地理信息系统及其在动物空间行为研究中的应用

空间属性是动物行为的重要特征,也是行为生态学研究中必须要面对的难题之一。地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)具有强大的空间分析功能,它在动物行为生态学研究中得到了越来越广泛的应用,如生境选择、领域分析、迁徙路线、活动节律等。本文较系统地阐述了GIS的原理以及在行为生态学研究中所涉及的基本概念和原理,对近年来利用GIS进行的行为生态学研究做了回顾和总结,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

GIS在描述某城区大气二氧化硫分布中的应用初探

应用地理信息系统（GIS）技术对1996年重庆市主城区大气二氧化硫分布进行了描述和分析。采用GIS的空间分析方法泰森多边形分析和区域插值对大气环境监测数据进行分析处理,避免了以点代面的缺陷,使大气污染物分布描述更为合理。     

The Clinical Breast Care Project: an important resource in investigating environmental and genetic contributions to breast cancer in African American women

Age at diagnosis, pathological characteristics, and tumor behavior differ between African American (AAW) and Caucasian women (CW) with breast cancer, with AAW having more aggressive tumors and higher mortality rates. Although both societal and molecular contributions to these disparities have been suggested, the African American population has traditionally been under-represented in research and clinical protocols, limiting the power of epidemiologic and molecular studies to provide better understanding of disease pathogenesis in this minority population. The Clinical Breast Care Project (CBCP) has developed a large tissue and blood repository from patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer, with previous history of breast cancer, counseled in the Risk Reduction Clinic, screened by routine mammography, or undergoing elective reductive mammoplasty. Recruitment of AAW into the CBCP was successful; 25% of the 2,454 female patients were African American, including 35% disease-free, 3% high-risk, 40% benign, 8% preinvasive and 14% with invasive breast disease. More than 500 data fields regarding lifestyle choices, socioeconomic status, health history and geography were collected from all participants, and all consenting individuals provided blood specimens for genomic and proteomic studies. Tissues were collected from all patients undergoing surgical procedures using protocols that preserve the macromolecules for downstream research applications. In addition, patients were followed after diagnosis, with >85% of patients providing ongoing and updated demographic and clinical information. Thus, recruitment efforts in the CBCP have resulted in collection of well-annotated information and research-quality specimens from a large number of AAW. This unique resource will allow for the identification of biological and environmental factors associated with the identification of genetic and non-genetic factors associated with the occurrence, detection, prognosis, or survival of breast cancer in AAW. The opinion and assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as representing the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.     

A collaborative GIS method for integrating local and technical knowledge in establishing biodiversity conservation priorities

Methods for establishing biodiversity conservation priorities are urgently required, as the number of species and habitats that are threatened increases relative to the material resources available for their conservation. The identification of priority areas demands the integration of biophysical data on ecosystems together with social data on human pressures and planning opportunities. But comprehensive and reliable data are rarely available to demarcate where the need for action is most urgent and where the benefits of conservation strategies can be maximized. Strategic conservation initiatives cannot wait for the creation of comprehensive databases. In order to fill the missing data gaps, the combined knowledge of local and technical experts can be used. This study presents a collaborative geographic information system (GIS) method for integrating the knowledge of local and technical experts with existing spatial environmental data to establish priority areas for biodiversity conservation. Procedures for structuring and framing the discussions, establishing assessment criteria, integrating knowledge with data, and building consensus are incorporated into the method. The method provides a novel cooperative mechanism to aid spatial knowledge management and inclusive biodiversity planning.     

A GIS-based tool for storage,selection and visualization of time series 4D marine datasets

We present an initial attempt for the development of a distributed and scalable GIS-like tool for the storage, selection and visualization of 4D marine datasets. The aim of this tool is to standardize the variety of data available for the water column and support non-technical marine biologists in manipulating 4D marine datasets. The tool is developed towards answering specific environmental and biological questions regarding ocean processes and essential fish habitat mapping in three dimensions. Guest editor: V. D. Valavanis Essential Fish Habitat Mapping in the Mediterranean     

乳腺癌钼靶X线检查的漏诊及误诊分析

目的:分析乳腺癌X线检查的误诊及漏诊情况。方法:选择2013年5月至2015年5月在我院的经乳腺X线和病理检查证实的乳腺肿瘤患者135例为研究对象,比较X线检查结果与病理诊断结果的误诊率及漏诊率,并分析导致误诊及漏诊的因素。结果:135例患者中,术后病理证实为恶性肿瘤63例(46.67%),良性肿瘤72例(53.33%)。63例乳腺恶性肿瘤中,X线误诊为良性5例,误诊率为7.93%。其中1例误诊为乳腺增生,2例误诊为乳腺炎症,1例误诊为术后疤痕挛缩,1例误诊为纤维腺瘤;X线表现为肿块形态呈圆形或类圆形边缘光滑2例,肿块周围出现透亮区1例,乳腺结构扭曲1例。72例良性肿瘤中,X线误诊为恶性7例,误诊率为9.72%。其中4例为乳腺增生,2例为乳腺炎,1例为乳腺纤维瘤,1例为乳腺筋膜炎;X线表现为密度较高而边缘不清的肿块影1例,边缘似有毛刺征1例,伴有钙化、模糊无定型呈散在分布1例,部分边缘有突起或后缘凹凸不平1例,片状影2例(1例密度较高,1例密度较均匀);肿块伴乳晕增厚、乳头内陷1例。结论:乳腺X线检查的准确性受直接征象和间接征象的影响。因此,临床实践中可联合运用乳腺X线检查和乳腺超声或MRI检查,从而提高乳腺肿块诊断的准确率。     

Habitat use for warren building by European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in relation to landscape structure in a sand dune system

Several conservation efforts are being made to recover European rabbit populations (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on the Iberian Peninsula. Some of them focus on burrow management; others involve building different types of warren. A few studies have examined site selection for warren building, and these studies have considered only warren placement within sites and not the broader area surrounding these locations. The objective of this study was to evaluate how landscape pattern determines habitat selection by rabbits for warren building at different spatial scales. Landscape, home range scale, and microhabitat were the spatial scales used in this study. Warrens were not uniformly distributed over the study area but, rather were concentrated in areas with a high abundance and cover of Retama monosperma and high vegetation cover. Rabbits preferred digging warrens in areas with low fragmentation and where patches are few, large, and contiguous. Based on our results, we suggest that a study of landscape structure should be carried out before design habitat management, recovery or translocation programs. Such studies will need to take into account the physiognomy and size, shape, and continuity of patches in fragmented landscapes. Rabbit conservation programs must address areas that provide not only the maximum potential rate of intake, but also good soil and vegetation cover conditions for warren building and suitable surrounding areas.     

GIS-based seasonal pattern of Rhinopithecus roxellana’s habitat selection in Shennongjia Reserve, Central China

Rhinopithecus roxellana’s habitat condition is directly related to its long-term survival and reproduction. Research, with large-scale, on R. roxellana’s habitat selection of seasonal changes is conducive to the protection and construction of its habitat, and it is essential protecting the rare species. Our research is based on the results of previous studies in biological and behavioral ecological field. With the support of GIS and RS technology, we conducted a lot of field investigations. In addition, we also took R. roxellana’s selection bias of seven kinds of ecological factors into consideration. Through the above efforts, we got a selection intensity distribution layer about R. roxellana’s habitat selection of seasonal changes. Our study shows that in spring, the area of weak intensity is 1507.96 hm² while less weak area is 33868.72 hm². The strong intensity area is 266 hm² while the less strong area is 36818.84 hm².
In summer, the area of weak intensity is 4683.4 hm² while less weak area is 28392.4 hm². The strong intensity area is 4078.52 hm² while the less strong area is 35307.2 hm².
In autumn, the area of weak intensity is 1972.08 hm² while less weak area is 33254.72 hm². The strong intensity area is 1516.84 hm² while the less strong area is 35717.88 hm².
In winter, the area of weak intensity is 542.76 hm² while less weak area is 28230.84 hm². The strong intensity area is 392.44 hm² while the less strong area is 43295.48 hm².
The results show that the most forestry areas of the Shennongjia Mt. lie in strong intensity area and these areas provides optimal habitat for the Snub-nosed Monkey.
The distribution layer analyses show that eastern part of the Shennongjia area is coincidence with the current natural distribution of the Snub-nosed Monkey, whereas north-western, south-western and southern part of the area is located in the weak intensity areas and is unfit for the Snub-nosed Monkey. In the central part, the strong intensity areas are fragmented by the highways and no Snub-nosed Monkey is found in this highly disturbed area. However, it is probably a potential habitat for the Snub-nosed Monkey.
Survival and reproduction of the Snub-nosed Monkey was ensured by large and continuous habitat in the eastern part of the Shennongjia Mt. Much effort is needed to intensify the connection of the fragmented central area of the Shennongjia Mt.     

江苏盐城自然保护区獐栖息地的质量评价

本研究通过1999 年3 月至2000 年11 月期间的实地调查,利用地理信息系统(GIS)对江苏省盐城自然保护区及周边地区獐在产仔前期、产仔期以及产仔后期栖息地适宜性进行了评价,并对理想状况下獐的潜在栖息地和实际栖息地的范围及分布进行了比较。理想状况下3 个不同时期獐的最适宜栖息地面积分别为361.0 km² 、267. 5 km² 和338. 5 km², 主要分布在保护区核心区、东台市琼港镇南的新东乡滩涂;而实际在各个时期獐的最适宜栖息地面积只有44.75 km² 、36.00 km² 和54. 50 km² ,仅为潜在栖息地的1/7 左右。通过比较獐的潜在栖息地与实际栖息地的综合适宜性指数发现,整个研究地区适合獐生存的栖息地非常少,最适宜栖息地的面积不到总面积的1%,而不适宜的栖息地面积却达到40%,其余大部分均是次适宜的栖息地。由于獐的栖息地受到道路和居民等人为活动的影响,导致大量适宜栖息地丧失。为了有效地保护盐城保护区及周边地区的獐种群,建议减少对滩涂的各种开发活动,保护现有的适宜栖息地,引导当地居民合理利用滩涂资源。     

海南霸王岭热带雨林植被取样技术研究

借助地理信息系统软件的表格操作及邻体分析功能,以海南霸王岭自然保护区的沟谷雨林为例,探讨热带雨林的取样技术。结果表明,用种．面积曲线所获得的热带雨林的最小面积往往过大,而采用重要值．面积曲线所确定的最小面积则为4000m^2;无样地取样采用最近个体法,由种．点数曲线可以确定最少点数为119,而采用重要值．点数曲线,可以确定该雨林取样的最小点数为280。种．个体曲线表明,如果要获取多一倍的物种数,则所需调查的个体数应是原来的4倍。     

全国城市生态科学讨论会在上海召开

由中国生态学会、中国生态经济学会、中国城市科学研究会联合召开的“全国城市生态科学讨论会”于1984年12月2—6日在上海复旦大学举行。到会的有来自19个省、自治区和市的从事生态、环保、地理、社会、经济和城市规划等24个专业的代表共80人,共收到学术论文43篇。中国生态学会理事长马世骏同志,中国生态经济学会副理事长兼秘书长王耕今同志,中国城市科学研究会秘书长李梦白同志主持了会议。首届全国城市生态科学讨论会的中心议题是:探讨城市生态学研究的目的、任务、对象和方法等基本理论问题,用城市生态学的观点分析我国不同类型城市在规划建设和管理中存在的重大问题;并就解决这些问题提出可行建议。     

基于GIS长春市郊农地土壤肥力综合评价

以长春市郊区农地为例,应用ArcInfo进行空间数据采集、处理与分析,以土地利用类型作为评价单元,采用层次分析法确定评价因素的权重,引入模糊数学方法,建立各评价因素对肥力的隶属函数,计算各个肥力评价因素的评分,最后用指数和法求出各评价单元的综合评价值,根据综合评价值的大小划分土壤肥力等级,并分级统计其面积.应用ArcView GIS绘制了评价结果图.