穗初抽期少,随着花穗抽长蓟马种类数及虫口数均逐渐增加,至盛花或谢花期种类数达最多,其中儋州盛花期种类多达13种;座果后,特别是小果期种类数及虫口数均迅速下降。成虫与若虫在种群中的占比随芒果花期的发展有明显变化,三地果园总体变化趋势相似,表现为花穗初抽期以成虫为主,占种群总量的比例达95.0%~100%;随着花穗抽长,成虫占比逐渐下降,至谢花或座果期达最低,随后再升高。芒果花期不同阶段若虫占比与该阶段至座果期所需时间呈显著正相关。本研究明确了海南不同地区芒果园的蓟马种类,以茶黄蓟马、花蓟马及黄胸蓟马为海南普遍发生的恒有种。芒果花果期蓟马群落结构的多样性指数(H′)以儋州最高,为1.371。花穗抽长期蓟马开始迁入果园,其种类数及虫口数均逐渐增加,至盛花或谢花期种类数达最多;座果后,蓟马开始迁出。     

Pattern of Flower and Fruit Production in Stryphnodendron adstringens, an Andromonoecious Legume Tree of Central Brazil

Abstract: Patterns of flower and fruit production in racemes of Stryphnodendron adstringens, an andromonoecious Brazilian savanna tree species, were studied in two natural areas near Uberlândia-MG. Racemes were divided in three parts: apex, centre, and base. Number of flowers, gender, and nectar and pollen production were analyzed for each section. Frequency of visitors to each part of the inflorescence was also quantified. Hand self- and cross-pollinations were performed in complete racemes and fruit set used to determine breeding system. The racemes produced a mean of 329 flowers, more densely packed in the central portion. Hermaphrodite and male flowers occur along the inflorescence but hermaphrodite flowers are more common in the centre. Fruit set was markedly low but does not seem to be limited by pollination service, since free open-pollinated racemes and hand cross-pollinated ones do not differ in fruit production rates. Fruits resulted mostly from cross-pollinated flowers and fruit production was biased to the central portion of the raceme. Nectar yield was higher in the central portion of the raceme and visitors arrived more commonly on this portion of the inflorescence. However, most flowers did not produce nectar. The pattern of fruit production seems to be a consequence of the hermaphrodite flower distribution in the raceme and it is not constrained by pollen flow or flower opening sequence.     

Grazing as a mediator for maintenance of offspring diversity: Sexual and clonal recruitment in alpine grassland communities

To understand the effects of grazing on grassland plants sexual and clonal recruitment, we conducted a demographic field investigation of species recruitment along a grazing gradient in the Tibetan alpine grassland. Grazing intensity had significant effects on quantity and diversity of sexual and clonal recruitment. Sexual recruitment increased significantly, but clonal offspring production decreased significantly with increased grazing intensity. Grazing intensity had different, significant effects on offspring recruitment of the various functional groups in the community, grasses (GG), sedges (SG), legumes (LG) and forbs (FG). Higher grazing intensity reduced offspring recruitment of GG and SG; it increased offspring recruitment of LG and FG. Seedlings were significantly more abundant in lightly grazed, moderately grazed and heavily grazed meadows than in non-grazed grasslands. Offspring diversity from sexual recruitment was significantly higher than that from clonal recruitment in grazed than in non-grazed grasslands. Our studies indicate that moderate grazing had positive effects on seedling recruitment and offspring diversity, but heavy gazing may alter community succession by affecting recruitment patterns among the four plant functional groups.