双酶法水解菜籽油的研究

菜籽油用双酶(解脂假丝酵母脂肪酶和地霉脂肪酶)水解,酶解产物的酸值可达165以上。酶解条件是：酶量90-100单位／克油,油：水=1：1,摇床转速220r／min,温度28℃,时间20—24h,酶解过程中不加缓冲液,也不加酸和碱。这样简单的条件是很适用于脂肪酸生产的。     

由扩展青霉PF86产生脂肪酶催化油脂水解的研究

研究了由扩展青霉ＰＦ８６８产生脂肪酶催化水解三种油脂的影响因素与工艺条件,其中包括：水解时间、温度、ＰＨ、酶量、油水比及添加剂,并用气相色谱对产品脂肪酸进行了分析鉴定,初步分析其催化水解的脂肪酸的特异性。     

酶法合成糖及糖醇酯

以脂肪酸为酰基供体,糖和糖醇为酰基受体,利用吸附到涤棉布上的假丝酵母脂肪酶作催化剂,在含叔丁醇的系统中,研究了酯化反应条件。酯化最适温度和pH值分别为40℃～45℃和50～75。在酰基供体中,以亚油酸和油酸最好,C8到C22的饱和脂肪酸的酯化程度相仿。在23种糖和糖醇中,果糖、木糖、海藻糖、山梨糖、木糖醇、甘露醇以及异丙基葡萄糖和甲基葡萄糖比其它酰基受体的酯化率高。糖醇的酯化程度明显高于相应的糖。此外,酰基供体与受体的摩尔比大于2∶1时,有利于酯化。在由30mmol(085g)油酸,02mmol山梨醇(0036g),3mL叔丁醇和30mg固定化酯肪酶(600u)组成的反应系统中,40℃震荡反应48h,以等摩尔的底物计算,酯化程度达到90%以上。反应产物经薄层色谱鉴定为单酯和双酯。     

脂肪酸结合蛋白的研究

脂肪酸结合蛋白是一族多源性的小分子胞内蛋白质、广泛存在于哺乳动物体内的多种细胞,它在长链脂肪酸的转运,低谢调节中扮演着一个重要角色。脂肪酸结合蛋白的异常还可能与心肌肥大,心肌缺血,冠心病,急性和慢性酒精中毒,糖尿病以及癌症等有关。     

油脂废水生物处理研究进展

目前,油脂降解在常规的废水生物处理工艺中没有得到充分重视,造成反应器的处理效率大大降低,因此成熟有效的油脂降解生物处理技术开发与应用有待于深入探讨.本文系统阐述了废水处理过程中油脂的生物降解途径与机理,重点总结了油脂降解途径中油脂水解与长链脂肪酸降解涉及的功能微生物研究等最新进展,简要介绍了部分学者根据功能微生物的生境差别开发的一系列新型处理工艺,并在此基础上展望了油脂降解技术研究的重点突破方向,希望能为该工艺的发展提供理论指导.     

脂肪酶水解植物油的研究

本文报导了薄层层析法及高压液相色谱法定性定量地测定植物油甘油酯的组成,对不同来源的脂肪酶对植物油的水解进行了研究。实验结果表明,不同来源的脂肪酶对植物油(橄榄油)的水解性不同,同一脂肪酶水解不同种类的植物油,脂肪酶的水解率也不同,脂肪酶水解植物油有最适pH和最适温度。     

超临界CO2萃取真菌油脂及其脂肪酸组成分析

采用超临界CO2 萃取雅致枝霉的油脂 ,从最小样品需要量、处理样品能力及油脂得率等方面将其与索氏提取法进行综合对比评价 ,并对两种方法提取的雅致枝霉油脂的脂肪酸组成进行气相色谱分析。索氏法的油脂得率最高 ,但耗时较长 (>6h) ,样品需要量大 (>2 0 0 0mg) ,且提取的油脂中杂质较多 ;超临界CO2 萃取法油脂得率较索氏法低 ,但提取的油脂中杂质较少 ,单位时间内样品处理能力强 ,是索氏法的 6倍 ,且可处理微量样品 (5 0mg)。气相色谱分析结果表明两种方法提取的油脂 ,均含 12种已知脂肪酸 ,且每种脂肪酸的含量相近。综合各项指标考虑 ,超临界CO2 萃取法优于索氏法 ,是一种简便、有效的真菌油脂提取方法 ,适合油脂及多不饱和脂肪酸高产株菌筛选的实际应用需要     

亚麻籽油和豆油替代鱼油对大黄鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成及Δ6Fad基因表达的影响

为了研究亚麻籽油(LO)和豆油(SO)完全替代鱼油(FO)对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成及Δ6Fad (Δ6 Fatty acid desaturase)基因表达的影响。实验用豆油和亚麻籽油替代鱼油制备了3种等氮等脂的精制饲料, 在海水浮动网箱中进行了为期10周的养殖实验。实验结果表明: (1)鱼油组的增重率、饲料效率和特定生长率均显著高于亚麻籽油组和豆油组(P<0.05), 但对成活率, 肝体指数和脏体指数没有显著影响(P>0.05); (2)亚麻籽油和豆油完全替代鱼油显著改变了鱼体肝脏和肌肉的脂肪酸组成, 降低了肝脏和肌肉LC-PUFA (Long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acid)的相对含量(P<0.05), 在亚麻籽油组(LO)和豆油组(SO)中没有显著差异(P>0.05), 在各处理组中, 肌肉的n-3LC-PUFA的相对含量显著高于肝脏(P<0.05); (3)亚麻籽油和豆油显著上调了肌肉和肝脏中Δ6Fad基因的表达量(P<0.05), 其表达量在肝脏中分别升高了7.6和6.5倍, 在肌肉中分别上升了2.2和2.8倍。结果表明, 在实验条件下亚麻籽油和豆油完全替代鱼油对大黄鱼生长具有不利影响, 亚麻籽油和豆油替代鱼油降低了肝脏和肌肉中LC-PUFA的含量, 提高了Δ6Fad基因的表达量。     

The Influence of Fatty Acid and Glycerol on the Kinetics of Fat Hydrolysis by Candida Rugosa Lipase in a Membrane Reactor

The kinetics of lipid-hydrolysis by Candida rugosa lipase was investigated in a membrane reactor and in an emulsion system. Two models were chosen to describe the kinetics of the enzyme:

(1) The hydrolysis of triglycerides to fatty acids was considered to be a chain reaction with the intermediary products di- and mono-glyceride; each step was assumed to be a reversible second-order reaction. The reaction rate constants were determined from batch experiments. The experimental results could be described with this model.

(2) For process optimization and control, a model based on the power law was developed. For this model, the rate of hydrolysis was measured as a function of fatty acid and glycerol concentrations. Relations for the initial rate and equilibrium ester fraction as a function of the glycerol concentration were determined. Further, the reaction rate could be described with the power-law model with a power of 1.75 in the hydrolyzable ester fraction for a wide range of glycerol concentrations. The model with power 1.75 gave much better results when compared to a similar first order model. Although simpler, the first order model can not be used. The power law model was applied in the simulation of a reactor composed of three modules. The fatty acid production rate was calculated for this reactor system as a function of the outgoing glycerol concentration at different conditions.     

Production of Ricinoleic Acid from Castor Oil by Immobilised Lipases

Abstract

Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), and Castor bean lipase (CBL) were immobilized on celite by deposition from aqueous solution by the addition of hexane. Lipolytic performance of free and immobilized lipases were compared and optimizations of lipolytic enzymatic reactions conditions were performed by free and immobilized derivatives using olive oil as substrate. Afterwards, the influence on lipolysis of castor oil of free lipases and immobilized lipase derivatives have been studied in the case of production of ricinoleic acid. All of the lipases performances were compared and enzyme derivative was selected to be very effective on the production of ricinoleic acid by lipolysis reaction. Various reaction parameters affecting the production of ricinoleic acid were investigated with selected the enzyme derivative.

The maximum ricinoleic acid yield was observed at pH 7–8, 50°C, for 3 hours of reaction period with immobilized 1,3-specific PPL on celite. The kinetic constants K_m and V_max were calculated as 1.6 × 10^?4 mM and 22.2 mM from a Lineweaver–Burk plot with the same enzyme derivative. To investigate the operational stability of the lipase, the three step lipolysis process was repeated by transferring the immobilized lipase to a substrate mixture. As a result, the percentange of conversion after usage decreased markedly.     

游离脂肪酶催化蓖麻油制备蓖麻油酸

游离脂肪酶与固定化脂肪酶相比具有成本低、反应速率快等优势,是油脂化工中新的研究方向。前期研究表明,游离脂肪酶NS81006能高效催化多种油脂水解,进一步研究其对含独特羟基的绿色石油材料蓖麻油的水解过程,对于促进游离脂肪酶在新能源领域的应用具有重要意义。本文对影响游离脂肪酶NS81006催化蓖麻油水解过程的主要因素,温度、酶用量、水用量和搅拌速率进行了研究和优化,在优化后的条件下48 h水解率可达94.8%,且发现通过离心分离可有效实现NS81006的重复使用,连续回用5个批次,游离脂肪酶仍能有效催化水解反应。而对比高温高压法水解蓖麻油,发现游离脂肪酶NS81006具有明显优势。     

脂肪酶催化猪油与辛酸酸解制备功能性脂反应条件的优化

目的:探索有机溶剂体系中酶法酸解猪油与辛酸制备减热量型功能性脂的最佳反应条件。方法:采用响应曲面法中的3水平5因子2星点部分因子试验设计,评价酸解反应中的5个关键因素,即酶量、反应时间、反应温度、底物比率和水分添加量及其交互作用对辛酸插入率的影响,确定最佳反应条件。结果:建立了辛酸插入率对5个变量的一个2次多项式数学模型,该模型极显著(P<0.0001),拟合优度良好。通过主效应分析,得出每个因子对模型的贡献程度从大到小依次为反应温度(负效应)>底物比率>反应时间>酶量(在实验范围内,水分不影响辛酸插入率)。借助模型方程产生的等高线图及统计软件,分析得出最大辛酸插入率下各个因子的最适水平分别为酶量16%,反应时间36h,反应温度50℃,底物比率3.8,水分添加量5%。在此条件下辛酸插入率达到了50.5mol%,与模型预测值50.7mol%非常吻合。结论:应用响应曲面法对有机溶剂体系中酶法酸解猪油与辛酸制备减热量性脂的反应条件进行优化是合理可靠,科学迅速的,且有效的。     

发酵法生产多不饱和脂肪酸

简要介绍微生物产多不饱和脂肪酸的生化研究现状,着重从高产菌株的筛选、工程菌株的构建、发酵条件及产业化现状等方面论述微生物发酵生产多不饱和脂肪酸的主要研究进展;概述多不饱和脂肪酸的提取制备技术,并对发酵法生产多不饱和脂肪酸研究目标和发展前景提出了建议.     

Fatty Acid Specificity in Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Glucoside Esters

The fatty acid specificity of the B-lipase derived from Candida antarctica was investigated in the synthesis of esters of ethyl D-glucopyranoside. The specificity was almost identical with respect to straight-chain fatty acids with 10 to 18 carbon atoms. However, lower fatty acids such as hexanoic and octanoic acid and the unsaturated 9-cis-octadecenoic acid were found to be poor substrates of the enzyme. As a consequence of this selectivity, these fatty acids were accumulated in the unconverted fraction when ethyl D-glucopyranoside was esterified with an excess of a mixture of fatty acids. This accumulation can reduce the overall effectiveness of the process as the activity of the lipase was found to be reduced when exposed to high concentrations of short-chain fatty acids. Finally, using a simplified experimental set-up, the specificity of the C. antarctica B-lipase was compared to the specificity of lipases derived from C. rugosa, Mucor miehei, Humicola, and Pseudomonas. Apart from the C. rugosa lipase, which exhibited a very poor performance, all the enzymes showed a very similar specificity with respect to fatty acids longer than octanoic acid while only the C. antarctica B-lipase showed activity towards sort-chain fatty acids.     

Fatty Acid Specificity in Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Glucoside Esters

The fatty acid specificity of the B-lipase derived from Candida antarctica was investigated in the synthesis of esters of ethyl D-glucopyranoside. The specificity was almost identical with respect to straight-chain fatty acids with 10 to 18 carbon atoms. However, lower fatty acids such as hexanoic and octanoic acid and the unsaturated 9-cis-octadecenoic acid were found to be poor substrates of the enzyme. As a consequence of this selectivity, these fatty acids were accumulated in the unconverted fraction when ethyl D-glucopyranoside was esterified with an excess of a mixture of fatty acids. This accumulation can reduce the overall effectiveness of the process as the activity of the lipase was found to be reduced when exposed to high concentrations of short-chain fatty acids. Finally, using a simplified experimental set-up, the specificity of the C. antarctica B-lipase was compared to the specificity of lipases derived from C. rugosa, Mucor miehei, Humicola, and Pseudomonas. Apart from the C. rugosa lipase, which exhibited a very poor performance, all the enzymes showed a very similar specificity with respect to fatty acids longer than octanoic acid while only the C. antarctica B-lipase showed activity towards sort-chain fatty acids.     

Candida Antarctica Lipase B-Catalysed Synthesis Of Dihydroxyacetone Fatty Acid Esters

The enzymatic syntheses of 1-lauroyl-dihydroxyacetone and 1, 3-dilauroyl-dihydroxyacetone were investigated. Lipase B from Candida Antarctica (SP435) was used to catalyse the acylation of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) with lauric acid in organic solvent media at controlled water activity. High conversions of dihydroxyacetone (< 90%) are achieved when the water activity is 0.11 or below in solvents of various hydrophobicities, such as diethyl ether, methyl-terr-butyl ether (MTBE) and diphenyl ether. The main product in the esterification of DHA with lauric acid is 1-lauroyl-DHA, while the amount of 1, 3-dilauroyl-DHA that is produced can be increased by changing the reaction conditions. Thus, hasing the water activity from 0.75 to 0.06 resulted in an increase in the total yield of 1, 3-dilauroyl-DHA from 3% to 20%. Solvents which have high logP values favoured the acylation of 1-lauroyl-DHA and thereby the formation of 1, 3-dilauroyl-DHA. Thus, when diphenyl ether was used in this reaction, the yield of 1, 3-dilauroyl-DHA was 45%. Complete acylation to 1, 3-dilauroyl-DHA was achieved when a fatty acid vinyl ester was used as acyl donor in a closed reactor.