雄蚤生殖节的扫描电镜观察

本文利用扫描电镜对雄蚤生殖节表面细微结构进行了观察,发现了一些光镜下不易看到的纹理状结构和小棘及一些感器.这些微小的纹理状结构和小棘在不同蚤种之间有差异,这种差异具有相对的稳定性,可望用于蚤的亚显微水平的分类.通过对感器的观察,发现生殖节上具有大量的毛形感器,另外还观察到有锥形感器、短锥形感器、钟形感器、栓锥感器、腔锥感器及刺形感器等.这些感器的数量分布及有无因种而异.这些感器的存在与交配行为密切相关,作者对此也进行了讨论.     

The filtration apparatus of Anostraca (Crustacea): species-specific setulation in the genus Streptocephalus

The structure of the setae, setules, spines and spinules on the limbs of males and females of Streptocephalus torvicornis, S. rubricaudatus and S. proboscideus are described, based on scanning electron micrographs. The data disclose significant variation among the three species in fine structure of the setules and inter-setular distance. The variation may be related to different trophic specialisations, facilitating the sympatric occurrence of congeneric species.     

Comparative penile morphology of East African galagos of the genus Galagoides (family Galagidae): implications for taxonomy

Recent studies on the comparative penile morphology of galagos have revealed complex patterns that vary among both genera and species, and help with species identification. So far the penile morphologies of 14 galago species have been described and an identification key has been proposed. The present study extends and revises previous work. Wild Galagoides cocos, G. granti, G. zanzibaricus and G. rondoensis from the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests of Tanzania and Kenya were live-trapped, and one species (G. orinus) was examined using a museum specimen. Penile morphology was photographed, traced, and described qualitatively. All of the mature males had penile spines. Spines were absent or indistinct in immature males of all of the species. The penile morphologies of G. cocos, G. granti, and G. zanzibaricus are similar in their overall distribution and type of spines, but differ in the shape of the glans penis. Both G. orinus and G. rondoensis have divergent penile morphologies compared to all other galagos, and are probably phylogenetically distinct. The results support other recent morphological and behavioral studies that consider these five galagos to be distinct species. The evolution of the baculum and spines is thought to be linked to sexual selection in multimale mating systems, but the mechanisms involved are not entirely understood. Adult male G. rondoensis appear to display the penile spines by exposing the distal section of the penis.     

The fine structure of the microconidium of blastomyces dermatitidis

Aspects of the fine structure of the microconidium of the mycelial phase of the dimorphic fungal pathogenBlastomyces dermatitidis as seen by techniques of scanning and transmission electron microscopy are described and illustrated by electron micrographs. The conidia ofB. dermatitidis undergo changes in the ultrastructural appearance of the cell wall as the spore matures. The cell wall becomes irregular in its thickness and possesses two distinct layers. No discrete or unique surface spines or projections were evident when the conidium ofB. dermatitidis was viewed by scanning electron microscopy. Upon maturity there is a marked deposition of lipid material in large, multiple storage bodies which occupy much of the cytoplasmic area. However, the cytoplasmic organelles appear to retain their structural integrity.     

Developmental surface ultrastructure of Macroorchis spinulosus in albino rats

Developmental surface ultrastructure of Macroorchis spinulosus was studied by scanning electron microscopy. One-day-old juvenile fluke was leaf-shaped and bent ventrally. Body surface was covered densely with peg-like spines and with cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes. Ciliated sensory papillae were concentrated around oral sucker. Several unciliated sensory papillae occurred equidistantly on oral sucker and acetabulum. The ciliated papillae appeared in two longitudinal lines symmetric bilaterally on dorsal surface. On adult flukes, tegumantal spines became wider in middle of the body surface. The cytoplasmic processes differentiated into more fine velvety form. It is likely that the differentiated fine cytoplasmic processes are an increased absorptive surface to adult M. spinulosus. It is suggested that single pointed tegumental spines on anterior half of the body may be supportive for this fluke to migration.     

小鼠海马锥体细胞树突棘形态的电镜三维重建

大多数神经元的复杂三维结构是很难直接观察的。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术结合染料标记技术可以重建神经元的三维形态,但精细结构的识别需要电子显微镜。利用透射电子显微镜技术,可以得到连续超薄组织切片的高分辨率图像,结合计算机支持的三维重建技术就可进一步获得神经细胞精细结构的三维信息。通过电镜三维重建技术对未成熟和成熟小鼠海马锥体细胞树突棘的形态进行了观察和分析,并对其关键步骤的操作技巧进行了重点说明。实验结果为进一步利用成像技术研究树突棘的结构、功能和可塑性提供了重要信息。     

成都地区19个木芙蓉品种的孢粉学研究及其分类学意义

为了解成都地区木芙蓉(Hibiscus mutabilis)品种间的亲缘关系,采用扫描电镜观察了19个木芙蓉品种的花粉显微结构,并探讨其分类学意义.结果表明,19个木芙蓉品种的花粉均为大粒,主要为圆球形,具散孔,外壁纹饰均为刺状纹饰,表面具有颗粒状突起.木芙蓉品种间在花粉粒大小、外壁纹饰上具有一定差异,可以作为品种分类...     

The Fine Structure of Saprodinium dentatum Lauterborn, 1908 as a Representative of the Odontostomatida (Ciliophora)

The fine structure of the sapropelic ciliate Saprodinium dentatum is described based on phase-contrast microscopy, silver-staining techniques, cryo-fracture scanning electron microscopy, and thin sections. The study concentrates on a detailed analysis of the somatic cortex and the oral ciliature of this highly asymmetric, laterally compressed ciliate. The cell shape is dominated by a number of site-specific spines and the curving course of 10 somatic kineties (SK 1–10). The SK, composed of dikinetids, show an intrakinety differentiation that seems characteristic for other odontostomes as well. The anterior segment of the SK is mostly ciliated, followed by a non-ciliated segment in which the kinetosomes lack all typical fiber systems. Except for SK 4–6, the posterior segment is ciliated again, forming the spine kinetics associated with particular caudal spines. The anterior segment of SK 3 through SK 7 form the frontal band, which together with the two frontal kineties constitutes the main locomotory organelle for a ciliate that creeps on the substratum. A short kinety with inverse polarity, not seen in earlier light microscopical studies, was observed near the oral spine. We made particular effort to find a logical explanation for the observed association of the SK with the various caudal spines. The oral ciliature consists of nine adoral organelles located in a tripartite oral cavity. The absence of a paroral ciliature together with the position of the cytostome anterior to the adoral organelles may be the result of rotational movement of the oral apparatus during the evolution of these bizarre ciliates. Results are discussed with special reference to the phylogenetic relationship of the Odontostomatida to the Heterotrichida and no conclusive answer was found in this first electron microscopical study of an odontostomatid ciliate.     

Studies on the Ultrastructure of the Genital Organs in Proseriata (Turbellaria). I. Cirrifera aculeata (Ax) (Coelogynoporidae)

The genital organs in adult specimens of Cirrifera aculeata have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The male copulatory organ is of the conjuncta-duplex type provided with a spiny cirrus. The structure of the epithelia lining the different parts of the genital organs is described. The cirrus spines and the spines in the genital atrium are shown to be intracellular specializations. The structure and location of the cirrus spines in the Proseriata studied so far are discussed.     

Sperm competition risk and male genital anatomy: comparative evidence for reduced duration of female sexual receptivity in primates with penile spines

Selection pressures influencing the way in which males stimulate females during copulation are not well understood. In mammals, copulatory stimulation can influence female remating behaviour, both via neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating control of sexual behaviour, and potentially also via effects of minor injury to the female genital tract. Male adaptations to increase copulatory stimulation may therefore function to reduce sperm competition risk by reducing the probability that females will remate. This hypothesis was tested using data for primates to explore relationships between male penile anatomy and the duration of female sexual receptivity. It was predicted that penile spines or relatively large bacula might function to increase copulatory stimulation and hence to reduce the duration of female sexual receptivity. Results of the comparative analyses presented show that, after control for phylogenetic effects, relatively high penile spinosity of male primates is associated with a relatively short duration of female sexual receptivity within the ovarian cycle, although no evidence was found for a similar relationship between baculum length and duration of female sexual receptivity. The findings presented suggest a new potential function for mammalian penile spines in the context of sexual selection, and add to growing evidence that sperm competition and associated sexual conflict are important selection pressures in the evolution of animal genitalia.     

Scanning electron microscopy of the tegumental surface of adult Haplorchis pumilio (Looss)

The surface structure of adult Haplorchis pumilio from experimentally infected hamsters was studied in detail using scanning electron microscopy. Almost the entire surface of the worm was covered with scale-like spines regularly arranged in transverse rows. Most spines were pectinate. The size of the spines and the number of the teeth in each individual were largest in the spines around the middle region of the worm. The area surrounding the excretory pore was free of spines displaying a slightly wrinkled appearance. Many ciliated papillae were present on the anterior two-thirds of the body. The papillae on the oral sucker were more abundant than those elsewhere. The body papillae were distributed in a bilaterally symmetrical arrangement, appearing in groups, pairs or singly between the spines.     

Surface ultrastructure of the adult stage of Acanthotrema felis (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)

The surface ultrastructure of Acanthotrema felis (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) adults, recovered from a kitten experimentally infected with the metacercariae, was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The worm was leaf-like, ventrally concave and covered with scale-like multi-pointed tegumental spines. The spines on the anterior surface were short but broad, and had 10-12 pointed tips. The cytoplasmic processes protruded around the spines, like pockets for the spines. The ventrogenital opening was crescent, or kidney-shaped, and had protuberances with minute spines on its surrounding tegument. The spines on the posterior surface were long, but narrow, with 6-8 pointed tips. The cytoplasmic processes on this tegument were ridge-like, and elevated along the row of the spines. The surface ultrastructure of A. felis is generally similar to that of other heterophyid flukes, but some features are characteristic, and may be of taxonomic and bio-ecological significance.     

正常新西兰白兔阴茎组织超声成像特征的实验研究

目的:明确正常新西兰白兔阴茎组织超声成像特征。方法:性成熟健康新西兰白兔3只(月龄4-5月),猝死后将阴茎切除放入4%中性福尔马林中固定24小时。将阴茎标本置入纯净水中,进行超声成像,扫查切面选择阴茎横截面。将阴茎标本横断面制成病理切片,进行HE染色观察。结果:超声成像清晰显示:阴茎包皮及皮下软组织、阴茎海绵体白膜、阴茎海绵体、尿道海绵体,这些结构的空间位置关系与阴茎标本和组织病理切片完全一致;同时,利用二维超声图像显示的白膜边界进行阴茎海绵体内径的测量,测值与组织病理切片基本一致。结论:利用二维超声可以观察和测量新西兰白兔阴茎组织结构,超声成像可以作为新西兰白兔阴茎疾病模型研究的一项影像学检测方法。     

Scanning electron microscopy of pollen grains of some species of the genusArum (Araceae)

A preliminary report is given on the pollen morphology of eight species of the genusArum examined by scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains are spheroidal and their sporoderm sculpture possesses spines. The species vary mainly in number, shape and distribution of the spines on the pollen surface and these characters can be used to differentiate them.     

Über Oberflächenfeinstrukturen von Rostsporen

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die verschiedenen Strukturtypen (Warzen, Gruben, Leisten, Stacheln) der Teleuto-und Uredosporenoberflächen von 13 Rostarten im Raster-Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Eine Reihe von bisher unbekannten Feinstrukturen wird beschrieben und an Hand der einschlägigen Literatur besprochen.

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Surface fine-structures of rust sporesA seanning electron microscopic study

Summary The different types of surface fine structures of the teleuto-and uredospores of rust fungi, i.e. warts, caves, ridges and spines, have been studied with the aid of 13 representative species in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In several cases new fine structures were observed, in others the knowledge of structural features was improved by the more intelligible and plastic images obtained by the SEM.

     

Tegumental ultrastructure of juvenile and adult Echinostoma cinetorchis]

The tegumental ultrastructure of juvenile and adult Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Three-day (juvenile) and 16-day (adult) worms were harvested from rats (Sprague-Dawley) experimentally fed the metacercariae from the laboratory-infected fresh water snail, Hippeutis cantori. The worms were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, processed routinely, and observed by an ISI Korea DS-130 scanning electron microscope. The 3-day old juvenile worms were elongated and ventrally curved, with their ventral sucker near the anterior two-fifths of the body. The head crown was bearing 37-38 collar spines arranged in a zigzag pattern. The lips of the oral and ventral suckers had 8 and 5 type II sensory papillae respectively, and between the spines, a few type III papillae were observed. Tongue or spade-shape spines were distributed anteriorly to the ventral sucker, whereas peg-like spines were distributed posteriorly and became sparse toward the posterior body. The spines of the dorsal surface were similar to those of the ventral surface. The 16-day old adults were leaf-like, and their oral and ventral suckers were located very closely. Aspinous head crown, oral and ventral suckers had type II and type III sensory papillae, and numerous type I papillae were distributed on the tegument anterior to the ventral sucker. Scale-like spines, with broad base and round tip, were distributed densely on the tegument anterior to the ventral sucker but they became sparse posteriorly. At the dorsal surface, spines were observed at times only at the anterior body. The results showed that the tegument of E. cinetorchis is similar to that of other echinostomes, but differs in the number and arrangement of collar spines, shape and distribution of tegumenal spines, and type and distribution of sensory papillae.     

褐边绿刺蛾幼虫刺毛结构及蛰伤机制初探

刺蛾科幼虫是我国常见的农林业害虫之一,其体表长有防御性的有毒刺毛,会伤害接触者,使其产生瘙痒、刺痛、丘疹、红肿、皮炎等症状.本研究利用体视显微镜、扫描电镜对褐边绿刺蛾Parasa consocia末龄幼虫的刺毛形态结构进行了观察,将不同刺毛提取物进行小鼠足底皮下注射,测试刺激活性,并使用SDS-PAGE电泳对提取物成分...     

Ribeiroia marini: Surface ultrastructure of redia,cercaria, and adult

Rediae, cercariae, and adults of Ribeiroia marini were examined using a scanning electron microscope to determine the types of tegumental sensory structures and their locations. Sensory structures were observed among numerous tegumental folds in the area immediately surrounding the mouth of the rediae. These sensory structures are similar in appearance, location and fine structure to sensory structures described from the anterior tips of rediae known to be predacious on the sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni. These uniciliated structures may function as chemoreceptors to aid the redia in migration through snail tissue. Five types of sensory structures bearing one, two, or multiple cilia were distinguishable on the cercariae. These structures were located on and around the oral sucker, dorsal and ventral body surfaces and on the tail. They may be used by the cercariae to locate the intermediate host fish and to find suitable sites within the lateral line scales for encystment. The ventral surface of the adult fluke is covered with spines and shows an absence of sensory structures on the general body surface. Sensory structures were seen in the area surrounding the oral and ventral suckers. The extended cirrus organ has a folded tegument, but lacks spines or sensory structures.     

The surface structure of spores and aerial hyphae in Streptomyces viridochromogenes

Summary The fine structure of the surface membrane which covers the cell walls of spores and aerial hyphae of S. viridochromogenes was investigated by means of electron microscopy of air-dried whole mounts, thin sections, negative stainings and freeze-etchings. The delicate sheath of the spores, which is responsible for the surface features, exhibits conspicuous cone shaped protrusions called spines. They are composed of 5–12 rodlike units, each apparently consisting of a bundle of fine fibrils. Non-sporulating hyphae have no spines; their surface membrane shows an irregular pattern consisting of long tubules.     

Scanning electron microscopy of the integumental surfaces of Schistosoma haematobium.

The integumental surfaces of critical point dried S. haematobium were studied by scanning electron microscopy at 34 to 8,000 magnifications. There are marked differences between the surface structures of male and female as well as from one part of the same parasite to another. The surface of the male schistosome is moderately rough while that of the female is relatively smooth. SEM reveals certain basic features such as spines in the oral sucker and the acetabulum of both sexes which may facilitate rasping and/or attachment of the parasite for residence in the bloodstream of the definitive host. The lining of the gynecophoral canal is roughened by minute spines. The presence of a gynecophoral fold may enhance anchorage of the female in the grasp of the male. The significance of visualization of surface features by SEM as a means for differentiating species is not yet known.