消化酶在条石鲷成鱼体内的分布及pH对消化酶活力的影响

采用酶学分析方法研究了消化酶在条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)成鱼体内不同消化器官中的分布和pH对其消化酶活力的影响。结果表明,(1)蛋白酶活力为胃>后肠>中肠>前肠>肝,淀粉酶活力为前肠>中肠>后肠>胃>肝,脂肪酶活力为前肠>中肠>胃>后肠>肝,表明胃是消化蛋白类物质的主要场所,肠道在各种营养物质的消化中起重要作用,而肝中3种酶活力很低,可能在食物的消化中作用较小。(2)条石鲷胃的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适宜pH值分别为3.2和5.6,胃蛋白酶在强酸性条件下活力较高,而胃淀粉酶在弱酸性条件下活力较高;肝的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH是7.6,在中性条件下活性较高;肠的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH为6.6,在弱酸性条件下活力较高。     

南海局部海洋沉积物中真菌多样性及产酶活性

【目的】从11份南海海洋沉积物中分离耐盐真菌,并对其物种多样性及产酶活性进行研究。【方法】利用平板涂布法分离耐盐真菌,基于形态学和ITS序列的系统进化研究耐盐真菌多样性;利用6种筛选培养基对耐盐真菌进行产酶活性筛选。【结果】分离得到1689株耐盐真菌,共41个形态种。形态学和ITS序列分析表明,这些真菌归于15个属,其中曲霉属(Aspergillus)和青霉属(Penicillium)为优势菌群。对已测序的41株耐盐真菌的产酶活性研究表明,8株产纤维素酶,9株产淀粉酶,5株产复合酶,16株产蛋白酶,3株产脂肪酶,未发现产壳聚糖酶的菌株,其中Acrodontium sp.8m和Aspergillus sp.86b产复合酶的活性相对较高,而Penicillium sp.41m产蛋白酶的活性相对较高。【结论】南海局部海洋沉积物中耐盐真菌丰富,多数菌株具有产酶活性。     

蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌α—淀粉酶活力的影响

目前工业生产α－淀粉酶的主要菌种是解淀粉芽孢杆菌,该菌在培养条件下不但产生α－淀粉酶,同时也产生一定比例的蛋白酶。本文研究了不同来源的蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌ＢＦ７６５８和８６３１５α－淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明发现中性蛋白酶对两种α－淀粉酶活性无显著影响,而２７０９碱性蛋白酶能使α－淀粉酶活性丧失６０％以上。     

39株指/趾甲分离黄曲霉复合体(Aspergillus section Flavi)菌种鉴定和抗真菌药物敏感性

目的对来自伊朗马什哈德地区(Mashhad, Iran)甲真菌病患者指/趾甲分离的39株黄曲霉复合体(Aspergillus section Flavi)菌株进行菌种鉴定及抗真菌药物敏感性研究。方法菌种鉴定采用β-tubulin/calmodulin基因测序的分子鉴定联合MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定;体外药物敏感性试验参照CLSI M38-A3方案检测包括特比萘芬、新三唑类药物、棘白菌素类等10种抗真菌药物。结果基于形态学鉴定的39株黄曲霉复合体(Aspergillus section Flavi)菌株中,分子鉴定结果表明38株为Aspergillus flavus(A.flavus)/Aspergillus oryzae(A.oryzae),1株为Aspergillus minisclerotigenes(A.minisclerotigenes)。对38株分子鉴定为A.flavus/A.oryzae菌株采用MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定结果为A.flavus,而MALDI-TOF质谱错误鉴定同形菌种A.minisclerotigenes为A.flavus。抗真菌药物敏感性结果表明,特比萘芬、泊沙康唑和棘白菌素类药物对黄曲霉复合体(Aspergillus section Flavi)菌种均具有抗真菌活性。结论分子鉴定联合MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定可准确鉴定黄曲霉复合体菌株到菌种水平,特别是分子鉴定不能区分A.flavus/A.oryzae,而MALDI-TOF鉴定可将二者区分。完善参考菌种数据库是MALDI-TOF质谱准确鉴定的关键。特比萘芬、泊沙康唑和棘白菌素类药物可作为治疗黄曲霉复合体(Aspergillus section Flavi)菌种所致甲真菌病的潜在有效药物。     

怀头鲇早期发育阶段消化酶及碱性磷酸酶活性变化(英文)

采用动物性饵料和人工饲料培育1～10日龄怀头鲇(Silurus soldatovi)仔稚鱼,分析测定了全鱼酸性、碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶以及碱性磷酸酶的活性。结果表明:孵化后3天开口期仔鱼已具有较高的碱性蛋白酶活性,5日龄时碱性蛋白酶比活力达到较高值,8日龄时出现低值,总体变化呈波动上升趋势;酸性蛋白酶活性在1～8日龄处于较低水平,8日龄后开始迅速升高;淀粉酶活性在5日龄左右达到最高值,随后酶活性开始下降至较低水平;脂肪酶活性变化波动较大,表现为双峰型,两个峰值分别出现在3～4日龄和6～8日龄。摄食动物性饵料仔稚鱼消化酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性均高于摄食人工饲料。在整个早期发育过程中,碱性蛋白酶比酸性蛋白酶活性高,碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶比活力在约8日龄仔稚鱼转变期明显下降,而酸性蛋白酶活性开始迅速升高,这说明消化酶活性的变化与仔稚鱼发育过程中消化机能转换具有相关性。怀头鲇在10日龄内碱性磷酸酶活性呈上升趋势,表明怀头鲇胃肠道功能的逐步发育完善。     

蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌α－淀粉酶活力的影响

目前工业生产α－淀粉酶的主要菌种是解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓａｍｙｌｏｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）,该菌在培养条件下不但产生α－淀粉酶,同时也产生一定比例的蛋白酶。本文研究了不同来源的蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌ＢＦ７６５８和８６３１５α－淀粉酶活性的影响,结果发现中性蛋白酶对两种α－淀粉酶活性无显著影响,而２７０９碱性蛋白酶能使α－淀粉酶活性丧失６０％以上。     

BF7658α-淀粉酶稳定性的研究

解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)BF 7658即能产生丰富的α-淀粉酶,又能产生丰富的蛋白酶。在0.2mol/L pH7.2磷酸缓冲液中,不加任何底物,样品中α-淀粉酶与蛋白酶的比例是13:1,21:1,27:1,37℃保温24小时,α-淀粉酶活力损失22.1—8.8%,即α-淀粉酶的稳定性随蛋白酶的增加而减少,因而认为蛋白酶是影响α-淀粉酶稳定性的重要因素。Α-淀粉酶的稳定性可以通过选育菌种,选择合适的培养条件,添加钙离子保护及热处理等方法予以提高。     

温度对兰州鲇消化酶活性的影响

测定了兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)胃、肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠在不同温度(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、37℃4、2℃、47℃)条件下的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性。结果表明,随温度的升高,各种酶活性的变化均表现为先增高后下降直至不能检出。消化道各部位蛋白酶的最适温度均为42℃;淀粉酶的最适温度除胃和肝胰脏为37℃外,其他部位均为30℃;脂肪酶的最适温度除后肠为30℃外,其他部位均为25℃。消化酶的最适温度高于其生活水域的水温,反映出消化酶作为酶蛋白的耐热性。最适温度下,蛋白酶活性前肠≈中肠>后肠>肝胰脏≈胃;淀粉酶活性前肠>中肠>肝胰脏>胃>后肠;脂肪酶活性中肠>后肠>前肠≈肝胰脏>胃。研究结果还表明,前肠和中肠是兰州鲇消化蛋白的主要部位,中肠是其消化脂肪的主要部位,而前肠是其消化淀粉的主要部位。在消化酶表现出活性的温度范围内,蛋白酶活性明显高于淀粉酶活性。实验还表明脂肪酶具有活性的温度范围较蛋白酶和淀粉酶窄。     

产酶芽胞杆菌的筛选及菌株HB13000的鉴定

芽胞杆菌产酶种类多、生长速度快、抗逆性强,在堆肥过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究采用水解圈法研究了348株芽胞杆菌产酶特性,获得产纤维素酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶芽胞杆菌34株。其中,菌株HB13000相对酶活力较高,酶活Hc(水解圈直径/菌落直径)分别为:纤维素酶Hc=4.30,蛋白酶Hc=1.47,淀粉酶Hc=3.25,对纤维素、淀粉和蛋白质均表现出较强的降解活性。依据菌体形态、生理生化特征和16S r DNA系统发育分析,鉴定HB13000为Bacillus methylotrophicus(甲基营养型芽胞杆菌)。本研究为有机物降解与农业废弃物堆肥提供了新的菌种资源。     

黑曲霉蛋白酶缺陷突变体的分离和鉴定

对黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)3.795进行紫外诱变和筛选,获得了胞外蛋白酶缺失的菌株。其中突变株37951、3795123和3795130的生长特性与原株基本相同,胞外蛋白酶的活性明显低于原株,葡萄糖淀粉酶的活性与原株基本相同。突变株3795123和3795130的胞外蛋白酶活性分别为原株的54%和84%,可作为外源基因高效分泌表达的宿主菌。     

烟曲霉菌热稳定性植酸酶在黑曲霉菌中的分泌性表达

在先前克隆获得烟曲霉菌植酸酶phyA基因并构建了重组质粒的基础上,将该质粒转化黑曲霉菌pyrG基因缺陷株M54;同时制备植酸酶多克隆抗体用于植酸酶的免疫学检测。SDS-PAGE和western-blot结果表明,phyA在黑曲霉菌中获得分泌性表达。表达产物活性测定结果显示,重组植酸酶的表达量为597.6 IU/mL。在90℃加热10 min和100℃加热20 min后,重组植酸酶残余酶活分别为74%和70%,具有较好的热稳定性。实现了烟曲霉菌植酸酶在黑曲霉菌中的分泌性表达,表达产物具较高的生物活性和耐热性。     

黑曲霉对黄曲霉生长、产毒及黄曲霉毒素B1的影响

目的研究黑曲霉对黄曲霉生长、产毒的抑制作用及对AFB1的降解作用。方法将黑曲霉分别与黄曲霉、AFB1共同培养,定期测定培养液pH、菌丝体干重、黄曲霉孢子数、AFB1含量。结果黑曲霉与黄曲霉混合培养时,黄曲霉孢子数、AFB1含量均比单独培养的低,2组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),抑制率达到68.06%~91.52%;加入黑曲霉后,AFB1含量降低,实验组与对照组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),降解率为46.19%。结论黑曲霉既能抑制黄曲霉生长、产毒,又能降解AFB1。     

Transformation of Aspergillus alliaceus using the Aspergillus niger niaD gene encoding nitrate reductase

Abstract A heterologous transformation system for Aspergillus alliaceus based on the Aspergillus niger nitrate reductase structural gene ( niaD ) has been developed. Two mutants of A. alliaceus (M3 and M17), each carrying an niaD mutation were isolated by screening UV-irradiated cells for the inability to grow on nitrate as sole nitrogen source. Using plasmid pSTA 10, transformation frequencies of 4 and 200 per μg DNA respectively were obtained for these two strains. All the niaD ⁺ transformants tested were mitotically stable. Southern hybridisation analyses showed that the vector DNA sequences were present.     

Substrate-induced lipase gene expression and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus

AIMS: To establish a relationship between lipase gene expression and aflatoxin production by cloning the lipA gene and studying its expression pattern in several aflatoxigenic and nontoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. METHODS AND RESULTS: We have cloned a gene, lipA, that encodes a lipase involved in the breakdown of lipids from aflatoxin-producing A. flavus, A. parasiticus and two nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates, wool-1 and wool-2. The lipA gene was transcribed under diverse media conditions, however, no mature mRNA was detected unless the growth medium was supplemented with 0.5% soya bean or peanut oil or the fungus was grown in lipid-rich medium such as coconut medium. The expression of the lipase gene (mature mRNA) under substrate-induced conditions correlated well with aflatoxin production in aflatoxigenic species A. flavus (SRRC 1007) and A. parasiticus (SRRC 143). CONCLUSIONS: Substrate-induced lipase gene expression might be indirectly related to aflatoxin formation by providing the basic building block 'acetate' for aflatoxin synthesis. No direct relationship between lipid metabolism and aflatoxin production can be ascertained, however, lipase gene expression correlates well with aflatoxin formation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Lipid substrate induces and promotes aflatoxin formation. It gives insight into genetic and biochemical aspects of aflatoxin formation.     

Transformation of Aspergillus parasiticus using autonomously replicating plasmids from Aspergillus nidulans

Abstract A genetic transformation system for the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus parasiticus using two autonomously replicating plasmids from A. nidulans (ARp1 and pDHG25) is reported. Transformation frequencies using the plasmid pDHG25 were from 5 × 10² to 2.5 × 10⁴ transformants per 10⁶ viable protoplasts and μg DNA. The stability of the plasmids in the transformants was also studied. This transformation system offers a new opportunity to clone genes related to aflatoxin production using appropriate aflatoxin-defective mutants.     

单宁酶基因在黑曲霉ST31中的克隆与表达

利用PCR扩增得到米曲霉(Aspergillusoryzae)单宁酶(tannase)基因的编码序列,经DNA测序证实单宁酶基因已成功克隆,然后将其连接到黑曲霉的表达载体ANED2-SP2上构建单宁酶基因表达载体。将构建好的单宁酶基因表达载体通过原生质转化法导入黑曲霉菌株ST31中进行表达研究。结果表明重组菌株的单宁酶活力最高为104.02U/ml发酵液,比原始出发菌株米曲霉提高2~3倍。研究构建了黑曲霉的高效转化体系,提高了黑曲霉表达系统的应用水平,为其它新酶的研究提供有价值的参考。     

黄曲霉和米曲霉的多相鉴定方法

【背景】黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)形态特征相近,基因组高度相似,较难区分。【目的】旨在总结一套准确鉴别二者的分类方法。【方法】利用22株标准菌株对传统形态学、产毒培养基、酶联免疫毒素检测、系统发育分析、产毒基因检测等5种鉴别方法分别进行验证。【结果】各鉴定方法的结果存在异同,单一的鉴定方法容易出现假阴性或假阳性结果。【结论】利用单一方法区分黄曲霉和米曲霉具有潜在风险,多相鉴定方法可以准确鉴别二者。     

The Aspergillus niger acuA and acuB genes correspond to the facA and facB genes in Aspergillus nidulans

Mutants in Aspergillus niger unable to grow on acetate as a sole carbon source were previously isolated by resistance to 1.2% propionate medium containing 0.1% glucose. AcuA mutants lacked acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) activity and acuB mutants lacked both ACS and isocitrate lyase activity. An acuA mutant was transformed to the acu+ phenotype with a clone of ACS (facA) from Aspergillus nidulans. The acuB mutant was transformed with the A. niger facB clone which has been identified by cross-hybridisation of an A. nidulans facB clone. These results confirm that acuA in A. niger is the gene for ACS and acuB is analogous to the A. nidulans facB regulatory gene.