裸鼠皮肤组织淋巴管的细微分布

本文应用５’－Ｎａｓｅ－ＡＬＰ双重染色法观察了裸鼠皮肤组织淋巴管的细微分布。在光镜下毛细淋巴管和淋巴管呈５’－Ｎａｓｅ强阳性反应,管壁显示明显的棕色或深棕色,而毛细血管和血管呈ＡＬＰ显示强阳性反应,管壁呈明显的蓝色。据此可用组化方法将淋巴管毛细淋巴管与血管毛细血管区别开来。实验结果表明：裸鼠皮肤真皮内有较多的毛细淋巴管,皮下组织和肌肉组织内可见毛细淋巴管和淋巴管。上述结果为进一步研究鼻咽癌裸鼠皮下移植后自发性淋巴道转移机理,以及癌组织内淋巴管的细微分布提供可靠的方法。     

胃癌及胃壁组织内淋巴管分布的研究

本文首次用５′－Ｎａｓｅ－ＡＬＰ双重组织化学方法观察了２０例胃癌组织和癌旁胃壁组织内淋巴管的细微分布。在光镜下毛细淋巴管和淋巴管５′－Ｎａｓｅ染色强阳性,管壁显示明显的棕色或深棕色,而毛细血管和血管的ＡＬＰ反应显示强阳性,管壁呈明显的蓝色。据此可将淋巴管、血管区别开来、本研究发现胃癌组织内有较多的淋巴管、毛细淋巴管以及较多的棕色实性条状组织,这些条状物可能是新生的毛细淋巴管。上述结果为研究癌组织内淋巴管的分布及胃癌淋巴道转移,提供了可靠的实验方法。     

喉淋巴管的几种组织化学显色法比较观察

目的为喉毛细血管和毛细淋巴管的鉴别提供更好的技术方法。方法采用间接注射法,5′-核苷酸酶-碱性磷酸酶双重显色法（5′-Nase-ALPase）,针对基底膜的免疫组化显色法。结果酶组化染色结果显示毛细血管和血管显示有清楚的蓝色轮廓,而附近的毛细淋巴管和淋巴管则呈棕色轮廓,两者易于鉴别。免疫组化染色结果显示毛细血管和血管显示清楚的棕色轮廓,而附近的毛细淋巴管和淋巴管轮廓极其浅淡,两者亦可鉴别。结论酶组化和免疫组化显色法是喉内区别毛细淋巴管和毛细血管的一种可靠且特异的方法。     

免疫组织化学染色法在肝脏毛细淋巴管研究中的应用

在肝脏淋巴管的形态学研究中,过去多采用淋巴管间接注射法、半薄切片光镜观察法和超薄切片电镜观察法等方法.这些方法虽然从宏观到微观提示了肝脏淋巴管的大体形态结构、光镜下结构和超微结构,但关于如何在光镜下区分较小的淋巴管与血管以及毛细淋巴管和毛细血管,多年以来却一直没有获得较理想的方法.本研究利用免疫组织化学染色法对大鼠肝脏组织进行了毛细淋巴管及毛细血管的染色观察,试求一种更好地显示毛细淋巴管和毛细血管的方法,以便为毛细淋巴管和毛细血管的鉴别提供可靠的实验依据.     

比较几种组织化学显色法在肺内毛细淋巴管的应用

目的 为肺内毛细血管和毛细淋巴管的鉴别提供更好的技术方法。方法 采用5’-核苷酸酶一碱性磷酸酶双重显色法（5′-Nase-ALP）、针对基底膜的免疫组化显色法及特殊染色法。结果 5′-Nase-ALP显色法能够较客观、较清楚地区分肺内毛细血管和毛细淋巴管。结论 针对基底膜的免疫组化显色法及特殊染色法不够准确或受器官结构特点限制,但对于部分实质性或空腔性器官及肿瘤淋巴管的研究仍不为是一种客观、可靠、经济、实用的方法,值得进一步尝试推广。     

淋巴形成与淋巴循环演示器的制作

(二)制作方法 1.先把医用输液管用塑料三叉连成一部分毛细血管网,在网隙中放置4-6个橡皮泥制作的细胞,再用有盲端的输液管连成与细胞靠近的毛细淋巴管.以此设置出毛细血管、细胞、毛细淋巴管相互关系的环境,为内环境(血浆,组织液,淋巴液)的产生提供结构基础.     

淋巴的生成和淋巴流动

淋巴系统是血液循环系统的重要辅助部分,可以把它看做血管系统的补充。在哺乳动物,它由广布全身的淋巴管网和淋巴器(淋巴结、脾等)组成。最细的淋巴管叫毛细淋巴管,人体除脑、软骨、角膜、晶状体、内耳、胎盘等处外都有毛细淋巴管分布,数目大约与毛细血管一样多。小肠区的毛细淋巴管叫乳糜管。众多的毛细淋巴管集合成淋巴管网,再汇合成较粗的淋巴管,按其位置分为深浅淋巴管:浅淋巴管收集皮肤和皮下组织的淋巴液(简称淋巴),深淋巴管与深部血管伴行,收集肌肉、内脏等处的淋巴。若干条淋巴管汇合成全身最大的两条淋巴导管,即左侧的胸导管和右侧的右淋巴导管,分别进入左、右锁骨下静脉。循行路线见图1。胸导管是全身最粗最长的淋巴管,收集全身     

问题解答

问内环境指的是血浆、组织液、淋巴。但它们三者之间的关系,一些教科书上写法不一,主要有以下三种表示: 以上三种表示法,到底哪种正确? (湖南省邵阳县九中黎辉) 答第二种表示法是正确的。第一种和第三种用箭头表示血管内的血浆可直接进入毛细淋巴管形成淋巴,这是不正确的,因为毛细血管中的血浆只能透过血管壁,进入细胞间隙,形成组织液。而组织液的90％都被毛细血管重吸收,只有10％透入毛细淋巴管,形成淋巴。毛细血管中的血浆不能直接透入毛细淋巴管形成     

小鼠膈腹膜淋巴孔和膈淋巴管的发育

应用透射电镜、扫描电镜和酶组织化学方法,研究胚胎期和出生后不同时期小鼠膈腹膜淋巴孔（PLS）和膈淋巴管的发生和发育,并用Elescope计算机图像处理技术对PLS进行定量分析。结果发现：胚胎13天时,膈腹膜仅由扁平形间皮细胞（FMC）组成;胚胎15天时,FMC间出现立方形间皮细胞（CMC）和早期腹膜淋巴孔（NLS）;胚胎18天时,膈毛细淋巴管出现,台盼蓝吸收试验显示NLS无物质吸收功能;出生后1天（PND1）,膈毛细淋巴管内皮细胞向PLS伸出胞质突起,并横跨CMC下结缔组织纤维和基底膜,形成腹膜下小管。后者与PLS沟通,建立了腹膜腔内物质转归通路。台盼蓝吸收试验表明,出生后PLS具有物质吸收功能,即为成熟腹膜淋巴孔（MLS）。PND5,立方细胞嵴（CMCR）发生,膈毛细淋巴管数量增多。PND10,大量立方细胞嵴融合,形成条带状分布的立方细胞区域,其上分布有大量MLS。随着发育进展,MLS平均面积和平均分布密度逐渐增大,且随着膈淋巴管的发育,吸收功能逐渐增强。     

低氧习服大鼠骨骼肌毛细血管密度和血流供应的变化特点

目的：观察大鼠在低氧习服过程中,骨骼肌毛细血管密度和血流供应的变化规律。方法：大鼠在模拟海拔5000m低氧5、15和30d后,用肌球蛋白ATP酶（mATPase)组织化学方法显示骨骼肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ型纤维和毛细血管并进行图像分析;用放射性微球法测定骨骼肌血流量。结果：低氧5d组大鼠骨骼肌纤维即出现明显萎缩,15d和30d组大鼠毛细血管密度显著增高,但单位面积内毛细血管数/肌纤维数（C/F）的比值无明显变化。在所观测的时间内,各组大鼠骨骼肌血流量未见明显变化。结论：大鼠在低氧习服过程中,毛细血管并未发生真正的增生,而由于骨骼肌纤维出现萎缩,使毛细敌国管数目相对增多。     

Identification of lymph and blood capillaries by immunohistochemical staining for various basement membrane components

Summary In the present report we analyzed the presence and distribution of various basement membrane (BM) proteins in normal blood and lymph vessels with special emphasis on BM-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) when compared to the BM-components collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin. We found that normal lymph capillaries have a BM that contains only collagen IV and small amounts of laminin, but almost no BM-associated HSPG and fibronectin, while blood capillaries showed a BM comprising of all components tested for. Larger lymphatics, however, were indistinguishable from blood vessels on the basis of BM staining. Lymphangiomas showed a BM pattern similar to that of lymph capillaries. Our findings provide evidence that the differential staining of BM-components may represent a reliable method for morphological distinction between blood and lymph capillaries. A comparison of these results with the BM-pattern in other functionally specialized blood vessels (glomerulus, sinusoids) provides evidence that the BM-composition may have some major impact on the functional properties. Thus, it is conceivable that the lack of HSPG in lymph capillaries may be essential for a free influx of fluid and proteins into these capillaries, which may have been extravasated into the interstitium.     

Identification of lymph and blood capillaries by immunohistochemical staining for various basement membrane components.

In the present report we analyzed the presence and distribution of various basement membrane (BM) proteins in normal blood and lymph vessels with special emphasis on BM-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) when compared to the BM-components collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin. We found that normal lymph capillaries have a BM that contains only collagen IV and small amounts of laminin, but almost no BM-associated HSPG and fibronectin, while blood capillaries showed a BM comprising of all components tested for. Larger lymphatics, however, were indistinguishable from blood vessels on the basis of BM staining. Lymphangiomas showed a BM pattern similar to that of lymph capillaries. Our findings provide evidence that the differential staining of BM-components may represent a reliable method for morphological distinction between blood and lymph capillaries. A comparison of these results with the BM-pattern in other functionally specialized blood vessels (glomerulus, sinusoids) provides evidence that the BM-composition may have some major impact on the functional properties. Thus, it is conceivable that the lack of HSPG in lymph capillaries may be essential for a free influx of fluid and proteins into these capillaries, which may have been extravasated into the interstitium.     

Enzyme-histochemical identification of lymphatic vessels by light and backscattered image scanning electron microscopy

The walls of lymphatics are characterized by strong 5'-nucleotidase activity, whereas those of blood capillaries reveal significantly lower or no activity. Alkaline phosphatase activity, on the other hand, is markedly higher in blood capillaries than in lymphatic vessels. On the basis of such characteristics, lymphatics and blood capillaries were distinguished histochemically in rat stomach using 5'-nucleotidase-alkaline phosphatase double staining. The distribution and intensity of lead-demonstrated 5'-nucleotidase activity in lymphatic vessels could be determined by comparing the images of the same histochemically stained cryostat section as seen by light and backscattered image scanning electron microscopy. The specificity of the 5'-nucleotidase reaction was obtained by inhibiting nonspecific alkaline phosphatase by including L-tetramisole in the 5'-nucleotidase incubation medium. The products of the 5'-nucleotidase activity were deposited on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of the lymphatic endothelial cells.     

Enzyme-Histochemical Identification of Lymphatic Vessels by Light and Backscattered Image Scanning Electron Microscopy

The walls of lymphatics are characterized by strong 5'-nucleotidase activity, whereas those of blood capillaries reveal significantly lower or no activity. Alkaline phosphatase activity, on the other hand, is markedly higher in blood capillaries than in lymphatic vessels. On the basis of such characteristics, lymphatics and blood capillaries were distinguished histochemically in rat stomach using 5'-nucleotidase-alkaline phosphatase double staining. The distribution and intensity of lead-demonstrated 5'-nucleotidase activity in lymphatic vessels could be determined by comparing the images of the same histochemically stained cryostat section as seen by light and backscattered image scanning electron microscopy. The specificity of the 5'-nucleotidase reaction was obtained by inhibiting nonspecific alkaline phosphatase by including L-tetramisole in the 5'-nucleotidase incubation medium. The products of the 5'-nucleotidase activity were deposited on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of the lymphatic endothelial cells.     

The blood and lymph bed in Haversian bone

The structure of the components of the Haversian canals of the osseous tissue of the adult human mandible was studied in celloidin sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Fine blood vessels - mostly profiles of postcapillary venules, precapillaries and occasional capillaries - were demonstrated in osteons with Haversian canals 60-80 microns in diameter. Neither lymph capillaries nor vessels were observed, even in wider Haversian canals with larger blood vessels. The intraosseal spaces with rich blood vessel plexuses likewise did not contain any lymphatics with a characteristic form.     

Lymphatic and blood vessels of the liver in acute and chronic cholecystitis]

Changes in lymph and blood vessels were studied in 110 dogs with acute and chronic cholecystitis. It was established that in the period of development of acute inflammatory processes in the gall bladder the monolayer network of hepatic capillaries was changed into bi-layer, took place the formation of plane networks at the side of the lobule and lacunary dilatations in the site of fusion of lymph capillaries, dilatation and deformation of lymph capillaries and vessels. Under conditions of chronic cholecystitis fibrosis and sclerosis of the portal tracts were accompanied by intensive growth (and reduction - in parallel) of lymph capillaries. Thick small-looped network was observed to develop around false lobules during development of cyrrhosis. A conclusion is made that early cholecystectomy is necessary in cases of inflammatory diseases of the gallbladder.     

实验动物组织血管铁质反应与胶原、弹性纤维和肌纤维的组合染色法

在进行实验动物组织染色反应中,为了证明血管铁质物质与胶原、弹性纤维和肌纤维的分布情况,选用丽春红S苦味酸(Ponceau S picric acid)、间苯二酚碱性复红(Resorein basic fuchsin)与Perls铁法(简称P-PA-R-BF-P法),对大鼠组织进行组合染色,能够较好显示组织血管中铁质物质与胶原、弹性纤维和肌纤维,铁质物质呈蓝色,胶原纤维呈红色,弹性纤维呈棕色,肌纤维呈黄色。这是一种相互对比清晰的组合染色方法。     

Therapeutic differentiation and maturation of lymphatic vessels after lymph node dissection and transplantation

Surgery or radiation therapy of metastatic cancer often damages lymph nodes, leading to secondary lymphedema. Here we show, using a newly established mouse model, that collecting lymphatic vessels can be regenerated and fused to lymph node transplants after lymph node removal. Treatment of lymph node-excised mice with adenovirally delivered vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) or VEGF-D induced robust growth of the lymphatic capillaries, which gradually underwent intrinsic remodeling, differentiation and maturation into functional collecting lymphatic vessels, including the formation of uniform endothelial cell-cell junctions and intraluminal valves. The vessels also reacquired pericyte contacts, which downregulated lymphatic capillary markers during vessel maturation. Growth factor therapy improved the outcome of lymph node transplantation, including functional reconstitution of the immunological barrier against tumor metastasis. These results show that growth factor-induced maturation of lymphatic vessels is possible in adult mice and provide a basis for future therapy of lymphedema.