植物花发育的分子机理研究进展

花的发育分为开花决定、花的发端和花器官的发育三个阶段。植物开花由多条途径诱导,包括光周期和光质诱导、春化作用、自主途径、赤霉素诱导、碳水化合物诱导等;植物体本身也存在着开花抑制途径。各种开花诱导途径能激活花分生组织特性基因,使茎端分生组织转变为花分生组织。花器官的发育由器官特性基因决定,这些基因的精确表达需要花分生组织特性基因的激活和多个正、负调节因子的调控;另有一类基因控制着花发育的对称性。花发育机理的研究具有重要的理论意义和广泛的应用前景。     

植物花发育的分子机理研究进展

花的发育分为开花决定、花的发端和花器官的发育三个阶段。植物开花由多条途径诱导,包括光周期和光质诱导、春化作用、自主途径、赤霉素诱导、碳水化合物诱导等;植物体本身也存在着开花抑制途径。各种开花诱导途径能激活花分生组织特性基因,使茎端分生组织转变为花分生组织。花器官的发育由器官特性基因决定,这些基因的精确表达需要花分生组织特性基因的激活和多个正、负调节因子的调控;另有一类基因控制着花发育的对称性。花发育机理的研究具有重要的理论意义和广泛的应用前景。     

C类花器官特征基因AGAMOUS(AG)调控植物花分生组织维持与终止研究进展

花分生组织的维持与终止在植物花器官发生和世代交替起着至关重要的作用。成功的花分生组织决定能够确保植物正常的生殖发育和生命周期进程。诸多研究表明AGAMOUS(AG)基因作为花器官分化和开花决定的主效调节因子,能够协调花发育过程中多种细胞命运决定。然而,关于AG参与调控植物世代交替及花分生组织维持与终止的分子调控机制尚不清晰。综述了近年来AG基因参与调控植物花分生组织维持与终止的研究进展及现状,以期为深入研究植物花器官分化过程中干细胞的维持和终止,以及干细胞活动与其他发育过程之间的分子调控过程提供参考。     

植物AP1基因研究进展(综述)

AP1(APETALA1)基因属于植物花分生组织特征基因和花器官形态特征基因,在控制植物花分生组织特性与花器官的形成过程中起着重要的作用。本文综述了近年来植物AP1基因结构、功能、表达调节及其与物种进化关系研究的新进展,并对其在果树上的应用研究进行分析和展望。     

植物成花转变基因的研究现状

介绍了拟南芥中与开花相关的一系列控制成花的基因,包括花分生组织特异性基因和COPS基因,这些基因相互作用,通过成花抑制路径、自发促进路径、光周期促进路径和春化促进路径来调节植物的成花转变。     

拟南芥花分生组织决定基因AGL24对花发育的影响

AGAMOUS-LIKE 24(AGL24)基因编码MADS蛋白,在植物花发育的不同时期发挥着重要的作用。综述了AGL24如何通过和其他花分生组织决定基因的相互作用来影响拟南芥花的发育,调节开花时间,这将有助于人们对开花基因调控网络有更进一步的认识,能够在生产上有效的调控开花时间,从而为植物育种提供借鉴。     

拟南芥成花关键基因调控网络研究进展

开花是植物从营养生长转变为生殖生长的重要时期,而开花调控成为近年来植物分子生物学研究的热点。在目前已有的研究中,调控拟南芥开花的基因网络已经发展成一个包含串扰(Crosstalk)、反馈(Feedback)和冗余(Redundancy)的复杂网络,这个网络通过开花整合子来与其他发育过程紧密结合。以调节开花的遗传途径作为基础,重点讨论了顶端分生组织中的信号积累、花发育的时空调节、开花相关基因在拟南芥开花时间或花发育过程以外的其他过程中的功能,并对开花调控网络的深入研究进行了展望。     

果树成花转变途径与调控研究进展

植物成花转变是营养生长向生殖生长转变的过程,木本果树过长的童期严重制约了育种的进程.相对于模式植物,目前对果树成花转变与调控的研究相对较少.因此,了解并掌握果树成花转变的途径及调控方法,对于缩短果树童期、调控开花,加速果树育种具有重要意义.基于近年来国内外相关研究,本文系统总结了果树的成花途径,阐述了果树栽培措施、植物...     

花序分生组织特性基因TFL1的系统发育及其功能分析

TFL1同源基因在维持植物营养生长和花序分生组织特性方面起着非常重要的作用,其功能的丧失常导致植物提早开花,花序的正常发育受到抑制,最终茎端形成顶花。至今已经有28种植物的TFL1基因被克隆到,其中包括拟南芥、金鱼草和番茄等模式植物。TFL1 蛋白的系统发育树基本符合物种的亲缘关系。作为花序分生组织特性基因的TFL1与花分生组织特性基因LFY 和AP1相互作用,抑制花序分生组织向花分生组织的转变。TFL1和LFY等基因可用来培育早花新品种,也可用于培育无果的新品种,减少悬铃木、杨、柳等果毛的污染。     

重要观赏兰科植物的分子生物学研究进展

兰科植物是开花植物中最大的家族之一,分子标记技术应用于兰科植物的分类鉴定和品种鉴别,为兰花的分类提供了分子水平的证据,也为兰花保护策略和措施的制定提供了理论基础。兰科植物表现有高度特异的形态、结构和生理特性,是研究花着色机理和子房发育的理想对象。兰花离体培养开花系统的建立,可以用来探明兰花从营养生长向生殖生长的转变机制,是研究花的分化和发育的理想材料。兰花具有特异的查尔酮合成酶（CHS）基因和二氢叶酸还原酶（DFR）基因等控制花色素的合成,DOH1基因控制石斛兰花芽的形成和提早开花,PHAL.039基因和ACC合成酶基因在蝴蝶兰授粉后的子房发育中起着重要的调控作用,这些特异基因的分离和克隆为兰花花的分化、发育及着色机制提供了分子基础。蝴蝶兰属、大花蕙兰(Cymbidium hybridium)、石斛兰属、文心兰属、五唇兰属和万代兰属等兰科植物都有转基因的研究报道,主要以原球茎为材料采用基因枪或农杆菌法转化,部分研究获得了转化植株。     

Growing up fast: manipulating the generation time of trees

Domestication and genetic improvement of trees is far behind that of herbaceous plants owing to their long generation times, which result from the existence of a long juvenile phase of reproductive incompetence. During recent years, significant progress has been made towards understanding the molecular basis of flowering transition in model herbaceous species. Some of the genes identified have been shown to efficiently accelerate reproductive development when ectopically expressed in transgenic plants, including trees. These results provide new clues as to the molecular basis of reproductive competence in trees and suggest ways to accelerate their genetic improvement.     

A petunia MADS box gene involved in the transition from vegetative to reproductive development.

We have identified a novel petunia MADS box gene, PETUNIA FLOWERING GENE (PFG), which is involved in the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. PFG is expressed in the entire plant except stamens, roots and seedlings. Highest expression levels of PFG are found in vegetative and inflorescence meristems. Inhibition of PFG expression in transgenic plants, using a cosuppression strategy, resulted in a unique nonflowering phenotype. Homozygous pfg cosuppression plants are blocked in the formation of inflorescences and maintain vegetative growth. In these mutants, the expression of both PFG and the MADS box gene FLORAL BINDING PROTEIN26 (FBP26), the putative petunia homolog of SQUAMOSA from Antirrhinum, are down-regulated. In hemizygous pfg cosuppression plants initially a few flowers are formed, after which the meristem reverts to the vegetative phase. This reverted phenotype suggests that PFG, besides being required for floral transition, is also required to maintain the reproductive identity after this transition. The position of PFG in the hierarchy of genes controlling floral meristem development was investigated using a double mutant of the floral meristem identity mutant aberrant leaf and flower (alf) and the pfg cosuppression mutant. This analysis revealed that the pfg cosuppression phenotype is epistatic to the alf mutant phenotype, indicating that PFG acts early in the transition to flowering. These results suggest that the petunia MADS box gene, PFG, functions as an inflorescence meristem identity gene required for the transition of the vegetative shoot apex to the reproductive phase and the maintenance of reproductive identity.     

植物MADS-box 基因FRUITFULL(FUL)研究进展

植物MADS-box基因家族的不同成员在植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用。拟南芥MADS-box 基因FRUITFULL(FUL) 在控制拟南芥开花时间、花分生组织分化、茎生叶形态以及心皮和果实的发育中起到重要作用。其他植物中,FUL的同源基因也在调控花发育,果实发育以及叶片发育等方面各自起到重要作用。本文综述了FUL基因及其同源基因的表达模式和功能,并就其在农作物及果树育种上的潜在应用价值进行了讨论。     

植物MADS-box基因的研究进展

MADS-box基因是一类重要的转录调控因子,在动物、植物、真菌中都有分布。在植物中从根、茎、叶到花的发育,果实的成熟MADS-box基因都起作用,尤其是在开花植物中花的发育,开花时间的控制等方面起着重要的作用。综述了MADS-box基因的分类、进化、结构、以及MADS-box基因在植物花器官发育,开花时间的控制,果实的成熟等方面的作用。     

A short history of MADS-box genes in plants

Evolutionary developmental genetics (evodevotics) is a novel scientific endeavor which assumes that changes in developmental control genes are a major aspect of evolutionary changes in morphology. Understanding the phylogeny of developmental control genes may thus help us to understand the evolution of plant and animal form. The principles of evodevotics are exemplified by outlining the role of MADS-box genes in the evolution of plant reproductive structures. In extant eudicotyledonous flowering plants, MADS-box genes act as homeotic selector genes determining floral organ identity and as floral meristem identity genes. By reviewing current knowledge about MADS-box genes in ferns, gymnosperms and different types of angiosperms, we demonstrate that the phylogeny of MADS-box genes was strongly correlated with the origin and evolution of plant reproductive structures such as ovules and flowers. It seems likely, therefore, that changes in MADS-box gene structure, expression and function have been a major cause for innovations in reproductive development during land plant evolution, such as seed, flower and fruit formation.     

The role of miR156 in developmental transitions in Nicotiana tabacum

Plants undergo a series of developmental transitions during their life cycle. After seed germination, plants pass through two distinct phases: the vegetative phase in which leaves are produced and the reproductive phase in which flowering occurs. Based on the reproductive competence and morphological changes, the vegetative phase can be further divided into juvenile and adult phases. Here, we demonstrate that the difference between juvenile and adult phase of Nicotiana tabacum is characterized by the changes in leaf size, leaf shape as well as the number of leaf epidermal hairs(trichomes). We further show that miR156, an age-regulated microR NA, regulates juvenile-to-adult phase transition in N. tabacum. Overexpression of miR156 results in delayed juvenile-to-adult transition and flowering. Together, our results support an evolutionarily conserved role of miR156 in plant developmental transitions.