南京市小气候日变化规律及其对人体舒适度的影响

于2005年7-9月,对南京市市中心繁华区、水体、郊区空旷地和森林绿地4个不同生境的日平均温度、湿度和风速等气象因子进行了24 h定点同步观测.结果表明:各点于翌日4:00出现气温最低值,13:00-14:00出现最高值,森林绿地日平均气温最低,市中心繁华区最高,市中心繁华区、水体于17:00气温突增,市中心繁华区和郊区空旷地气温日振幅较大;各观测点相对湿度最高值时段为0:00-翌日5:00,16:00-17:00为湿度最低时段,森林绿地日平均湿度最大,市中心繁华区最低;森林绿地、郊区空旷地的风速、风速变化幅度白天大于夜晚,风速11:00-12:00开始变小;南京市气候呈弱热岛效应,城郊日平均温差＜0.5℃;热岛对人体舒适度有负面影响,市中心繁华区、城市郊区空旷地白天人体舒适度始终低于森林绿地.     

辽宁省5-9月降水日变化特征

基于1994-2008年逐年5-9月辽宁省52个气象台站的逐时降水数据,应用逐时降水量、逐时降水频次、逐时降水强度和不同持续时间降水4个指标对辽宁省降水日变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:辽宁省5-9月降水量和降水频次都呈现双峰型的日变化特征,峰值区为14:00-17:00和2:00-8:00;降水强度日变化呈现单峰型,峰值区位于14:00-17:00;各时次降水量与降水强度平均相关系数为0.8,与降水频次相关系数为0.5,降水量变化与降水强度关系密切,受降水频次影响较小;短时降水降水量和频次对总降水量和总降水次数的贡献较长持续时间降水的大,且短时降水多发于14:00-19:00,长持续时间降水主要出现于2:00-9:00.     

1961—2019年辽宁省高温天气变化特征

深入理解高温热浪天气的变化特征、辨识其影响因素,对于科学防控高温天气的危害、保障经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究基于1961—2019年6—8月辽宁省23个气象站点的日最高气温、相对湿度和风速数据,分析日最高气温(Tx)、日最高体感温度(AT)和高温热浪(连续3 d≥35 ℃)的变化特征,并采用灰色关联度分析气象因子对AT的影响。结果表明: 1961—2019年,辽宁省各站点6、7和8月Tx的平均值分别为26.19、28.29和28.14 ℃,气候倾向率平均值分别为0.17、0.20、0.17 ℃·(10 a)^-1,AT的平均值分别为27.35、31.13、31.08 ℃,气候倾向率平均值分别为0.38、0.35、0.28 ℃·(10 a)^-1。6—8月,研究区各站点Tx、AT与其气候倾向率均呈显著负相关关系,说明夏季Tx、AT低值区的增温幅度大于高值区,应重视研究区夏季Tx、AT低值区的高温防御。6—8月,各站点日最高气温≥35 ℃日数平均值为0.85 d·a^-1,6、7月明显大于8月,高值区主要位于辽宁西部,低值区主要位于辽宁南部和滨海地区,平均增加速率为0.20 d·(10 a)^-1。各站点多年平均高温热浪次数为0.071次,高值区主要分布在西部地区,南部和滨海地区未出现高温热浪事件。关联度分析表明,6月最高体感温度与相对湿度关系最密切,而7月和8月最高体感温度与最高气温关系最密切。因此,在高温天气预报预警中应充分考虑相对湿度的影响。     

沙蒿木蠹蛾生物学特性研究

沙蒿木蠹蛾Holcocerus artemisiae Chou et Hua是危害油蒿Artemisia ordosica Krasch和籽蒿A. sphaerocephala Krasch的重要钻蛀性害虫, 以幼虫蛀食根部, 导致寄主植物长势衰弱甚至死亡。为有效控制其危害, 我们对该虫形态和生物学特征结合野外调查和室内饲养观察进行了研究。结果表明： 在宁夏, 该虫2年发生1代, 以幼虫在被害油蒿根部越冬; 老熟幼虫于5月中旬从受害根部钻出, 在周围的沙土里结茧化蛹, 蛹期平均19.5±3.5 d; 成虫始见于6月初, 终见于8月末, 期间经历3次羽化高峰, 分别为6, 7, 8月的上旬。成虫羽化主要在14:00-17:00, 整个过程持续30~45 min; 羽化当日即可交配, 交配时间为20:00-21:00, 高峰期为20:30左右; 雄虫有2次交尾现象。雄虫寿命2~3 d, 雌虫寿命1~3 d, 极少4 d。雌雄性比约为1∶2.16。卵初见于6月中旬, 初孵幼虫初见于6月下旬。幼虫常单独危害, 且具有转移危害的习性, 蛀食坑道不规则。5-9月, 油蒿受害率为11%~44%, 平均24%, 株虫口密度为0.13头/株。幼虫对油蒿的树龄和地径有较明显的选择性, 主要危害1~4年生、 地径16~34 mm的油蒿。沙蒿木蠹蛾生物学特征的系统研究为其控制措施的制定提供了科学依据。     

东、黄海水团动态与夏季休渔效果间的关系

用聚类分析法分析了2003年6月-2005年6月东、黄海水团的分布,并讨论了水团动态变化与夏季休渔效果间的关系。结果表明,6月表层水团主要包括东海表层水团、黄海水团、黄-东海混合水团和沿岸冲淡水,底层水团主要包括东海次表层水团、黄海冷水团和黄海水团。另外,各水团的分布面积存在年间差异。夏季休渔期间,中上层鱼类资源和底层鱼类资源的恢复速度均在2005年最快,在2003年最慢。9月东、黄海中上层鱼类的主要作业渔场在28°00′-32°30′N,125°30′E以西海域,该海域表层主要受东海表层水团所控制;底层鱼类的主要作业渔场在29°30′-33°00′N,127°00′E以西海域,该海域底层主要受东海次表层水团所控制。6月较强的东海表层水团有利于中上层鱼类资源的恢复;较强的东海次表层水团有利于底层鱼类资源的恢复,而较强的黄海冷水团不利于底层鱼类资源的恢复。     

引进花角蚜小蜂成虫的寿命和羽化节律

通过室内饲养和连续观察,研究了食物、温度对引进花角蚜小蜂成虫寿命的影响及其羽化的时间节律.结果表明：食物对该寄生蜂成虫寿命有极显著影响,喂食20％蜂蜜或20％蜂蜜＋新鲜松针可将雌虫寿命从不喂食的1.5 d延长到14.8 d和17.3 d,将雄虫寿命从不喂食的1.5 d延长到11.3 d和12.3 d.喂食20％蜂蜜条件下,温度也表现出极显著影响,23 ℃和26 ℃下雌、雄成虫的寿命均明显较长,32 ℃下均最短,相同温度下雌虫的寿命显著长于雄虫.日周期中,雌虫主要在11:00-15:00羽化,18:00以后基本不羽化;雄虫主要在9:00-12:00羽化,17:00以后基本不羽化.在花角蚜小蜂的主要羽化期7-9月,7月羽化量最大 ,此后8、9月呈波浪式递减;单日羽化的成虫中,雌虫大多占80％以上,雄虫则长期在一个较低水平波动.对比试验发现,花角蚜小蜂在收蜂棚中的出蜂量比在收蜂箱中更大.花角蚜小蜂在羽化前积累的能量十分有限,人工放蜂前提供必要的营养补充将有助于提高生物防治效果.福建和广东夏季的高温、花角蚜小蜂雌成虫和松突圆蚧雌成蚧虫口高峰期不吻合、极高的雌性比例等是影响该寄生蜂种群稳定的潜在因素.收蜂棚有利于大量收集花角蚜小蜂,适合在生产上应用.     

林下广场、无林广场和草坪的温湿度及人体舒适度

园林绿地是缓解城市热岛效应的有效途径,绿地在降温增湿方面发挥着重要作用。选择北京市万芳亭公园林下广场、无林广场和草坪作为研究对象,对三者调节城市小气候的效应进行了定量化研究。每天8:00～18:00,每2h一次分别对林下广场、无林广场和草坪的温度、相对湿度进行同步测定,连续测定7d。结果表明:在一天中的高温时段(12:00～16:00),林下广场的温度最低、相对湿度最高;在傍晚(18:00)草坪的温度最低、相对湿度最高。与无林广场相比,林下广场的降温幅度为0.3～3.3℃,平均值为1.9℃;增湿幅度为1.1%～5.9%,平均值为4.1%。林下广场的日最高温度值是最低的,可大大缩短高温持续时间,最多可缩短8h。在一天中的任何时刻,林下广场和无林广场的温度、相对湿度差异均达到了极显著水平(Duncan’s多重比较,p<0.01)。林下广场调节城市小气候的功能最佳,人体舒适度最好,是夏季人们户外活动的较佳选择。     

乌鲁木齐市区大气NO_2对居民健康风险的定量评价

目的:采用健康风险评价方法定量评价近十年乌市(乌鲁木齐市)居民暴露于大气中主要污染物NO2后的慢性健康效应,揭示NO2暴露与居民潜在健康危害的关系。方法:运用统计软件SPSS17.0对NO2与人群呼吸系统疾病、肺癌死亡率进行spearman等级相关分析;根据非致癌污染物健康风险评价公式计算乌市NO2所致的人群健康风险;由超死亡数计算公式综合定量评价NO2对人群的健康危害。结果:1.2001年~2010年乌市人群呼吸系统疾病、肺癌死亡率以及总死亡率和NO2日均暴露剂量无相关性;2.NO2所致个人终生健康危害的危险度R低于单一污染物可接受的健康危险度1.0×10-6。结论:近年来乌市NO2污染物年日平均浓度均达标,但有明显的上升趋势。有关部门应加强环境管理力度,力求减轻大气NO2的污染,保护居民生命健康。     

西方高温热浪研究述评

高温热浪不仅给自然生态系统造成不可逆转的冲击,也对人类经济社会与健康产生巨大的负面影响。西方学者历来重视高温热浪相关研究,并产生了丰硕的成果。首先梳理了西方高温热浪研究的脉络,即从指标测度上明析其内涵;从对比模拟角度分析其产生的机理;从空间格局上总结其分布与规律;从复合系统层面探讨其影响;从流行病学角度解析其对健康的危害。其次,指出了趋势判断、机理解析、影响评估、脆弱性评估、风险感知、适应分析等未来关注的矛盾与焦点。在此基础上,提出了西方高温热浪研究对中国的启示,包括:拓展典型区域的实证研究;关注脆弱群体与欠发达地区;重视健康尤其是心理健康的影响;注重研究领域拓展;尝试多学科视角融合等。     

金露梅幼苗对高温胁迫的生理生化响应

通过测定金露梅2年生幼苗在连续6d高温胁迫(每日9:00~15:00为42℃,其余时间30℃)下及1d恢复期间(对照,每日6:00~18:00为30℃,其余时间20℃)的叶片生理生化指标的变化,探讨金露梅耐热的生理生化机制。结果显示:随高温胁迫时间的延长,细胞膜透性以及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量均呈上升的趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈下降趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性呈先上升后下降趋势,且除细胞膜透性与对照无显著差异外,其它指标均显著高于对照;恢复1d后,各项指标水平均与对照持平。研究表明,在高温胁迫条件下,金露梅幼苗能通过提高渗透调节物质可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量来增强对高温逆境的适应性,同时还通过增强POD、CAT、APX活性清除因胁迫积累的H2O2以及活性氧,以维持细胞内活性氧产生和清除的动态平衡,保护细胞膜的稳定性,进而提高其对高温逆境的抗性。     

Composition and vertical distribution of the motile epifauna on a vertical rock wall in Gullmarsfjorden, western Sweden, using an alternative sampling approach

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the alternative quantitative sampling approach and if it was possible, by using this method, to elucidate temporal variations concerning the composition, vertical distribution, and abundance of the motile epifaunal community. The study was performed on a vertical rocky bottom in Gullmarsfjorden on the Swedish west coast. Quantitative sampling was performed at four depths (2, 6, 10 and 15 m) on three occasions (19 June, 23-24 July and 23 September 1996) by means of a water jet powered suction sampler (venturi principle). In total, 53 macrofaunal taxa were found, of which 29 taxa occurred on all sampling dates. Significant vertical zonation patterns were recorded in July and September, but not in June, with amphipods, polychaetes, and echinoderms (mainly Asterias rubens) as the most important contributors to these patterns. A temporal variation in the faunal assemblage also occurred. Species abundance was significantly different between the sampling dates at 2, 6 and 10 m, but not at 15 m. The abundance was higher in July and September than in June. Species with the highest observed differences in abundance were juvenile Asterias rubens, abundant in July, while juvenile shrimp, especially Thoralus cranchii, and some amphipods, especially Microdeutopus spp., increased in abundance in September. This sampling approach was highly effective, and the high abundance and diversity of the motile epifauna indicate that these species play an important role in hard-bottom communities.     

落叶松人工林土壤热传导季节变化及其与环境因子的关系

以2003—2005年落叶松人工林土壤热状况的实际监测数据为基础,研究了其土壤热传导特性及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明：落叶松人工林不同年份、不同地点土壤热通量的季节变化十分明显,4—8月为正值,9月至次年3月的绝大部分时间为负值,其年收支基本处于平衡状态.土壤热通量和土壤热导率（k）受净辐射影响显著,并存在时间延迟效应,冬季为4～5 h,夏季为2～3 h.基于实测的土壤热通量和土壤温度差计算得到的k值早春季节显著高于其他季节（P<0.05）,而其他月份不存在显著差异(P>0.05).使用我国大多数气象观测站积累的土壤温差数据和 k值进行土壤热通量季节变化估计时,早春季节（3—5月）可能会产生较大的误差.     

Identifying Heat Waves in Florida: Considerations of Missing Weather Data

Background

Using current climate models, regional-scale changes for Florida over the next 100 years are predicted to include warming over terrestrial areas and very likely increases in the number of high temperature extremes. No uniform definition of a heat wave exists. Most past research on heat waves has focused on evaluating the aftermath of known heat waves, with minimal consideration of missing exposure information.

Objectives

To identify and discuss methods of handling and imputing missing weather data and how those methods can affect identified periods of extreme heat in Florida.

Methods

In addition to ignoring missing data, temporal, spatial, and spatio-temporal models are described and utilized to impute missing historical weather data from 1973 to 2012 from 43 Florida weather monitors. Calculated thresholds are used to define periods of extreme heat across Florida.

Results

Modeling of missing data and imputing missing values can affect the identified periods of extreme heat, through the missing data itself or through the computed thresholds. The differences observed are related to the amount of missingness during June, July, and August, the warmest months of the warm season (April through September).

Conclusions

Missing data considerations are important when defining periods of extreme heat. Spatio-temporal methods are recommended for data imputation. A heat wave definition that incorporates information from all monitors is advised.     

The energy–water nexus: are there tradeoffs between residential energy and water consumption in arid cities?

Water scarcity, energy consumption, and air temperature regulation are three critical resource and environmental challenges linked to urban population growth. While appliance efficiency continues to increase, today’s homes are larger and residents are using more energy-consuming devices. Recent research has often described the energy–water nexus as a “tradeoff” between energy and water due to reduced temperatures resulting from irrigated vegetation. Accordingly, some arid cities have implemented landscape-conversion programs that encourage homeowners to convert their yards from grass (mesic) to drought-tolerant (xeric) landscapes to help conserve water resources. We investigated these relationships in Phoenix, Arizona by examining energy and water data for the summer months of June–September 2005 while temperature variability was analyzed from a local heat wave. Results show parallel consumption patterns with energy and water use strongly correlated and newer homes using more of both. The counterintuitive findings show that “drought-resistant” models may not be beneficial for community health, environment, or economics and that this issue is further complicated by socio-economic variables.     

Foliar metabolic heat rate of seedlings and mature trees of Pinus ponderosa exposed to acid rain and ozone

We investigated the effects of acid rain and ozone on respiration rates of 1-year-old and current-year foliage of half-sib seedlings and mature clones of a ponderosa pine genotype by measurement of foliar metabolic heat rates. Two rain regimes (pH 5-1 and 3-0) were applied weekly to foliage only, from January to April 1992. Two ozone regimes (ambient and twice-ambient) were applied from September 1991 to November 1992. Metabolic heat rate was measured in April on 1-year-old foliage, in June on both 1-year-old and current-year foliage, and in November on current-year foliage in 1992. Except for current-year foliage in June, the metabolic heat rate was calculated per unit of both foliar dry mass and N mass. In seedlings, both measures of metabolic heat rate increased in late June for 1-year-old foliage exposed to twice-ambient ozone, and in November for current-year foliage exposed to the combination of twice-ambient ozone and pH 3-0 rain. In mature trees, metabolic heat rate was not affected significantly by ozone, rain acidity, or their interaction. In June, when both 1-year-old and current-year tissues were examined, the metabolic heat rate of expanding, current-year foliage was higher than that of fully expanded, 1-year-old foliage regardless of plant age or treatment combination.     

A Multi-Year Longitudinal Study of Water Quality Parameters in Four Salmon-Bearing and Recreational Streams on Mount Hood,Oregon

Four streams–Clear Fork, Lost Creek, Camp Creek and Still Creek–in northwestern Oregon’s Sandy River Basin were monitored for temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, and fecal bacterial concentrations in a multi-year analysis examining stream health for recreational users and anchor habitat for Pacific Salmon. Temperatures were recorded using micro –T temperature loggers at 15 locations, during 22 July - 5 September 2006, 2 July - 4 September 2007, 20 June - 7 September 2008, 23 June - 9 September 2009, and 2 July –9 September 2010. The Seven-Day Average Maximum water temperature (7-DAM) of 13°C was used as a reference value for the biological limit governing suitable salmonid spawning and egg incubation conditions. The maximum 7-DAM temperatures occurred on different dates and all streams neared or exceeded the 13°C standard at least once each summer. Dissolved oxygen levels were measured at weekly or longer intervals in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. Dissolved oxygen levels fell below the 9.0 ppm standard for Clear Fork on almost half the sampling dates in 2006, 2007, and 2009. Concentrations of the bacterial genus Enterococcus were measured as an indicator of fecal contamination. Samples were collected at 15 sites along the four streams. Weekly samples were collected during a 9 week period from July - September 2007, an 11 week period from June - September 2008, and an 11 week period from June - September 2009. Enterococcus counts exceeded the federal recommended national criterion value of 61 colony forming units (CFU) per 100 mL every year in Camp Creek and occasionally elsewhere, with exceedances trending towards late summer.     

安庆褐飞虱近三个大发生年虫源和气候条件的比较分析

比较并分析安庆市1997,2005年和2006年褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugehs(Stal)大发生的虫源、气候条件。1997年,迁入期偏早,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1228~8698头;7、8月份气温比历史均值低0.2~1.3℃,导致单季稻上基数适温协同暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较多,但9月份气温比历史均值低1.0℃,抑制了双季晚稻褐飞虱发生。2005年,迁入期较早,但初迁虫量低,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为200~3334头;7月中旬至8月份气温比历史均值低0.4~0.8℃,9月至10月中旬气温比历史均值高1.8~2.2℃,有利褐飞虱发生的气候条件长达3个月;同时,夏、秋季台风暴雨频繁,再迁补充虫源丰富,8月16日~9月25日每侯灯下≥1000头的回迁峰次多达5个,分别比1997年和2006年多1个和2个,导致多代连续重发。2006年,迁入期早,6月底以前的早迁虫量分别是1997年和2005年同期的6.4倍和2.1倍,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1595~7181头;虽然7、8月份气温比历史均值高1.0~2.0℃,但单季稻田间小气候适宜,构成单季稻基数暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较少,但8月底~9月初短期内大量集中迁入,9月下旬至10月份气温异常偏高,高于历史均值1.5~3.0℃,引起晚稻持续重发。     

Increased Mortality During the 2010 Heat Wave in Harbin, China

In this study, we investigated the effect on daily mortality of a 2010 heat wave in the city of Harbin in northern China. We calculated mortality rate ratios (RRs) by comparing the number of deaths during the heat wave period (June 7th-11th, 2010) to the number of deaths in the reference period (June 8th-12th, 2009). During the heat wave period, an overall excess of 41?% in total mortality occurred in Harbin. The RR of total mortality was 1.41 (95?% CI 1.22-1.63). Analysis by categories also found dramatic increases in the number of deaths in different gender, age groups and places of death. The 2010 heat wave was a strong risk factor for mortality in Harbin. Public health efforts should be improved to address the potential adverse health effects of heat waves.