CRISPRpas: programmable regulation of alternative polyadenylation by dCas9

Most human protein-coding genes produce alternative polyadenylation (APA) isoforms that differ in 3′ UTR size or, when coupled with splicing, have variable coding sequences. APA is an important layer of gene expression program critical for defining cell identity. Here, by using a catalytically dead Cas9 and coupling its target site with polyadenylation site (PAS), we develop a method, named CRISPRpas, to alter APA isoform abundance. CRISPRpas functions by enhancing proximal PAS usage, whose efficiency is influenced by several factors, including targeting strand of DNA, distance between PAS and target sequence and strength of the PAS. For intronic polyadenylation (IPA), splicing features, such as strengths of 5′ splice site and 3′ splice site, also affect CRISPRpas efficiency. We show modulation of APA of multiple endogenous genes, including IPA of PCF11, a master regulator of APA and gene expression. In sum, CRISPRpas offers a programmable tool for APA regulation that impacts gene expression.     

选择性多聚腺苷酸化的生物学效应及其调控机制研究进展

真核生物基因的前体mRNA(pre-mRNA)及一些lncRNA在成熟过程中其3'端会发生剪切和多聚腺苷酸化反应(cleavage and polyadenylation, C/P),C/P的发生需要多聚腺苷酸化信号(polyadenylation signal, PAS)的存在。选择性多聚腺苷酸化(alternative cleavage and polyadenylation, APA)是指具有多个PAS的基因,在其mRNA3'端成熟过程中,由于选择不同的PAS,导致产生出多个3'UTR长度和序列组成不同的转录异构体。3'UTR长度和序列的不同会影响mRNA的稳定性、翻译效率、运输和细胞定位等,因此APA是真核生物的一个重要转录后调控方式。近年来,对大量动物、植物及酵母的基因组测序分析发现,APA在真核生物广泛存在,针对APA的生物学效应和调控机制开展了一系列研究。目前已鉴定出许多APA调控的顺式调控元件和反式作用因子。本文重点介绍了APA生物学效应和调控机制的最新研究进展,并探讨了未来APA调控的研究方向。     

Alternative polyadenylation: New insights from global analyses

Recent studies have revealed widespread mRNA alternative polyadenylation (APA) in eukaryotes and its dynamic spatial and temporal regulation. APA not only generates proteomic and functional diversity, but also plays important roles in regulating gene expression. Global deregulation of APA has been demonstrated in a variety of human diseases. Recent exciting advances in the field have been made possible in a large part by high throughput analyses using newly developed experimental tools. Here I review the recent progress in global studies of APA and the insights that have emerged from these and other studies that use more conventional methods.     

CRISPR-iPAS: a novel dCAS13-based method for alternative polyadenylation interference

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) plays an important role in gene regulation. With the recent application of novel sequencing technology in APA profiling, an ever-increasing number of APA genes/sites have been identified. However, the phenotypic relevance of most of these APA isoforms remains elusive, which is largely due to the lack of a convenient genetics tool for APA interference. To address this issue, herein, an efficient method is developed based on the CRISPR-dCas13 system, termed as CRISPR-iPAS. Out of eight different dCas13 proteins, Porphyromonas gulae (Pgu) dCas13b, is identified as the most effective one in blocking the usage of the polyadenylation site (PAS). With guide RNAs targeting at core regulatory elements, dPguCas13b enabled APA regulation of endogenous genes with different APA types, including tandem 3′UTR, alternative terminal exon, as well as intronic PAS. Finally, we demonstrated that the proposed APA perturbation tool could be used to investigate the functional relevance of APA isoforms.     

水稻OsJMJ718基因可选择性多聚腺苷酸化序列的 克隆及生殖发育期表达模式

可选择性多聚腺苷酸化是真核生物重要的基因调控机制之一, 通过形成不同长度的3'端非翻译区影响信使RNA的稳定性、定位和翻译效率, 从而增加转录本的复杂度。已有研究表明, 拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中参与DNA去甲基化调控IBM1基因的可选择性多聚腺苷酸化加工受染色质调节因子EDM2调控, 从而影响拟南芥基因组数千基因的CHG甲基化水平, 但该类调控机制是否在其它物种中同样存在仍然未知。以水稻(Oryza sativa)基因组中IBM1同源基因OsJMJ718为研究对象, 利用生物信息学分析和3'RACE实验, 发现IBM1同源基因也存在可选择性多聚腺苷酸化修饰, OsJMJ718基因可能存在9个可选择性多聚腺苷酸化序列。序列比对分析表明, NCBI网站现存日本晴OsJMJ718基因组3'末端序列与9522和明辉63等其它生态型基因组序列组成可能不同。荧光实时定量PCR分析表明, OsJMJ718的9个转录本在水稻生殖发育阶段呈现不同的动态表达模式, 其中TVX5转录本表达量最高。研究获得的OsJMJ718基因可选择性多聚腺苷酸化序列信息及相关的表达模式分析为进一步揭示水稻OsJMJ718基因的可选择性多聚腺苷酸化分子机制和生物学功能奠定了基础。