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1.
The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for common wolf–fish Anarhichas lupus in the North Sea were: male: L ∞=111·2 cm, t 0=–0·43 and K =0·12; and female: L ∞=115·1 cm, t 0=–0·39 and K =0·11, making this the fastest growing stock reported. Resting metabolic rates (RMR±S.E.) and maximum metabolic rates (MMR±S.E.) for six adult common wolf–fish (mean weight, 1·39 kg) at 5° C were 12·18±1·6 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 and 70·65±7·63 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 respectively, and at 10° C were 25·43±1·31 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 and 113·84±16·26 mg O2 kg–1 h–1. Absolute metabolic scope was 53% greater at 10° C than at 5° C. The diet was dominated by Decapoda (39% overall by relative occurrence), Bivalvia (20%) and Gastropoda (12%). Sea urchins, typically of low energy value, occupied only 7% of the diet. The fast growth probably resulted from summer temperatures approximating to the optimum for food processing and growth, but may have been influenced by diet, and reduced competition following high fishing intensity.  相似文献   

2.
1. Marine Iguanas ( Amblyrhynchus cristatus ) inhabiting the rocky shores of the Galápagos Islands apply two foraging strategies, intertidal and subtidal foraging, in a seasonal climate. Effects of both foraging strategy and seasonality on the daily energy expenditure (DEE) were measured using doubly labelled water.
2. Difference in foraging mode did not result in significant differences in DEE.
3. On Santa Fé the DEE in the warm season was significantly higher than in the cool season (67·8 ± 21·8 kJ kg–0·8 day–1 vs 38·0 kJ kg–0·8 day–1). This difference can be explained by body temperature. A model estimate of the body temperature was used to predict monthly DEE figures, giving a year round budget. On average a 1-kg iguana would need only 47 kJ day–1, or 17 mJ year –1. This is lower than previous estimates in which body temperatures were not taken into account.
4. The water flux of the Marine Iguana increases with increasing foraging time. The linear rise per minute foraging is roughly two times as high for subtidally foraging animals as for intertidal foragers.  相似文献   

3.
1. Although there is some evidence that exposure to heavy metals can disrupt osmoregulation in crustaceans, most studies have been carried out on relatively pollution-tolerant, marine or estuarine species. Consequently the effects of water-borne zinc (Zn) on osmoregulation by the freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex (L.), from two populations that differ in their heavy metal sensitivity, have been compared.
2. 'Clean' site animals (Clowne, Derbyshire) exhibited a marked haemoconcentration (after 4 days at 37·0 μmol Zn l–1, 5 days at 18·2 μmol Zn l–1) shown by an increase in haemolymph osmotic pressure (OPh) and [Na+] and [K+]. However, after 5 days at 37·0 μmol Zn l–1, haemolymph of survivors exhibited an OPh significantly less than controls. 'Contaminated' site animals showed a reduction in OPh (but not ions) only after 5 days at 76·2 μmol Zn l–1.
3. There were differences in the threshold and nature of osmoregulatory response to Zn between animals from 'clean' and 'contaminated' sites, but only at concentrations in excess of those (a) known to affect growth and reproduction in 'clean' site animals and (b) occurring at the 'contaminated' site. Clearly population differences in physiological capacity and tolerance do exist but their ecological significance is unclear.  相似文献   

4.
 Heat shock protein ([Hsp70]) and ionized calcium ([Ca2+]) concentrations were examined in pigs’ blood at different times after heat stress (HS). Pigs were from different halothane genotypes (HAL) (NN, n=7; Nn, n=5; nn, n=6). [Hsp70] increased significantly from 1–2 h after HS and [Ca2+] decreased significantly from HS-end in NN and Nn. No significant differences in [Hsp70] and [Ca2+] were detected among NN and Nn. [Hsp70] and [Ca2+] in nn did not vary significantly from baseline values. [Hsp70] was significantly higher in NN and Nn than in nn. Briefly, HAL affected [Hsp70] after HS in pigs probably via a disordered [Ca2+] regulation.  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT. Male crickets ( Teleogryllus oceanicus ) when dehydrated for 3 days lost 51% of their body water, and 65% of their haemolymph volume. Haemolymph osmolality rose from 391 to 572mOs/kg; [Na+] from 149 to 289 HIM; and [K+] from 13.0 to 26.3 mM. During dehydration 385 μig Na (expressed as NaCl) and 41 μug K (expressed as KCI) were removed from the haemolymph. Rehydration of the dehydrated insects failed to restore the Na+ and K+ concentrations to near their original levels. Approximately 62% of the missing Na+ was excreted, whilst five times the amount of K+ removed from the haemolymph was excreted. It is presumed that the excess represents K+ removed from intracellular fluid.  相似文献   

6.
Regulation of DOPA Decarboxylase Activity in Brain of Living Rat   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
Abstract: To test the hypothesis that l -DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) is a regulated enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine (DA), we developed a model of the cerebral uptake and metabolism of [3H]DOPA. The unidirectional blood-brain clearance of [3H]DOPA ( K D1) was 0.049 ml g−1 min−1. The relative DDC activity ( k D3) was 0.26 min−1 in striatum, 0.04 min−1 in hypothalamus, and 0.02 min−1 in hippocampus. In striatum, 3,4-[3H]dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ([3H]DOPAC) was formed from [3H]DA with a rate constant of 0.013 min−1, [3H]homovanillic acid ([3H]HVA) was formed from [3H]DOPAC at a rate constant of 0.020 min−1, and [3H]HVA was eliminated from brain at a rate constant of 0.037 min−1. Together, these rate constants predicted the ratios of endogenous DOPAC and HVA to DA in rat striatum. Pargyline, an inhibitor of DA catabolism, substantially reduced the contrast between striatum and cortex, in comparison with the contrast seen in autoradiograms of control rats. At 30 min and at 4 h after pargyline, k D3 was reduced by 50% in striatum and olfactory tubercle but was unaffected in hypothalamus, indicating that DDC activity is reduced in specific brain regions after monoamine oxidase inhibition. Thus, DDC activity may be a regulated step in the synthesis of DA.  相似文献   

7.
The relationship between Zn and P in the Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl was investigated using hydroponic culture. Total concentrations of Zn in the shoots increased from 0·2 to 27 g kg–1 dry mass when solution Zn increased from 1 to 1000 mmol m–3. Water-soluble Zn accounted for > 80% of the total Zn in the shoots containing > 5 g Zn kg–1 dry mass. Total P was maintained at about 3 g kg–1 dry mass in the shoots containing < 20 g Zn kg–1 dry mass, but significantly decreased with higher Zn concentrations. Linear regression between insoluble P and insoluble Zn in the shoots produced a small slope, suggesting that co-precipitation of Zn and P was not an important detoxification mechanism in the shoots. In contrast, there was a strong correlation between insoluble P and insoluble Zn in the roots, with a linear slope of 0·3 — close to the P:Zn ratio in Zn3(PO4)2. Foliar sprays of phosphate did not affect shoot dry mass significantly, but decreased root length and root dry mass significantly at Zn concentrations in solution from 10 to 3000 mmol m–3. Foliar P was translocated to roots to enhance co-precipitation of Zn and P, although this did not enhance Zn tolerance. The results suggest that T.caerulescens possesses mechanisms which allow it to accumulate and sequester huge amounts of Zn in the shoots without causing P deficiency.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract: Excitatory amino acid overstimulation of neurons can lead to a marked rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+])i) and be followed by neuron death from hours to days later. If the rise in [Ca2+]i is prevented, either by removing Ca2+ from the extracellular environment or by placing Ca2+ chelators in the cytosol of the stimulated cells, the neurotoxicity associated with excitotoxins can be ameliorated. We have recently shown that neurons infected with a herpes simplex virus amplicon vector expressing cDNA for calbindin D28k responded to hypoglycemia with decreased [Ca2+]i and increased survival relative to controls. We now report that vector-infected neurons respond to glutamatergic insults with lower [Ca2+]i than controls and with increased survival. Infected neurons exposed to sodium cyanide did not respond with lower [Ca2+]i than controls, nor did they demonstrate increased survival postinsult. We examine these results in light of our earlier report and in the context of the potential of vectors like this for neuronal gene therapy.  相似文献   

9.
1. A 1-year intensive study of nutrient flows in Airthrey Loch, central Scotland, a small eutrophic [mean total phosphorus (TP) = 61.1 μg P l–1] well-flushed freshwater body (area, 6.9 ha; mean depth, 1.85 m; volume, 1.274 × 105 m3; retention time, 0.44 yr), was undertaken.
2. The nutrient budget was dominated by large allochthonous P inputs, equivalent to an areal load to the loch of 8.56 kg P ha–1 yr–1, which occurred predominantly during winter. In the summer, when TP inputs were low, water column levels of TP still increased, as a result of aerobic P release from sediments.
3. Sorption experiments indicated potential for sediment P release at water P concentrations of up to 200 μg P l–1.
4. Aerobic release rate of P from sediments to the water column of Airthrey Loch was estimated to be of the order of 1 mg P m–2 day–1, and occurred during periods of elevated water column pH.
5. Straw bales placed in the loch to retard algal blooms were found not to have any demonstrable impact on algal concentrations observed during the study.  相似文献   

10.
1. Inputs of terrestrial arthropods (number and mass m–2 d–1) from riparian corridors to three streams representing different orders were highly variable among seasons and sites, with significantly greater ( P < 0.05) inputs at the headwater stream during summer months, compared with other sites and seasons.
2. No significant differences in estimates of stream retention of terrestrial arthropods (number and mass m–2 d–1) were observed among sites; however, retention of terrestrial arthropods at all sites was significantly greater during summer months, compared with other periods.
3. The gravimetric proportion of terrestrial arthropods present in the stomachs of redbreast sunfish ( Lepomis auritus ) and bluegill ( L. macrochirus ) was equivalent among sites. However, estimates of the dietary importance of terrestrial arthropods at all study sites were significantly greater in the summer, compared with other seasons.
4. Estimates of the potential annual energetic contribution (kJ m–2 d–1) of terrestrial arthropod inputs to the stream system were comparable with published rates of total annual production of aquatic macroinvertebrates in other Virginia headwater streams.
5. Results of this study supported the hypothesis that terrestrial arthropods represented an important energetic subsidy to stream fish during periods of low aquatic macroinvertebrate availability, and suggest that this component of allochthonous input is a potentially significant, but poorly understood energetic linkage between riparian landscapes and stream ecosystems.  相似文献   

11.
1. Inputs of terrestrial arthropods (number and mass m–2 d–1) from riparian corridors to three streams representing different orders were highly variable among seasons and sites, with significantly greater ( P < 0.05) inputs at the headwater stream during summer months, compared with other sites and seasons.
2. No significant differences in estimates of stream retention of terrestrial arthropods (number and mass m–2 d–1) were observed among sites; however, retention of terrestrial arthropods at all sites was significantly greater during summer months, compared with other periods.
3. The gravimetric proportion of terrestrial arthropods present in the stomachs of redbreast sunfish ( Lepomis auritus ) and bluegill ( L. macrochirus ) was equivalent among sites. However, estimates of the dietary importance of terrestrial arthropods at all study sites were significantly greater in the summer, compared with other seasons.
4. Estimates of the potential annual energetic contribution (kJ m–2 d–1) of terrestrial arthropod inputs to the stream system were comparable with published rates of total annual production of aquatic macroinvertebrates in other Virginia headwater streams.
5. Results of this study supported the hypothesis that terrestrial arthropods represented an important energetic subsidy to stream fish during periods of low aquatic macroinvertebrate availability, and suggest that this component of allochthonous input is a potentially significant, but poorly understood energetic linkage between riparian landscapes and stream ecosystems.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract: The lipophilic cation [3H]triphenylrnethylphosphonium bromide ([3H]TPMP+) was investigated as a measure of the membrane potential of synaptosomes. Conditions under which [3H]TPMP+ achieved an equilibrium distribution were tested. The toxicity of TPMP has been studied relative to its inhibitory effects on [3H]y-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) transport. In some experiments the distribution of 86RbZ+ and [3H]TPMP+ was changed upon incubation in the presence of elevated levels of K+, ouabain, or KCN, or at 0°C in a way that would be expected from the membrane potential. In normal incubation conditions a membrane potential of ∼−60 mv was calculated.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract: Zinc-65 transport into different regions of rat brain has been measured during short vascular perfusion of one cerebral hemisphere with an oxygenated HEPES-containing physiological saline at pH 7.40. The [Zn2+] was buffered with either bovine serum albumin or histidine. In each case uptake was linear with time up to 90 s. 65Zn flux into brain in the presence of albumin followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and for parietal cortex had a K m of 16 n M and a V max of 44 nmol/kg/min. Increasing concentrations of l -histidine enhanced 65Zn flux into brain at [Zn2+] values between 1 and 1,000 n M . The combined effect of [histidine] and [Zn2+] was best accounted for by a function of [ZnHis+], i.e., flux = 64.4 · [ZnHis+]/(390 + [ZnHis+]) + 0.00378 · [ZnHis+], with concentrations being nanomolar. d -Histidine had an influence similar to that of l -histidine. 65Zn flux in the presence of 100 µ M l -histidine was not affected by either 500 µ M l -arginine or 500 µ M l -phenylalanine. The results indicate specific transport of Zn2+ across the plasma membranes of brain endothelium. The enhancement due to histidine has been attributed to diffusion of ZnHis+ across unstirred layers "ferrying" zinc to and from transport sites.  相似文献   

14.
SUMMARY 1. The influences of temperature and dissolved nitrates and phosphates on microbial activity associated with suspended fine particulate organic matter (seston) were evaluated in four headwater streams in the southern Appalachian Mountains.
2. Temperature manipulations of ± 5°C always induced significant changes in [14C] glucose mineralization (ANOVA; P <0.05) and [3H]thymidine incorporation (ANOVA; P <0.05).
3. Nutrient amendments of 1.0 mg NO3 I−1 and 0.05 mg PO4I−1 induced no significant alterations in bacterial mineralization of [14C]glucose (ANOVA; P >0.05) or incorporation of [3H]thymidine (ANOVA; P >0.05) in short-term (i.e. 3 h) experiments.
4. Microorganisms attached to refractory particulate organic matter do not appear to be limited by nitrogen or phosphorus even in streams with ambient nutrient concentrations as low as 0.06 mg NO3 I−1 and <0.03 mg PO4 I−1.
5. Our results indicate that variations in water temperature resulting from diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations, forest clear-cutting, and catchment elevation and aspect can have marked effects upon microbial activity and production, while short-term alterations in nutrient regime appear to have no significant effect on microbial activity associated with seston.  相似文献   

15.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) stimulates seed mass production in many species, but the extent of stimulation shows large variation among species. We examined (1) whether seed production is enhanced more in species with lower seed nitrogen concentrations, and (2) whether seed production is enhanced by elevated [CO2] when the plant uses more N for seed production. We grew 11 annuals in open top chambers that have different [CO2] conditions (ambient: 370 μmol mol−1, elevated: 700 μmol mol−1). Elevated [CO2] significantly increased seed production in six out of 11 species with a large interspecific variation (0.84–2.12, elevated/ambient [CO2]). Seed nitrogen concentration was not correlated with the enhancement of seed production by elevated [CO2]. The enhancement of seed production was strongly correlated with the enhancement of seed nitrogen per plant caused by increased N acquisition during the reproductive period. In particular, legume species tended to acquire more N and produced more seeds at elevated [CO2] than non-nitrogen fixing species. Elevated [CO2] little affected seed [N] in all species. We conclude that seed production is limited primarily by nitrogen availability and will be enhanced by elevated [CO2] only when the plant is able to increase nitrogen acquisition.  相似文献   

16.
Snakeheads were adapted to fresh water (1 mOsm kg−1), 25% sea water (230 mOsm kg−1), 33% sea water (320 mOsm kg−1) and 40% sea water (380 mOsm kg−1) for 20 days. Exposure to salt water resulted in tissue dehydration, elevations of plasma osmolality, Na+, Mg2+, Cland protein concentrations and stimulation of branchial Na+-K+-ATPase activity. These changes were accompanied by concomitant decline of the hepatosomatic index and liver glycogen concentration. The routine rate of oxygen consumption was increased in snake-heads adapted to 33% sea water. These data were taken to indicate a stressful effect of salinity to the snakehead despite documentation of its ability to penetrate into brackish waters.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract: The time course of Ca2+-dependent [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) release and inactivation of 45Ca2+ entry were examined in rat brain synaptosomes depolarized by 45 m M [K+]o. Under conditions where the intrasynaptosomal stores of releasable [3H]ACh were neither exhausted nor replenished in the course of stimulation, the K+-evoked release consisted of a major (40% of the releasable [3H]ACh pool), rapidly terminating phase ( t 1/2 = 17.8 s), and a subsequent, slow efflux that could be detected only during a prolonged, maintained depolarization. The time course of inactivation of K+-stimulated Ca2+ entry suggests the presence of fast-inactivating, slow-inactivating, and noninactivating, or very slowly inactivating, components. The fast-inactivating component of the K+-stimulated Ca2+ entry into synaptosomes appears to be responsible for the rapidly terminating phase of transmitter release during the first 60 s of K+ stimulus. The noninactivating Ca2+ entry may account for the slow phase of transmitter release. These results indicate that under conditions of maintained depolarization of synaptosomes by high [K+]o the time course and the amount of transmitter released may be a function of the kinetics of inactivation of the voltage-dependent Ca channels.  相似文献   

18.
1. In minesoil reclamation, the establishment of a sustainable plant cover requires the improvement of limiting conditions and the re-initiation of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling.
2. The approach used in this study for reclaiming an abandoned sandpit in Quebec, Canada, was based on a heavy organic amendment as an attempt to accelerate the reconstruction of a functional ecosystem.
3. The one-time intervention consisted of incorporating paper de-inking sludge into soil at two rates (0 and 105 dry t ha–1), supplemented with nitrogen (N) at three rates (3, 6 and 9 g kg–1 sludge) and phosphorus (P) at two rates (0·5 and 1·0 g kg–1 sludge) followed by seeding (mid-summer) of Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv. (tall wheatgrass).
4. Standing biomass increased in the presence of sludge after both the first and second full growing seasons. High N application rates further increased yield, more importantly in the second season. The high P rate improved grass establishment in all cases. Ground cover increased with time and doubled in the presence of sludge whereas it declined in the absence of sludge. Phosphorus and N uptake was improved consistently in the presence of sludge.
5. Sludge application resulted in improved water retention and cation exchange capacities, and an increase in pH and bulk density of sandpit minesoil, all of which may have accounted for the significant improvement in plant responses. Levels of soil C and N suggest that this reconstructed system is approaching sustainability.
6. Adequate N and P supplements will accentuate the positive influence of sludge on revegetation.  相似文献   

19.
1. We grew the submersed freshwater macrophyte Vallisneria americana under controlled conditions at low and high [CO2] to produce litter with high and low tissue nitrogen concentration ([N]), respectively. We then followed mass and nitrogen dynamics in situ in this litter to test the indirect effect of [CO2] on its subsequent decomposition and colonisation by macroinvertebrates.
2. Litter from plants grown in high CO2 initially lost mass and N at a significantly lower rate but, by day 30, both litter types had lost about 90% of mass and N. Litter [N] did not appear to govern decay rate.
3. There was no effect of CO2 on the pattern of macroinvertebrate colonisation.
4. The potential exists for high [CO2] to increase rates of C and N cycling and, thereby, to increase internal N loading in macrophyte-dominated shallow water ecosystems.  相似文献   

20.
1. A 1-year intensive study of nutrient flows in Airthrey Loch, central Scotland, a small eutrophic [mean total phosphorus (TP) = 61.1 μg P l–1] well-flushed freshwater body (area, 6.9 ha; mean depth, 1.85 m; volume, 1.274 × 105 m3; retention time, 0.44 yr), was undertaken.
2. The nutrient budget was dominated by large allochthonous P inputs, equivalent to an areal load to the loch of 8.56 kg P ha–1 yr–1, which occurred predominantly during winter. In the summer, when TP inputs were low, water column levels of TP still increased, as a result of aerobic P release from sediments.
3. Sorption experiments indicated potential for sediment P release at water P concentrations of up to 200 μg P l–1.
4. Aerobic release rate of P from sediments to the water column of Airthrey Loch was estimated to be of the order of 1 mg P m–2 day–1, and occurred during periods of elevated water column pH.
5. Straw bales placed in the loch to retard algal blooms were found not to have any demonstrable impact on algal concentrations observed during the study.  相似文献   

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