Prevention of acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A in a period of an emergency situation on the territory of the Karachai-Chercasssian Republic

Information on the scope of destructions caused by the high flood, on the sanitary and hygienic situation on the affected territories of the Karachai-Chercassian Republic is given. Materials on the organization and realization of prophylactic measures on the territory of the Karachai-Chercassian Republic at the period the natural calamity, under the conditions of a high risk of the appearance of an outbreak of enteric infections and viral hepatitis A are presented. In these materials the main trends of the work are pointed out; due to the timely taken and effectively carried out measures on the anti-epidemic protection of the population, the sanitary and epidemiological service was shown to prevent the aggravation of the epidemiological situation in the republic.     

Emergency situations in the Republic of Ingushetia and the prevention of their epidemiological consequences

Information on the sanitary and epidemiological situation and water supply in the Republic of Ingushetia during the period before and after the emergency situation (high flood) is presented. The results of epidemiological observations on the territory of the Republic of Ingushetia for the period of June 22 to the end of the year 2002 indicate that no considerable rise in infectious morbidity, as well as outbreaks of natural focal infections, was noted. This suggests that, in spite of the complicated sanitary and epidemiological situation before the emergency situation (due to the vicinity of the conflict in the Chechen Republic, the intensive migration of the population and the presence of a large of refugees on the territory of the Republic of Ingushetia) and its sharp deterioration caused by the high flood, the timely realization of a complex of sanitary and prophylactic measures made it possible to avoid the wide spread of infectious diseases.     

Epidemiologic situation in the quarantine of natural focal infections in the Southern Federal District

Materials on the situation in quarantine natural focal infections (anthrax, plague, tularemia, brucellosis, leptospirosis, etc.) in the Southern Federal District are presented. Experience in the provision of the epidemic safety in the above-mentioned diseases, based on the systematic surveillance on the activity of epizootological factors on the territory of the natural foci of infections, are described. The causes of the possible aggravation of the epidemiological situation in a number of nosological forms in connection with changes in natural and socio-economic factors are given. The results of the realization of regional programs, making it possible to improve the system interaction between the administrative territories, services and departments aimed at ensuring the epidemiological safety of the region, are shown.     

Anti-epidemic provision for the population in emergency situations in the Krasnodar Territory

Information on natural calamities, caused by hydrologically dangerous phenomena (high flood, tornado, mountain torrents) which took place in the Krasnodar Territory in summer 2002) are presented. As the result of the emergency situations 110 settlements with the population exceeding 116,000 inhabitants were inundated. At the peak of the high flood more than 36,000 homesteads were inundated, more than 56,000 persons had to be evacuated. The aggravation of the epidemiological situation in the affected settlements and in the territory as a whole could be prevented due to the timely planning and realization of measures aimed at the sanitary and epidemiological provision of the population of the Krasnodar Territory (the sanitation and disinfection of settlements, the campaign for the immunoprophylaxis of the population with respect of infectious diseases, etc.), unprecedented in their scope.     

Prevention of epidemiological consequences during an extreme situation caused by the natural disaster in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania

Information on the organization of interaction between different services responsible for restoration works, sanitary cleaning, disinfection under the conditions of the emergency situation is presented. The activity of the sanitary and epidemiological services in the areas in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, affected by high flood, is described. Measures aimed at the epidemiological surveillance of acute enteric infections, the control of the quality of drinking water and foodstuffs, the bacteriological study of material samples taken from humans, vaccinal and phage prophylaxis have taken an important place in the work of the institutions of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance. As the result of all these measures the sanitary and epidemiological service has managed to prevent the aggravation of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the republic.     

Prevention of acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A appearing in connection with a natural disaster in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alana

Materials on the work of the sanitary and epidemiological service in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, aimed at the prophylaxis of acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A under the conditions of the emergency situation caused natural calamities (inundation, high flood), are presented. The competent planning and operative realization of organizational, prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures have made it possible to keep morbidity in acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A on a sporadic level.     

Prevention of acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A in the Krasnodar Territory appearing in connection with a natural disaster in 2002

Materials on the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Krasnodar Territory in connection with emergency situations (intensive snowfalls, heavy showers, high floods) in 2002 are presented. The scope of the destruction of the systems ensuring the life provision of the population in the affected regions of the territory is shown. To carry out the epidemiological surveillance on acute enteric infections, to make corrections of the planned prophylactic measures, as well as the timely solutions of problems connected with controlling the epidemiological situation, the daily monitoring of the level and dynamics of infectious morbidity in individual settlements among different age and professional groups, as well as the foci of infections, was established. 65 cases of acute enteric infection and 4 cases of viral hepatitis A were registered in the affected areas, which did not exceed the average morbidity figures for many years. A complex of sanitary, hygienic and prophylactic measures was carried out by the sanitary and epidemiological service of the territory, which made it possible to maintain human morbidity in acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A in the affected areas on the sporadic level.     

On the epidemiological situation in quarantine, natural focal and other infections on the territory of the Southern Federal District

The data on the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Southern Federal District are presented. The analysis of morbidity in tuberculosis, measles, HIV infection, viral hepatitis A, typhoid fever, cholera and quarantine infections, Crimean hemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, rabies, malaria has been carried out. Special attention has been given to "new and newly returning infections", and among them to the spread of SARS ("atypical pneumonia"). The role of regional epidemiological safety programs, in particular such program as "The prophylaxis of quarantine and natural focal infections and the sanitary protection of the territory of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation from the import and spread infectious diseases in 2003-2005", has been substantiated.     

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in southern Russia

At the end of the 20th--the beginning of the 21st century activation of a natural focus of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in southern Russia was noted. As a consequence, in 2002 outbreaks and sporadic cases of this disease were registered on the territory of 6 out of 13 administrative units of the Southern Federal District. To minimize the epidemiological consequences of the aggravating epidemiological situation considerable efforts and means were required from health care organs and institutions of the state sanitary and epidemiological service, including essential financial expenditures. The results of natural foci of CCHF survey, obtained by 2002, as well as main trends of prophylactic and antiepidemic interventions are presented. Scientific research and practical observations made it possible to work out a number of methodological regulations concerning the diagnostics, treatment and prophylaxis of CCHF.     

Experience in the work on prevention of infectious diseases in the Republic of Dagestan in 2002 in connection with a natural disaster

Materials characterizing the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Republic of Daghestan which arose as the consequence of the emergency situation caused by the high flood and inundation in summer 2002 are presented. The work of the sanitary and epidemiological service, carried out in cooperation with the relevant departments, on the organization and realization of measures aimed at preventing the deterioration of the epidemiological situation on the territories of the republic, affected by the natural calamity, is described. As shown in the presented materials, all these measures made it possible to ensure the effective control on the sanitary, hygienic and epidemiological situation in the republic and to prevent the appearance and spread of the outbreaks of infectious diseases.     

Sanitary and epidemiological provision of the personnel of the units and border formations of the North Caucasus Regional Command of the Border Guard Service of the Russian Federation

The factors affecting the environment of servicemen doing their duties in connection with the task of guarding the state frontier of the Russian Federation are presented. The main trends in the activity of the sanitary and epidemiological service, carried out under regular conditions and the period of the liquidation of the consequences of high floods in the Southern Federal District in 2002 with the aim of preventing the aggravation of the epidemical situation, were shown to be determined, and the corresponding measures taken, in due time, thus making it possible to prevent the growth of morbidity in enteric and other infections among the personnel of the units and formations of the North Caucasian Regional Command of the Federal Frontier-Guard Service of the Russian Federation.     

Epidemiological surveillance on natural-borne infections in the Ulyanovsk region

The analysis of natural foci of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and tick-borne borreliosis on the territory of the Ulyanovsk region is presented. Reduced rat control interventions result in a wide spread of these and other infections with natural focality. Monitoring of natural foci of HFRS, tick-borne borreliosis and arbovirus infections, their typing and determination of main reservoirs are the most promising among epidemiological surveillance methods.     

Prevention of acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A in the Stavropol Territory in connection with a natural disaster

Materials on the organization and realization of prophylactic measures with respect to acute enteric infections (AEI) and viral hepatitis A (VHA) at the period of the liquidation of medico-sanitary consequences of the high flood are presented. As shown in these materials, the epidemiological surveillance on AEI and VHA in the areas affected by the emergency situation included the effective system of monitoring on these diseases. On the basis of monitoring optimum decisions were taken and concrete prophylactic measures were realized. This made it possible to detect the foci of infectious diseases in due time and efficiently liquidate them, as well as to prevent the development of the epidemiological consequences of the high flood.     

Organization of the workers of the State Sanitary and Epidemiologic Services of the Stavropol Territory in the period of eradication of the consequences of the flood in urban and rural regions of the Territory in 2002

As the result of high flood occurring during the period of June 21-22, 2002, in the Stavropol Territory, 65 settlements were affected. About 200,000 inhabitants found themselves lacking centralized drinking water supply. From the very first days of the emergency situation the state sanitary and epidemiological service took a complex of measures aimed at the liquidation of the medico-sanitary consequences of the high flood, the prevention of the appearance of mass infectious diseases among the affected population. As the result of these measures, the appearance of the outbreaks of acute enteric infections, viral hepatitis A aggravations in malaria and other infectious diseases could be prevented.     

Bacteriological provision of anti-epidemic measures in the zones of a natural disaster in Southern Russia in 2002

The bacteriological provision of the prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures, taken under the conditions of the unstable sanitary and epidemiological situation which arose as the result of the emergency situation due to the high flood in the Southern Federal District, was carried out by the efforts and means of microbiological laboratories forming a part of the territorial system of observation and laboratory control. On the whole, more than 20,000 samples of water supplied to the population for drinking and household use, more than 10,000 samples of foodstuffs and cooking raw materials were examined in the Southern Federal District during the period of the liquidation of the medico-sanitary consequences of the emergency situation (June-August). To study the epidemic potential of the natural foci of quarantine infections and the probability of the spread of Bacillus anthracis from burial grounds for sick animals, the laboratory capacities of plague-control institutions were used.     

Prevention of acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A in the Republic of Dagestan in connection with the flood of 2002

The data on the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Republic of Daghestan during the period of high flood in 2002. The scope of sanitary, hygienic and prophylactic measures carried out during this period with a view to prevent the appearance of the outbreaks of acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A in the Republic of Daghestan is shown.     

Leptospirosis in the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation

The retrospective and operative epidemiological analysis of leptospirosis morbidity on the administrative territories of the Southern Federal District during the period of 1990-2002 was carried out. The dynamics and tendencies of morbidity in individual administrative units of the region were shown. Materials on the negative influence of the emergency situation arising in the region as the result of the natural calamity in summer 2002 were presented. As shown in this work, timely decisions on the stabilization of epidemiological situation taken at the period of high flood and inundation in summer 2002 in the Southern Federal District and their efficient execution made it possible to keep the epidemiological situation in leptospirosis under control.     

Features of leptospirosis in the Krasnodar Territory

The data on leptospirosis morbidity in the Krasnodar Territory, one of the most epidemiologically unsafe areas in this infectious disease in the Russian Federation, are presented. High morbidity registered in this territory greatly depends on the epidemic outbreaks appearing due to defects in the realization of a complex of sanitary and veterinary measures. The Krasnodar Territory is liable to be affected by natural calamities. In 1997 a severe outbreak of leptospirosis took place here in connection with the high flood. Due to timely prophylactic measures the epidemiological consequencies of the similar calamity occurring in 2002 were brought to a minimum.     

Epidemiological characterization of Ixodes tick-borne borreliosis in the Krasnoyarsk territory

The analysis of morbidity in tick-borne infections for many years indicates that in the 1960s-1990s in the total structure of the clinical forms of tick-borne encephalitis the erythematic form amounted to 1.4-20.9, which 1.9- to 3.1-fold exceeded the morbidity characteristics for the whole of Russia. The epidemiological analysis of morbidity at the territory for the period of 1992-2001 is indicative of the presence of the combined foci of tick-borne encephalitis and Ixodes tick-born borrelioses (TBB) in 42 regions of the territory. The cyclic character of morbidity and the irregularity of its spread in different regions of the territory can be observed. Among the TBB patients, town dwellers constitute, on the average, 75.8%. These tick-born infections exhibit regional differences connected with landscape variations and the patients age. However official statistics does not reflect the real epidemic situation at the territory: hypodiagnostics is primarily due to the absence of reliable laboratory confirmation in remote regions of the Krasnoyarsk territory.     

Organization of measures for the prevention of infectious diseases in the Karachai-Chercassian Republic during a natural disaster

Information on the character and scope of destructions and damage in the systems of the life provision of the population as the result of the high flood in the Karachai-Chercassian Republic is presented. The materials on the organization and realization of sanitary, hygienic and prophylactic measures, taken on the territory of the affected regions during the period of the liquidation of the emergency situation caused by of the high flood, have been summarized.