西南桦速生单株选择

采用方差分析、遗传参数分析和聚类分析方法,在福建省华安县引种实验林进行西南桦(Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don)速生单株选择,从25个种源中筛选出8个优良种源,树高平均遗传增益为10.4%.对8个种源中69个家系进行聚类分析,选择出13个速生家系,树高的平均遗传增益为29.4%.运用K快速聚类法从95个单株中筛选出14株速生单株,其遗传增益为118.01%,增产效果显著,在闽南一带可用作无性繁殖材料,以加速西南桦引种造林良种化进程.     

草木灰对四种松属种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

火干扰不仅影响森林生态系统的结构与功能,而且影响群落更新与演替。为了研究草木灰对4种松属种子萌芽和幼苗生长的影响,在湖南省株洲市黄丰桥林场采集马尾松、云南松、湿地松和火炬松种子,以马尾松次生林火烧迹地的草木灰为基质,设置对照和3个草木灰处理,进行播种试验及生长观测。结果表明:(1)草木灰处理下4个物种的种子发芽率比对照试验低,并呈现随草木灰含量的增加而降低的趋势,低草木灰含量处理马尾松种子发芽率不及对照一半,中、高草木灰含量处理发芽率更低;云南松、湿地松和火炬松种子发芽率规律类似于马尾松,而高草木灰含量处理发芽率为0。(2)培养皿播种平均发芽时间比花盆播种长,无论草木灰处理还是培养条件(培养皿或花盆),马尾松和云南松种子平均发芽时间比湿地松和火炬松短。(3)4个物种种子播种14周后,对照试验中马尾松和云南松幼苗死亡率最低,而火炬松和湿地松幼苗死亡率相对增加。(4)播种14周后不同试验处理4个物种幼苗生长差异不明显。火炬松、湿地松、云南松和马尾松幼苗的单株平均干重分别达0.038、0.031、0.027、0.024 g。各物种叶干重按降序排列依次是火炬松(0.026 g)湿地松(0.019 g)云南松(0.017 g)马尾松(0.016 g),根和茎的干重比重相当,约占对应物种幼苗叶干重的三分之一。研究表明以草木灰为培养基质,马尾松和云南松种子的发芽率较高,平均发芽时间较短,更适合作为火烧迹地植被恢复先锋树种,为火干扰后选择人工促进天然更新树种提供参考。     

肉桂优树子代测定初报

对福建省华安金山林场25年生肉桂人工林的70株初选优树的半同胞子代进行遗传测定,方差分析结果表明,家系间在树高、地径上差异显著,参试的优树子代平均树高、地径分别超过对照家系78.6%、91.5%。通过聚类分析,初步分出5个类群,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ类中11个家系属早期速生类型,有待于进一步重点观测。     

速生湿地松良种胚性愈伤组织诱导与增殖

为使速生湿地松良种快速大规模繁殖,对其胚性愈伤组织进行诱导和增殖优化研究.该文以1代湿地松种子园中10个速生湿地松优良无性系(基因型)的未成熟合子胚为外植体,系统研究基因型、合子胚发育阶段、基本培养基、植物生长调节剂种类和浓度等不同因子对胚性愈伤组织诱导效率的影响,探讨胚性愈伤组织的增殖条件.结果表明:基因型、合子胚发...     

萧氏松茎象危害与松树松脂量关系研究初报

萧氏松茎象HylobitelusxiaoiZhang是近年来暴发性松树害虫 ,主要危害 3种松树 :湿地松 (PinuselliottiiEngelm)、火炬松 (P .taeda)、马尾松 (P .massoniaanaLamb) ,其中以湿地松受害最为严重。为明确萧氏松茎象的危害与松脂流量的关系 ,作者对萧氏松茎象危害前后 3种松树 (湿地松、马尾松、火炬松 )松脂流量变化进行了研究。结果显示 ,在松树受害植株和未受害植株间松脂总流量间存在一定差异 ,其中以马尾松松脂流量变化最大 ,对受害株和未受害株松脂流量t-测验 ,差异达到显著水平 ;而湿地松和火炬松松脂总流量在受害植株和未受害植株间没有显著差异。对上述 3种松树松脂流量随时序动态变化的分析显示 ,松脂流量在 1年中以 5月到 6月之间为松脂流量高峰期 ,此后逐渐下降 ,到 3月中旬以后松脂流量又开始上升。就松脂流量时序动态而言 ,萧氏松茎象为害对马尾松松脂流量影响最大 ,对其它2个松树影响不明显。另外 ,不同松树树种在松脂流量及其时序动态上也存在一定差异 ,其中以马尾松脂流量较高。     

不同松树种间杂交类型的可育性分析

探究不同松树种间杂交可育性,为松树种间杂交育种亲本选配提供依据,进而为松树的杂种优势研究积累材料。该研究利用随机区组设计,通过92个松树种间杂交组合与20个半同胞对照,分析9种松树种间杂交类型子代的平均球果产种数、平均球果产种量、百粒重、发芽率与成苗率5项育性指标,综合球果期、种期与苗期3个阶段的表现,利用模糊数学隶属函数法对不同松树种间杂交类型进行可育性综合评价。结果表明:加勒比松×湿地松(C×E)、湿地松×加勒比松(E×C)与湿地松×火炬松(E×T) 3种杂交类型育性表现优于或接近相应的半同胞对照,马尾松×湿地松(M×E)、马尾松×火炬松(M×T)、马尾松×加勒比松(M×C)、火炬松×加勒比松(T×C)、火炬松×马尾松(T×M)与火炬松×湿地松(T×E)杂交类型育性表现远低于半同胞对照,表现出低育性甚至不育。综合5项育性指标,亚组内杂交育性的整体表现明显优于亚组间杂交;湿地松与加勒比松为母本的3种杂交组合育性表现总体水平明显优于马尾松与火炬松为母本的另外6种杂交组合。9种杂交类型中除了火炬松×湿地松(T×E)外,均获得了具有生活力的杂交子代,尤其马尾松与3种国外松的杂交子代在相关研究中是首次获得,对松树种间杂交育种的研究具有重要意义。     

国外松种间杂交后代生长和形态性状变异及相关性分析

利用随机区组设计营建的试验林资料,对6种树龄5年的国外松杂种后代生长和形态性状变异及其相关进行了分析,结果显示:国外松种间杂交后代不同物种,同一物种的不同家系,同一家系内的不同单株均表现出丰富的多样性,单株材积和树干通直度的变异系数达30%~50%;而其它形态、生长性状变异系数为2%~30%。这些杂交种丰富的生长和形态变异为多目标选择奠定了基础。以湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelman var.elliottii)为母本的杂交松针叶长度变短,同时湿地松×洪都拉斯加勒比松(P.caribaea Morelet var.hondurensis(Senecl.)Barrett et Golfari)还表现出良好的干形性状(通直度好,分枝角小等)。以火炬松(P.taeda L.)为母本的杂交松对针叶的改良效果不明显,但是火炬松×洪都拉斯加勒比松单株平均材积大、干形通直、分枝角小、侧枝细,说明这个杂交类型具有生长快、树形紧凑等优良特性。相关分析显示生长快、针叶短、分枝角度小、树干通直度好这几个性状可以同步改良。研究认为国外松种间杂交后代生长性状不低于母本,在形态性状上湿地松×洪都拉斯加勒比松与母本相比针叶较稀疏,针叶长度较短,分枝角较小,因此比母本更能抵抗雨雪冰冻等自然灾害,这对于我国南方湿地松抗逆性育种具有重要的意义。     

福建省火炬松生长与环境因子的典型相关分析

运用典型相关分析等多元统计方法对福建省火炬松（Pinus taeda Linn.)人工林的生长与环境因子间的相互关系进行分析。结果表明,对地处亚热带的福建省而言,火炬松的生长性状除了与年龄、密度有关外,与年均温、≥10℃积温呈正相关,与年降水量呈负相关,从而为火炬松的栽培区划和生产力评价提供科学依据。     

沱江流域两种人工针叶林群落结构比较

采用样方调查法比较了沱江流域两种人工针叶林群落的结构.结果表明,湿地松林中湿地松幼苗幼树很少;马尾松林中有较多的马尾松幼苗幼树.马尾松种群多度比湿地松种群大38%,而湿地松种群的平均高度、平均冠幅比马尾松种群分别大32.7%和22.2%.从高度结构及径级结构来看,马尾松种群在各个级别上都有分布;而在湿地松种群中,没有Ⅰ...     

菌根化技术在广西马尾松育苗中的应用

通过对马尾松苗木的菌根土接种及苗圃地选择的试验,可知培育马尾松菌根化苗木,应选择土壤中菌根菌含量丰富的马尾松疏残林地、近年采伐迹地、林中空地、林缘下方,以及前茬是马尾松或湿地松的老苗圃地作为马尾松苗圃地。在这些地类上,结合施以足量腐熟有机肥做基肥,培育的马尾松苗木菌根感染率一般都在85%以上,苗木质量好。上述地类外的新垦苗圃地,应在生长健壮,无病原菌,而且最好是生长有马勃子实体的马尾松林下,挖取0—20厘米表土层进行菌根土接种,培育的松苗也可获得较高的菌根感染率。历史上未种过松类、栎类,附近又无松林的荒山荒地,用作马尾松苗圃地,苗木的菌根感染率极低,质量差。     

Phenotypic analysis of first-year traits in a pseudo-backcross {(slash x loblolly) x slash} and the open-pollinated families of the pure-species progenitors

A single test, including one pseudo-backcross (Pinus elliottii x Pinus taeda) x P. elliottii and open-pollinated families of the pure species progenitors, was established in North Central Florida in December 2007 to study the transfer of the fast-growing characteristics from a P. taeda L. (loblolly pine) parent into the P. elliottii Engelm. (slash pine) background. Several traits were measured in the first growing season: height growth, phenology, tip moth incidence, stem traits, crown architectural and needle traits. Heterosis was evaluated for each trait using analyses of variance by fitting a linear mixed model. All traits were significantly (p value < 0.05) different among families while the significance for heterosis varied by trait. Positive heterosis was found for average rate of shoot elongation (ASRE), total growth (TG), total height and number of needles per fascicle while the opposite was true for base diameter, top diameter, fascicle length, fascicle diameter, crown projected area and phenological traits (cessation, duration and day to reach 50% of the height). Average performance (i.e., no heterosis) was found for initiation of growth, number of branches, number of nodes, tip moth incidence, sheath length and specific leaf area. The analyses indicated that introgression of loblolly pine alleles into slash pine was effective and novel trait combinations were achieved. The pseudo-backcross had larger variation in early height growth than the slash pine families and was taller than all open-pollinated families at the end of the first season. Tip moth incidence was much lower than the loblolly pine family.     

Relative contributions of crown and phenological traits to growth of a pseudo-backcross pine family ((slash?×?loblolly)?×?slash) and its pure species progenitors

One pseudo-backcross [(slash?×?loblolly)?×?slash] (BC1) and open-pollinated families of the pure species progenitors were established in a single test in North Central Florida. Multivariate analysis was used to estimate the intra-trait correlation among the taxa, and path analyses were used to determine the relative contributions of crown architectural and phenological traits to first-year height growth. The multivariate analysis indicated that BC1, slash, and loblolly pine have different relationships among the traits studied, suggesting that a separate path analysis was required for each taxon. Path analysis coefficients of determination of the final models were 0.69, 0.73, and 0.65 for the pseudo-backcross, loblolly, and slash pine families, respectively. The ranking of traits by relative magnitude of effect on total growth was, for the pseudo-backcross crown projected area (CPA), fascicle length (FL), number of nodes (NN), number of branches (NB), number of needles per fascicle (NF), and fascicle diameter. For loblolly, this was CPA, NB, FL, NN, NF, initiation, and specific leaf area. For slash, this was CPA, NN, FL, NF, and NB. The study indicated that all crown traits considered in the path analysis had moderate effects on first-year height growth, with the exceptions of the consistently large effect of CPA and the minimal effect of the phenological traits.     

Regeneration of transgenic loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from zygotic embryos transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Embryos of 24 open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus teade L.) were used as explants to conduct in vitro regeneration. Then, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 harboring the plasmid pPCV6NFHygGUSINT was used to transform mature zygotic embryos of seven families of loblolly pine. The frequency of transformation varied among families infected with A. tumefaciens. The highest frequency (100%) of transient beta-glucuronidase (GUS)-expressing embryos was obtained from family 11-1029 with over 300 blue spots per embryo. Expression of the GUS reporter gene was observed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radicles of co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos, as well as in callus and shoots derived from co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos. Ninety transgenic plants were regenerated from hygromycin-resistant callus derived from families W03. 8-1082 and 11-1029. and 19 transgenic plantlets were established in soil. The presence of the GUS gene in the plant genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Southern blot, and plant DNA/T-DNA junction analysis. These results suggest that an efficient A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into loblolly pine has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for future studies on transferring economically important genes to loblolly pine.     

南方红壤区3种典型森林恢复方式对植物群落多样性的影响

合理的森林恢复方式能提高植物多样性,进而提高生态系统服务功能.在我国南方红壤区研究了3种典型森林恢复方式(引进种恢复的湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林本地种恢复的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林和自然恢复的天然次生林)的植物区系构成和植物群落多样性.结果表明:(1)湿地松人工林有155种植物,隶属66科118属,马尾松人工林有137种植物,隶属59科97属;天然次生林有226种植物,隶属86科160属,3种森林恢复方式的乔木层、灌木层和草本层的优势科属明显不同,马尾松人工林的优势物种和天然次生林更相似;(2)天然次生林的植物区系基本构成、植物区系类型种类高于马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,并且天然次生林的温带成分比例高于湿地松人工林;(3)恢复方式对植物群落的多样性指数有显著影响,天然次生林的物种丰富度、辛普森指数明显高于马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,两种人工林之间差异不显著;(4)3种森林恢复方式的植物群落结构存在显著差异,相比湿地松人工林,马尾松人工林的植物群落组成与天然次生林更相似.总之,自然恢复的天然次生林植物群落多样性高于人工恢复的马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,本地种马尾松人工林在维持区域植物群落结构功能上优于引进种湿地松人工林.     

湿地松和马尾松人工林土壤甲烷代谢微生物群落的结构特征

土壤甲烷代谢微生物影响甲烷的产生和氧化,然而关于林型对土壤中甲烷代谢微生物群落结构影响的研究较少。采用基因芯片GeoChip 3.0研究了湿地松人工林和马尾松人工林土壤甲烷代谢微生物群落结构特征。结果如下,(1)两种林型的甲烷代谢微生物群落结构存在极显著差异(P=0.008),林型能解释其34.9%的变异;(2)产甲烷菌(包含甲基辅酶M还原α亚基基因mcrA的微生物)的优势菌群发生了变化,湿地松人工林的的优势菌为Methanocorpusculum labreanum Z,马尾松人工林的优势菌群除Methanocorpusculum labreanum Z外,还包括产甲烷古菌和Methanosarcina mazei Gol;(3)甲烷营养菌(包含甲烷单加氧酶基因pmoA基因的微生物)的优势菌为Ⅱ型,有3种不可培养细菌只在湿地松人工林检测到,在马尾松人工林中未检测到;(4)mcrA基因丰度或同源基因数量与土壤容重正相关,与土壤粘粒含量呈显著负相关;pmoA基因信号强度或多样性指数与土壤全碳含量、全磷含量和速效氮含量显著正相关。总之,相比本地种马尾松人工林,引进种湿地松人工林的土壤甲烷代谢微生物群落结构发生了显著变化。     

Paternal chloroplast inheritance patterns in pine hybrids detected with trnL-trnF intergenic region polymorphism

The inheritance patterns of the chloroplast genomes of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) were investigated through the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer polymorphism analysis. The DNA sequences of this spacer differ among these three closely related Pinus species. A modified 'cold' PCR-SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) analysis of this spacer shows that the artificial hybrids (F1) from the shortleaf pine (seed parent) 2 loblolly pine (pollen parent) cross, exhibit the loblolly pine profile. Additionally, nine putative hybrids between shortleaf pine and loblolly pine, previously identified by the IDH (Isocitrate dehydrogenase) allozyme marker, presented the shortleaf pine profile indicating that shortleaf pine, not loblolly pine, sired all of the putative hybrids. Nondenatured polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer demonstrated that the artificial hybrids (F1) from the cross, slash pine (seed parent) 2 shortleaf pine (pollen parent), present the shortleaf pine profile. Those results confirmed that the chloroplast genome is paternally inherited in these three species of the genus Pinus. The significance of the trnL-trnF intergenic region polymorphism and our modified 'cold' SSCP protocol for population genetic studies is discussed.     

Transgenic loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plants expressing a modified delta-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis with enhanced resistance to Dendrolimus punctatus Walker and Crypyothelea formosicola Staud

A synthetic version of the CRY1Ac gene of Bacillus thuringiensis has been used for the transformation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using particle bombardment. Mature zygotic embryos were used to be bombarded and to generate organogenic callus and transgenic regenerated plants. Expression vector pB48.215 DNA contained a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) CRY1Ac coding sequence flanked by the double cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator sequences, and the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene controlled by the promoter of the nopaline synthase gene was introduced into loblolly pine tissues by particle bombardment. The transformed tissues were proliferated and selected on media with kanamycin. Shoot regeneration was induced from the kanamycin-resistant calli, and transgenic plantlets were then produced. More than 60 transformed plants from independent transformation events were obtained for each loblolly pine genotype tested. The integration and expression of the introduced genes in the transgenic loblolly pine plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) analysis, by Southern hybridization, by Northern blot analysis, and by Western blot analysis. Effective resistance of transgenic plants against Dendrolimus punctatus Walker and Crypyothelea formosicola Staud was verified in feeding bioassays with the insects. The transgenic plants recovered could represent a good opportunity to analyse the impact of genetic engineering of pine for sustainable resistance to pests using a B. thuringiensis insecticidal protein. This protocol enabled the routine transformation of loblolly pine plants that were previously difficult to transform.     

多样化松林中昆虫群落多样性特征

马尾松和湿地松是我国南方的2种主要松树。通过对6种不同林分结构下的马尾松林和湿地松林内昆虫群落调查与多样性指数分析,表明2种松树内的昆虫种类和数量无显著差异,混交林中的昆虫群落的种类和数量比纯林多,尤其以捕食天敌类群的种类和数量更为明显。整个昆虫群落和植食类群多样性指数以湿地松林内较大,而天敌(捕食类群和寄生类群)多样性指数则以马尾松林较高。从不同林分结构下昆虫多样性的比较来看,混交林内昆虫群落多样性指数波动较小,明显地高于纯林。但不同林分结构下昆虫多样性随水平分布和垂直分层格局而变化,松树北面和东面各样地之间的昆虫群落多样性指数差异显著,而南、西面之间差异较小;树冠层各样地之间的差异达极显著水平,而枯枝落叶层和树干层之间差异不显著。由此,还进一步讨论了混交林中昆虫群落稳定性问题。     

Agrobacterium－mediated transformation and assessment of factors influencing transgene expression in loblolly pine（Pinus taeda L.）

This investigation reports a protocol for transfer and expression of foreign chimeric genes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Transformation was achieved by co-cultivation of mature zygotic embryos with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 which harbored a binary vector (pBI121) including genes for beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII). Factors influencing transgene expression including seed sources of loblolly pine, concentration of bacteria, and the wounding procedures of target explants were investigated. The expression of foreign gene was confirmed by the ability of mature zygotic embryos to produce calli in the presence of kanamycin, by histochemical assays of GUS activity, by PCR analysis, and by Southern blot. The successful expression of the GUS gene in different families of loblolly pine suggests that this transformation system is probably useful for the production of the genetically modified conifers.