菜用大豆CIPK基因对逆境胁迫及激素的响应特征

CIPK(calcineurin B-like-interacting protein kinase)是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在植物响应逆境胁迫和激素信号转导中发挥重要作用。本研究利用大豆基因组数据库,在全基因组水平鉴定获得52个CIPK蛋白激酶。蛋白比对分析发现所有Gm CIPK含有高度保守特征性的N端激酶区、连接区和C端调控区。系统进化树分析发现大豆Gm CIPK与拟南芥、水稻CIPK分类一致,分为4个亚家族,且每个亚家族含有3个不同物种的成员,表明Gm CIPK基因的分化早于物种的分化。启动子分析表明,多数Gm CIPK基因的启动子区含有逆境和激素应答元件。组织表达分析发现,Gm CIPK基因呈现多样化的组织表达特性。进一步选取组织表达量相对较高的14个Gm CIPK进行荧光定量PCR分析,结果表明这些菜用大豆CIPK基因在不同程度上均受高温、干旱、高盐胁迫以及ABA、ACC、SA、Me JA激素的诱导表达。采用蛋白同源比对和蛋白互作在线数据库对拟南芥及大豆同源CIPK蛋白激酶与其他蛋白的互作关系进行了预测分析,发现17对同源CIPK与其他蛋白(激酶、磷酸酶、转录因子等)存在互作。本研究为菜用大豆CIPK基因的功能研究与利用奠定了基础。     

小麦TaCIPK8基因的表达分析及其与TaCBLs的互作

CIPK是植物钙感受器钙调磷酸酶B类似蛋白特定靶向的一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。根据拟南芥At CIPK8基因序列,利用同源克隆的方法从抗逆性较强的小麦品种石4185中克隆了一个编码序列全长为1350 bp的蛋白激酶基因Ta CIPK8(Gen Bank号:KJ561804.1)。序列分析表明该基因编码的蛋白含有449个氨基酸,分子量为52.24 k D,理论等电点为7.16,具有CIPKs家族蛋白所特有的N端激酶域和C端NAF/FISL结构域;与拟南芥At CIPK8蛋白序列相似度达83.5%。为进一步研究其功能,采用Real-time PCR方法检测该基因在胁迫条件下的响应情况,发现Ta CIPK8基因受高盐、外源ABA和低温(4℃)胁迫诱导表达。利用植物启动子数据库Plant CARE和PLACE对Ta CIPK8基因启动子序列进行分析,结果显示Ta CIPK8基因启动子存在大量应答脱水胁迫、干旱、低温和ABA的顺式作用元件,也存在一些响应激素GA和茉莉酸甲酯的元件。利用酵母双杂交方法研究Ta CIPK8和Ta CBL家族蛋白的互作,结果显示,共转化含有Ta CIPK8和Ta CBL3基因载体的酵母菌能够在SD/-Trp/-Leu、SD/-Trp/-Leu/X-α-Gal/Ab A和SD/-Trp/-Leu/-Ade/-His/X-α-Gal/Ab A三种培养基上生长,且在后两种培养基上长出蓝色菌落。结果说明Ta CIPK8与Ta CBL3发生了互作,进而引起了报告基因MEL1、AUR1-C、HIS3和ADE2的表达。该研究结果对于研究Ta CIPK8基因的功能以及与CBL蛋白的互作调控网络具有一定的参考作用。     

烟草NtCBL1基因的克隆、表达载体构建及表达分析

CBL是一类Ca²⁺感受蛋白,在植物适应或抵制逆境胁迫的过程中发挥重要的作用。从烟草品种K326中克隆到了一个CBL1的同源基因,该序列包含了一个642 bp的开放阅读框,编码一个由213个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白,预测分子量为24.5 kDa,等电点为5.03。同源性分析结果显示,该基因与林烟草CBL1、甜辣椒CBL1等具有较高的同源性,故命名为NtCBL1。生物信息学分析表明,NtCBL1具有CBL家族保守的EF-hand钙结合结构域。组织表达分析发现该基因在成熟期的根、茎、叶、花中均有表达,在根中的表达量最高。逆境胁迫实验表明,该基因表达受低钾、高盐、干旱、ABA和低温诱导调控,参与烟草生物与非生物逆境胁迫的响应。并成功构建了NtCBL1-pBI121过表达载体。研究结果为解析NtCBL1在响应逆境胁迫的功能奠定一定理论基础。     

CBL-CIPK信号系统参与小桐子抗冷性形成的生物信息学分析

类钙调磷酸酶B亚基蛋白(calcineurin B-like calcium sensor, CBL)属Ca²⁺结合蛋白,通过与类钙调磷酸酶B亚基互作蛋白激酶(calcineurin B-like calcium sensor interacting protein kinase, CIPK)互作介导Ca²⁺信号转导过程。CBL-CIPK信号系统参与了植物对多种逆境胁迫的响应过程。为深入探讨小桐子的抗冷性机制,该研究基于BLAST序列比对的方法,在全基因组水平对小桐子CBL与CIPK基因家族进行了鉴定,并对其系统进化、基因结构、表达特性及功能互作进行了解析。结果表明：(1)在小桐子基因组中共鉴定到8个CBL基因与18个CIPK基因,CBL与CIPK蛋白长度分别在211～257 aa与422～484 aa之间,等电点分别在4.65～5.08与6.20～9.26之间。(2)另外,CBL基因家族都包含8～10个外显子,而CIPK基因家族分为显著的1～2个外显子(11个基因)和12～15个外显子(7个基因)两类。(3)多序列比对显示,小桐子CBL蛋白...     

玉米CIPK基因家族的鉴定及ZmCIPK3的抗旱性功能研究

钙调磷酸酶B类互作蛋白激酶（CIPK,CBL interacting protein kinases）是植物钙离子信号通路中响应非生物逆境胁迫的重要蛋白激酶之一。本研究以拟南芥和水稻中CIPK家族基因序列信息为基础,利用玉米参考基因组B73和生物信息学分析方法,全基因组范围内鉴定玉米CIPK基因家族成员,分析CIPK家族基因的进化关系、基因结构、基因表达模式和对干旱胁迫的响应。本研究共鉴定出44个玉米CIPK家族基因,并将其分为5个亚家族,每个亚家族有不同的外显子-内含子和UTR的结构特征;基于基因差异表达分析,筛选出5个与抗旱性相关的候选基因ZmCIPK3、ZmCIPK7、ZmCIPK44、ZmCIPK25和ZmCIPK28;进一步的遗传数据表明,干旱胁迫下ZmCIPK3拟南芥转基因株系的存活率明显高于野生型,提高了拟南芥的抗旱性;同时,干旱胁迫下ZmCIPK3拟南芥转基因株系中抗旱性相关生化指标过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于野生型,而丙二醛和脯氨酸的含量显著低于野生型。本研究在玉米全基因组水平上鉴定了CIPK基因家族成员,分析了其在不同抗旱性材料、不同水分处理下的基因表达模...     

大麦类钙调磷酸酶B互作蛋白激酶基因克隆及表达分析

采用RT-PCR法从大麦抗旱品种‘甘啤7号’中克隆了1个类钙调磷酸酶B互作蛋白激酶(CIPK)基因HvCIPK1(GenBank登录号为JX679077)。序列分析表明,该基因全长1 359bp,编码的蛋白含有452个氨基酸,分子量为51.05kD,等电点为9.13。推断具有植物CIPK家族典型的功能结构域,在N端有一特异的催化结构域,该结构域在保守的氨基酸DFG和APE之间含有一个催化所需的活性环;同时C端区域存在一个独特的24个氨基酸组成的调节域,即NAF结构域。荧光定量分析结果表明,在PEG、NaCl和ABA处理下,HvCIPK1基因在大麦幼苗叶片中表达显著上调。推测HvCIPK1基因参与多种逆境信号的转导,可能在大麦的多种非生物胁迫响应中起着重要的作用。     

CBL-CIPKs信号系统的研究进展

Ca2+是植物体中普遍存在的第二信使,参与了植物众多的生长发育和逆境胁迫调控过程。钙调磷酸酶B类蛋白(calcineurin B-like protein,CBL)能够与一类蛋白激酶(CBL-interacting protein kinase,CIPK)互作来解码特异"钙信号"。该文总结了近几年在植物CBL-CIPKs信号系统研究领域的最新进展,包括CBL与CIPK互作特点及生理功能等,并对未来的研究方向作了展望。     

小桐子JcCIPK2基因的克隆与表达分析

钙调磷酸酶B类似蛋白互作蛋白激酶(CBL-interacting protein kinase, CIPK)是一类植物中特有的丝氨酸/苏氨酸(Ser/Thr)蛋白激酶,参与多种生物和非生物胁迫响应过程。该实验通过RT-PCR克隆了小桐子(Jatropha curcas L.)JcCIPK2基因cDNA全长序列,采用荧光定量qRT-PCR分析JcCIPK2基因在不同组织及不同处理(12℃和1℃低温、42℃高温、30%PEG、250 mmol/L NaCl、150μmol/L ABA)下的表达模式。结果显示:(1)小桐子JcCIPK2基因开放阅读框全长1 398 bp,编码465个氨基酸,相对分子量为52.95 kD,等电点为8.89。(2)蛋白质结构分析表明,JcCIPK2的N端含有位于第11～265个氨基酸之间的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶_蔗糖非发酵-1型相关蛋白激酶3催化域STKc_SnRK3,在激酶结构域内还具有激活环(Activation Loop);C端含有位于第316～430个氨基酸之间的CIPK蛋白激酶调控域CIPK_C,其调控域中含有CIPK家族典型的能与CBL特异性结合的NAF结构域,位于第314～369个氨基酸之间。(3)系统进化分析显示,小桐子JcCIPK2蛋白与同属于大戟科的木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz.)同源关系最近,序列一致性达87%。(4)qRT-PCR分析表明,JcCIPK2基因在小桐子根、茎、叶中均有表达,经12℃和1℃低温处理后,叶片中JcCIPK2基因的表达都呈现先上调后下调表达的趋势,且都在低温处理24 h的表达量最高,与对照相比分别上调了6.0倍和16.72倍;小桐子JcCIPK2基因在42℃高温、30%PEG、150μmol/L ABA、250 mmol/L NaCl处理下也受到不同程度的诱导表达。研究推测,JcCIPK2基因在小桐子对逆境的响应与适应中起重要作用。     

紫花苜蓿MsCIPK8基因的克隆与表达分析

CIPK是植物中一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在植物响应逆境胁迫中发挥着重要的作用。本研究根据盐碱胁迫下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)转录组数据设计引物,通过RT-PCR克隆获得紫花苜蓿MsCIPK8基因,该基因CDS全长1341bp,编码446个氨基酸,编码蛋白相对分子质量50.73 kD,等电点6.72,具有CIPKS家族蛋白所特有的N端激酶域和C端NAF/FISL结构域。生物信息学分析结果显示,MsCIPK8为可溶性蛋白,二级结构多为无规矩卷曲;系统进化分析表明,紫花苜蓿MsCIPK8与蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula Gaertn.)MtCIPK8亲缘关系最近。两个蛋白序列比对发现存在4个差异位点,其中3个在保守结构域内。MsCIPK8在低温、干旱、盐和盐碱胁迫下表达量均受到诱导上调表达。低温胁迫下,MsCIPK8在根和叶中的表达量分别在12 h和3 h达到峰值;盐胁迫下,MsCIPK8在根中的表达量12 h达到峰值;盐碱胁迫下,根和叶中MsCIPK8的表达量在12 h后持续高表达;干旱胁迫下,MsCIPK8在根和叶中的表达量在12 h均达到峰值。上述结果表明MsCIPK8参与紫花苜蓿对干旱、低温、盐和盐碱等非生物胁迫的应答。     

小麦CBL结合蛋白激酶基因TaCIPK16的克隆及特征分析

类钙调磷酸酶亚基B蛋白(calcineurin B-1ike protein,CBL)作为一类钙离子结合蛋白,通过与一类蛋白激酶(CBL-interacting protein kinase,ClPK)结合,从而在钙信号依赖的生理生化过程中发挥作用。该研究在条锈菌诱导的小麦叶片中克隆获得CIPK家族中1个基因TaCIPK16,并利用qRT-PCR技术、酵母双杂交技术及亚细胞定位技术分析了其功能特性。序列分析表明,TaCIPK16编码447个氨基酸,包含保守的激酶催化结构域及调控结构域,与水稻、拟南芥CIPK蛋白具有高度相似性。酵母双杂交分析验证显示,TaCIPK16与TaCBL4和TaCBL9存在强烈互作。定量分析表明,TaCIPK16受到条锈菌的诱导表达,在小麦与条锈菌互作过程中呈显著差异表达趋势。综上结果,TaCIPK16可能作为正调控因子参与了小麦对条锈菌的抗病防卫反应。     

Alternative complex formation of the Ca-regulated protein kinase CIPK1 controls abscisic acid-dependent and independent stress responses in Arabidopsis

Intracellular release of calcium ions belongs to the earliest events in cellular stress perception. The molecular mechanisms integrating signals from different environmental cues and translating them into an optimized response are largely unknown. We report here the functional characterization of CIPK1, a protein kinase interacting strongly with the calcium sensors CBL1 and CBL9. Comparison of the expression patterns indicates that the three proteins execute their functions in the same tissues. Physical interaction of CIPK1 with CBL1 and CBL9 targets the kinase to the plasma membrane. We show that, similarly to loss of CBL9 function, mutation of either CBL1 or CIPK1 renders plants hypersensitive to osmotic stress. Remarkably, in contrast to the cbl1 mutant and similarly to the cbl9 mutant, loss of CIPK1 function impairs abscisic acid (ABA) responsiveness. We therefore suggest that, by alternative complex formation with either CBL1 or CBL9, the kinase CIPK1 represents a convergence point for ABA-dependent and ABA-independent stress responses. Based on our genetic, physiological and protein-protein interaction data, we propose a general model for information processing in calcium-regulated signalling networks.     

CIPK3, a calcium sensor-associated protein kinase that regulates abscisic acid and cold signal transduction in Arabidopsis

Plants respond to environmental stress by activating "stress genes." The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in stress-responsive gene expression. Although Ca(2+) serves as a common second messenger in signaling stress and ABA, little is known about the molecular basis of Ca(2+) action in these pathways. Here, we show that CIPK3, a Ser/Thr protein kinase that associates with a calcineurin B-like calcium sensor, regulates ABA response during seed germination and ABA- and stress-induced gene expression in Arabidopsis. The expression of the CIPK3 gene itself is responsive to ABA and stress conditions, including cold, high salt, wounding, and drought. Disruption of CIPK3 altered the expression pattern of a number of stress gene markers in response to ABA, cold, and high salt. However, drought-induced gene expression was not altered in the cipk3 mutant plants, suggesting that CIPK3 regulates select pathways in response to abiotic stress and ABA. These results identify CIPK3 as a molecular link between stress- and ABA-induced calcium signal and gene expression in plant cells. Because the cold signaling pathway is largely independent of endogenous ABA production, CIPK3 represents a cross-talk "node" between the ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways in stress responses.     

Disruption of the Arabidopsis thaliana inward-rectifier K+ channel AKT1 improves plant responses to water stress

The Arabidopsis thaliana inward-rectifier K(+) channel AKT1 plays an important role in root K(+) uptake. Recent results show that the calcineurin B-like (CBL)-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) 23-CBL1/9 complex activates AKT1 in the root to enhance K(+) uptake. In addition, this CIPK-CBL complex has been demonstrated to regulate stomatal movements and plant transpiration. However, a role for AKT1 in plant transpiration has not yet been demonstrated. Here we show that disruption of AKT1 conferred an enhanced response to water stress in plants. Experiments performed in hydroponics showed that, when water potential was diminished by adding polyethylene glycol, akt1 adult plants lost less water than wild-type (WT) plants. Under long-term water stress in soil, adult akt1 plants displayed lower transpiration and less water consumption than WT plants. Finally, akt1 stomata closed more efficiently in response to ABA. Such results were also observed in cipk23 plants. The similar responses shown by cipk23 and akt1 plants to water stress denote that the regulation of AKT1 by CIPK23 may also take place in stomata and has a negative impact on plant performance under water stress conditions.     

CIPK9 targets VDAC3 and modulates oxidative stress responses in Arabidopsis

Calcium (Ca²⁺) is widely recognized as a key second messenger in mediating various plant adaptive responses. Here we show that calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase CIPK9 along with its interacting partner VDAC3 identified in the present study are involved in mediating plant responses to methyl viologen (MV). CIPK9 physically interacts with and phosphorylates VDAC3. Co-localization, co-immunoprecipitation, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments proved their physical interaction in planta. Both cipk9 and vdac3 mutants exhibited a tolerant phenotype against MV-induced oxidative stress, which coincided with the lower-level accumulation of reactive oxygen species in their roots. In addition, the analysis of cipk9vdac3 double mutant and VDAC3 overexpressing plants revealed that CIPK9 and VDAC3 were involved in the same pathway for inducing MV-dependent oxidative stress. The response to MV was suppressed by the addition of lanthanum chloride, a non-specific Ca²⁺ channel blocker indicating the role of Ca²⁺ in this pathway. Our study suggest that CIPK9-VDAC3 module may act as a key component in mediating oxidative stress responses in Arabidopsis.     

Calcium-independent activation of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase and a 40-kilodalton protein kinase by hyperosmotic stress

Reversible protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation plays important roles in signaling the plant adaptive responses to salinity/drought stresses. Two protein kinases with molecular masses of 48 and 40 kD are activated in tobacco cells exposed to NaCl. The 48-kD protein kinase was identified as SIPK (salicylic acid-induced protein kinase), a member of the tobacco MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) family that is activated by various other stress stimuli. The activation of the 40-kD protein kinase is rapid and dose-dependent. Other osmolytes such as Pro and sorbitol activate these two kinases with similar kinetics. The activation of 40-kD protein kinase is specific for hyperosmotic stress, as hypotonic stress does not activate it. Therefore, this 40-kD kinase was named HOSAK (high osmotic stress-activated kinase). HOSAK is a Ca(2+)-independent kinase and uses myelin basic protein (MBP) and histone equally well as substrates. The kinase inhibitor K252a rapidly activates HOSAK in tobacco cells, implicating a dephosphorylation mechanism for HOSAK activation. Activation of both SIPK and HOSAK by high osmotic stress is Ca(2+) and abscisic acid (ABA) independent. Furthermore, mutation in SOS3 locus does not affect the activation of either kinase in Arabidopsis seedlings. These results suggest that SIPK and 40-kD HOSAK are two new components in a Ca(2+)- and ABA-independent pathway that may lead to plant adaptation to hyperosmotic stress.     

CIPK6, a CBL-interacting protein kinase is required for development and salt tolerance in plants

Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPK) mediate plant responses to a variety of external stresses. Here we report that Arabidopsis CIPK6 is also required for the growth and development of plants. Phenotype of tobacco plants ectopically expressing a homologous gene ( CaCIPK6 ) from the leguminous plant chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) indicated its functional conservation. A lesion in AtCIPK6 significantly reduced shoot-to-root and root basipetal auxin transport, and the plants exhibited developmental defects such as fused cotyledons, swollen hypocotyls and compromised lateral root formation, in conjunction with reduced expression of a number of genes involved in auxin transport and abiotic stress response. The Arabidopsis mutant was more sensitive to salt stress compared to wild-type, while overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of CaCIPK6 promoted salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Furthermore, tobacco seedlings expressing the constitutively active mutant of CaCIPK6 showed a developed root system, increased basipetal auxin transport and hypersensitivity to auxin. Our results provide evidence for involvement of a CIPK in auxin transport and consequently in root development, as well as in the salt-stress response, by regulating the expression of genes.     

持续激活型CIPK9在花粉管生长过程中的生物学功能及亚细胞定位分析

植物的花粉管生长是一个多因素参与的生理学过程,需要多种信号传导系统来引导植物细胞完成。钙离子作为第二信使,可以通过钙传感器CBLs激活下游的蛋白激酶CIPKs参与调控细胞的极性发育过程。该研究中 CIPK9 被确定为候选基因,其C端与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)相融合,通过基因枪技术在烟草花粉中进行瞬时表达,观察对应的亚细胞定位及花粉管中诱导的表型。结果表明:(1)GFP标记的CIPK9定位于花粉管中高速运动的颗粒状细胞器,并可随胞质环流进行规律的运动,为进一步探究CIPK9的生物学功能,还构建了持续激活型CIPK9(CACIPK9)。(2)与全长CIPK9相比较,CACIPK9缺少C末端的调控区域,并在激酶区域的激活环中进行了点突变,从而表现出不受调控的持续高活性。(3)缺少C端调控区的CACIPK9表现出非特异性的亚细胞定位,即与GFP对照相同的胞内弥散定位,说明CIPK9的C末端调控区对于其在花粉管中的正确定位发挥重要的调控作用。另外,CACIPK9过表达可以引起花粉管的去极化生长表型。这表明CIPK9作为钙信号下游家族的一员参与了花粉管极性生长的相关过程,并对花粉管的生长具有一定的调控作用。     

番茄LeCIPK3的克隆及非生物胁迫诱导的表达分析

CIPK是植物钙感受器蛋白钙调磷酸酶B类似蛋白特定靶向的一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。采用同源基因克隆法,在番茄叶中克隆了一个与AtCIPK3处于同一亚组的基因,命名为LeCIPK3。表达分析表明,LeCIPK3主要在根和花中表达,在叶中的表达受脱落酸、聚乙二醇及低温的诱导,可能在番茄多种胁迫抗性中起重要作用。