Effects of Bt-toxin Cry1Ac on Propylaea japonica Thunberg (Col., Coccinellidae) by feeding on Bt-treated Bt-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae

Abstract:  Propylaea japonica is an important predatory insect of common cotton pests. To assess the ecological effects of transgenic Bt cotton, expressing Cry1Ac toxin, on this predator, we examined the life history parameters of P. japonica for two generations by feeding them with Bt-resistant Helicoverpa armigera . After ingesting Bt-treated Bt-resistant H. armigera larvae in the third and fourth instar, the body mass and body length of adult P. japonica decreased, a combined effect of poor prey quality and Cry1Ac Bt-toxin may account for these effects. However, larval survivorship and development in these two instars, pupal mortality, fecundity and adult longevity of P. japonica were not affected in both the generations. These results suggest that ingesting Bt-toxin Cry1Ac-treated pests in advanced larval stage might have no significant effect on the fitness of predator P. japonica .     

海岛棉和陆地棉叶片光合能力的差异及限制因素

研究海岛棉和陆地棉两个栽培种间叶片的光合特性及组织解剖结构特性,揭示不同棉花栽培种叶片的光合能力的差异,探讨如何进一步提高海岛棉的光合物质生产能力,以期为高光效棉花品种选育和高产高效栽培实践提供理论基础。在新疆气候生态条件下,选用北疆棉区有代表性的海岛棉品种新海22号和陆地棉品种新陆早13号为试验材料,分别测定了两棉花栽培种叶片的净光合速率（PN）、气孔导度（Gs）及叶片温度的日变化,PN-PPFD（光量子通量密度）响应曲线,PN-Ci（胞间CO2浓度）响应曲线以及叶绿素含量、叶片面积、比叶重和地上部生物量等指标,并观察了叶片的形态解剖结构特性。研究结果表明,当新陆早13号叶片被固定于水平方向上以后,日进程中新海22号的叶片温度显著高于新陆早13号。在上午和下午光强较低时,新海22号和新陆早13号的PN和Gs无明显差异;12:00h至16:00h（北京时间,下同）,新海22号叶片的PN和Gs均显著低于新陆早13号。新海22号和新陆早13号叶片的PN-Ci响应曲线无明显差异。新海22号叶片的Pmax（最大光合速率）低于新陆早13号,而两者的AQY（表观量子效率）无显著差异。新海22号叶片的栅栏组织厚度、比叶重和生物量均显著低于新陆早13号,而叶绿素含量和叶片面积均显著高于新陆早13号。因此,田间条件下,海岛棉叶片的实际光合能力低于陆地棉,但两者具有相似的光合潜力。气孔导度是导致海岛棉和陆地棉叶片实际光合能力存在差异的重要原因,而栅栏组织较薄限制了海岛棉叶片光合潜力的进一步发挥。     

棉属四倍体AD1与二倍体A2、D5基因组的同源SSR分析

SSRs(Simple sequence repeats)是一类广泛存在于动植物基因组的DNA短串联重复序列,是重要的基因组分子标记。比较不同基因组同源SSR的差异,有利于了解相近物种间的进化过程。文章使用雷蒙德氏棉基因组(D₅)、亚洲棉基因组(A₂)全基因组序列和陆地棉(AD₁)的限制性酶切基因组测序数据,进行全基因组SSR扫描,比较了A组和D组的SSR分布情况,通过识别3个基因组之间的同源SSR,比较它们之间同源SSR重复序列的差异。结果发现,A组和D组同源SSR的分布规律非常相似,但A组与AD组的同源SSR保守性比D组与AD组同源SSR的保守性强。与AD组同源SSR相比,A组中重复序列长度增长的SSR数量约为长度缩短的SSR数量的5倍,在D组中这一比值约为3倍。可以推测,四倍体AD组在与A组、D组的平行进化过程中,由于基因组融合,导致SSR的重复序列长度变化速率与二倍体A、D组有差异,同时这种差异可能导致了AD组SSR重复序列长度在进化过程中与二倍体相比有变短的趋势。文章首次对3个棉花基因组的同源SSR进行了系统地比较,发现了同源SSR在棉属四倍体基因组和二倍体基因组中的显著差异,为进一步揭示棉属基因组的进化规律提供了基础。     

Role of chemical cues from cotton in mediating host selection and oviposition behaviour in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

We investigated the role of chemoreception in the host selection and oviposition behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera in the laboratory using five cotton genotypes and synthetic volatile terpenes. Female moths oviposited on substrates treated with methanol, ethanol, acetone and pentane extracts of leaves, squares and flowers of the cotton genotypes. Phytochemicals soluble in pentane were the most efficient in eliciting oviposition behaviour. In a two-way bioassay, pentane extracts of leaves or squares of a Multiple Host-plant Resistance genotype (MHR11), Deltapine commercial (DP90), and Smith Red Leaf (SRL) received significantly more eggs than solvent-treated controls. Extracts of squares of the native genotype Gossypium nelsonii did not receive more eggs. Females preferred DP90 and MHR11 to SRL and G. nelsonii. Female moths also laid more eggs on pentane extracts of MHR11 flowers than MHR11 leaves from preflowering, early flowering and peak-flowering plants. In a flight chamber, female moths used olfactory cues at short range to mediate oviposition and discrimination between host plants. Egg-laying, mated females were attracted at a distance (1.5 m) to volatile compounds released by whole plants and odours emanating from filter papers treated with synthetic volatile terpenes. Individually, the terpenes did not stimulate any significant oviposition response. However, there was a significant oviposition response to a mixture of equal volumes of the terpenes ( trans -β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, β-bisabolol, and α-humulene). Conversely, antennectomised (moths with transected antennae), egg-laying, mated females did not stimulate any significant oviposition response. The significance of these findings in relation to H. armigera host-plant selection are discussed.     

棉花单宁-黄酮类化合物对棉铃虫的抗性潜力

陆地棉棉叶甲醇提取物包含了棉花的大部分单宁-黄酮类化合物。这些化合物对棉花多种病虫害具有抗性作用。将这些化合物定量加入人工饲料中饲养棉铃虫龄幼虫5d,结果表明,培儿茶素、缩合单宁、芸香苷和异槲皮苷在饲料中的浓度增加均与幼虫体重生长呈显著负相关,ED50分别为0．81％,0．49％,0．57％和0．83％;儿茶素则不存在这种关系;用含0．8％的浓度桔儿茶素、缩合单宁,芸香苷和异槲皮苷的饲料测试棉铃虫,发现随取食量的增加,相对生长率的增加显著低于对照(不含次牛物质),即这些物质属于慢毒剂,而儿茶素仅有阻食作用。     

棉花遗传多态性研究进展

从系谱分析、形态特征、生化及 DNA分子水平等方面分析了棉花遗传多样性的研究进展 .国内外的研究一致表明陆地棉品种间遗传多态性水平低 ,改进其遗传多样性是今后棉花遗传育种研究的重要内容 .加强对现有栽培品种、野生种质的研究利用和种质引进交流 ,多种育种技术综合运用和合理的植棉区域规划及多育种目标引导 ,是提高育成品种遗传多样性的重要途径 .并提出今后应加强棉花核心种质的研究和从基因组水平对棉花遗传多样性的研究     

Biology of Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) (Hym., Ichneumonidae) developing in Bt-treated, Bt-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae

Abstract:  Life history parameters in two generations of endoparasitoid Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) were examined using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae feeding on B. thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac. In the laboratory, Bt toxin was fed to Bt-resistant host larvae continuously in case of Bt treatment and only before or after the host larvae were parasitized in Bt–P and P–Bt treatments, respectively. C. chlorideae pupae developed faster in Bt treatment than non-Bt treatment. The shortened pupal stage duration was mainly because of the feeding of host larvae on Bt-diet before being parasitized. Body length of adult male C. chlorideae developed inside Bt-treated Bt-resistant (Bt–Bt) H. armigera larvae significantly decreased, especially in host larvae feeding on Bt-diet after being parasitized. However, survival, pupal mortality and adult longevity of C. chlorideae were almost unaffected in Bt-resistant H. armigera larvae feeding on Bt-toxin. Furthermore, Bt-treated host larvae had the same effect on the F₁ progeny of C. chlorideae as the previous generation, and there was no significant difference between generations. This experiment suggests that there is very limited effect on the life history parameters in two generations of C. chlorideae parasitizing Bt–Bt H. armigera larvae. But both generations of C. chlorideae are affected when Bt-resistant H. armigera larvae fed on Bt toxin for different durations.     

棉花MADS框蛋白基因(GhMADS1)的克隆

作为转录因子,MADS框蛋白基因在植物花器官发育中有着重要的功能。为研究棉花花器官发育的分子机理,以棉花花器官突变体CHV1(cotton homeotic variant)和徐州142正常植株为材料,利用棉花EST数据库资料,通过EST序列整合,从陆地棉徐州142花蕾中克隆出一个MADS框蛋白的编码区段,GenBank登录号为AF538965。该片段(GhMADS1)长713bp,包含一个711bp的开放阅读框,推导的氨基酸序列(236个氨基酸)与葡萄、烟草、矮牵牛、拟南芥和金鱼草等的AGL2组MADS框蛋白有很高的序列相似性。系统进化分析同样将GhMADS1基因归人AGt2组MADS框蛋白。RT-PCR分析显示,该基因在陆地棉的花瓣、雄蕊、胚珠和纤维中表达,特别是在花瓣中表达量最高,而在根、茎、叶等营养器官和棉花同源异型突变体CHV1(所有花器官均变为苞叶状叶性器官)的变异花蕾中不表达。这些结果说明GhMADS1基因可能在棉花花器官发育中有着重要的功能。     

Effect of temperature on the biology of Creontiades dilutus (Stål) (Heteroptera: Miridae)

The egg and nymphal development, fecundity and survival of the green mirid, Creontiades dilutus were examined at a range of temperatures and a modified day-degree model fitted to the data. Day degree (DD) requirements for egg and nymphal development, and threshold temperatures were calculated from the fitted lines. Female fecundity and longevity, egg and nymphal development, and survival of C. dilutus were significantly influenced by temperature. Eggs and nymphs failed to complete development at temperatures below 17 and at 38°C. Females also failed to produce any eggs at 11 and 38°C. The optimum temperature range for female fecundity was found to be 26–32°C. The optimum temperature for the development of eggs was calculated from the model as 30.5°C and for nymphs as 31.5°C. The threshold temperature for development was 15.8°C for egg and 15.1°C for nymph; 69.4 and 156.7 DD were required for completing the egg and the nymphal development, respectively. At the optimum temperature, it was estimated that development from egg to adult took 15 days. Survival was highest at 26°C for eggs and at 30–32°C for nymphs.     

棉铃虫的呼吸代谢

棉铃虫的耗氧量随着幼虫的生长发育而增加。当发育状态基本相同时,在同一龄期内,幼虫耗氧量与虫体鲜重呈直线相关;在不同龄期之间,耗氧量则与虫体鲜重的0.97次方成正比。幼虫的代谢速率随着龄期的增加而稳定地降低。在20—35℃范围内,温度每升高10℃,幼虫的代谢速率约增加一倍。蛹期的代谢速率呈典型的“U”形曲线变化。从卵期及幼虫期到蛹期的呼吸商变动在0.75—0.96之间。     

Green Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles From Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC., and Its Effect Against Cotton Mealybug,Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Phenacoccus solenopsis has been recognized as an aggressively invasive species on cotton plants in different countries. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of green synthesized Cu/Zn-nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora (mezquite) against P. solenopsis. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed bimetallic nanoparticles of Cu/Zn-NPs with spherical shape with varying size of 74.33 nm to 59.46 nm. More than 30% mortality of P. solenopsis was observed with Cu/Zn-nanoparticles (100 ppm) at 96 hours after treatment. Negligible mortality of P. solenopsis was recorded with Cu/Zn solution (100 ppm) and aqueous P. juliflora extracts. The results of the viability test for Cu/Zn-nanoparticles of P. juliflora showed a significant reduction of the cell viability by 50% in insect exposed to Cu/Zn-nanoparticles-P.juliflora. Therefore studies about nanotoxicity of Cu/Zn-NPs of P.juliflora are needed to reveal the mechanism of toxicity this phytonanoparticles in P.solenopsis.     

几种杀虫剂对棉铃虫卵的防治效果试验

4种农药对棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera（hubner）卵进行了室内毒力测定及大田药效试验,结果表明,40％水胺硫磷、50％对硫磷对棉铃虫卵毒力较高,2000倍液田间喷雾药效分别为98.8％和99．0％;对棉铃虫初孵幼虫24小时防效分别为98．8％和98．2％;药效7天以上。防治费用较杀虫脒降低76.0％～78.4％,完全可以替代杀虫脒,适宜在陕西棉田推广应用。     

Insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) collected from horticulture and cotton in Turkey

Abstract  The sensitivity of three reference strains of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis from Australia, Israel and Turkey was evaluated and their response did not differ significantly and so they are considered typical of susceptible F. occidentalis . Field strains of F. occidentalis from Antalya, Turkey were tested for resistance against five classes of insecticide during the years 2001–2003. Difference in the field strains response to abamectin, endosulfan, malathion and methomyl was low (<3.0-fold) and in many cases not significant. However, all strains were likely resistant to cypermethrin (1.6- to 12.2-fold at LC₅₀ (lethal concentration)). The established agricultural practices and ecosystem patterns in the Antalya province are assumed to contribute to delay in insecticide resistance in F. occidentalis .     

Effect of temperature on life table parameters of Podisus nigrispinus (Het., Pentatomidae) fed with Alabama argillacea (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae

Abstract: The influence of temperature on life table parameters of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae) fed with Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae was studied. This predator was kept at constant temperatures of 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 33±0.2°C, at relative humidity of 60±10% and photoperiod of L : D 14 : 10. Gross (GRR) and net ( R ₀) reproductive rates of P. nigrispinus ranged from 1.6 to 366.6 and from 0.02 to 189.5 females/female at temperatures of 33 and 28°C, respectively; generation time ( T  ) ranged from 33.3 (33°C) to 85.5 (20°C) days; doubling time ( D ) from 0.82 (33°C) to 17.8 (20°C) days; intrinsic rate of increase ( r _m ) from −0.13 (33°C) to 0.12 (28°C) per day; and the finite rate of increase ( λ ) from 0.88 (33°C) to 1.12 (28°C) females/female added to the population per day. The ideal age to release P. nigrispinus should be when this predator presents higher reproductive values (VR _x ); that is, its adults are about 7 days old, independent of prevailing temperature. Population growth of P. nigrispinus was affected by temperature with maximum numerical response between 28 and 30°C. The negative population growth shown at 33°C may not occur in natural conditions due to milder microclimate in the cotton agroecosystem and due to oscillations of temperature in the course of the day.     

Factors in the rejection and survival of captive cotton top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

Captive colonies of cotton top tamarins experience a high rate of rejection of infants within the 1st week of life. The rates of rejection and survival to maturity (2 or more years) among 659 live colony-born infants were correlated with rearing, birth group, litter size, season of birth, gender, origin of parents, experience of parents raising siblings, parity and age of parents, and experience of parent pairs. The most important factors associated with low rejection rates were family life and parental experience raising infants. Infants born into family groups or reared in families were rejected at a significantly lower rate. Rejection of infants whose sires were raised with siblings was significantly lower. Paternal experience was more important than maternal experience. Litter size had no effect on rejection of infants born to family groups, whereas, rejection of triplets was significantly higher than twins or singles among those born to parents alone. Rejection was significantly higher among primiparous births than multiparous birth. The combined experience of colony-born parents was not related to rejection if there were no sibling helpers in the cage at the time of birth. Rejection was significantly lower if sibling helpers were present. High survival of infants who were not rejected was correlated with rearing by or being born into family groups and higher parity and older age of the sires.     

Pink bollworm moth （Lepidoptera： Gelechiidae） catches in the Imperial Valley, California from 1989 to 2003

We examined the patterns of male pink bollworm （PBW）, Pectinophora gossypiella （Saunders）, moth catches in gossyplure-baited traps over a 15-year period from 1989 to 2003 in the Imperial Valley, California, USA. Monitoring was conducted during periods when different pink bollworm areawide control strategies were being used. Numbers of male pink bollworm moths caught in gossyplure-baited traps progressively decreased each year from 1990 to 1994 during short-season cotton production. High numbers of male moths caught in traps from 1995 to 1997 may have been related to moth migrations from the large cotton acreages grown in the Mexicali Valley bordering the Imperial Valley. Transgenic Bollgard （Bt） cotton was planted in 3% of the cotton area in 1996 and thereafter in 80%- 94% of the cotton area from 1997 to 2003. Pink bollworm moth trap catches were significantly lower from 1998 to 2003 than catches in 1995 to 1997, except for 1999. The trapping results suggested that Bt cotton had significant input on reduction of pink bollworm populations, confirming results of other investigators and providing additional documentation on the benefits of the Bt cotton culture.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对中华草蛉生物学特性的影响(英文)

为进一步揭示转Bt基因抗虫棉对中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica(Tjeder)生物学特性的影响,以泗棉3号和GK-12为材料,以棉蚜为猎物,研究了转基因抗虫棉对中华草蛉存活率、发育历期和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,转基因抗虫棉对中华草蛉幼虫期存活率、幼虫发育历期、蛹发育历期与对照差异均不显著;对成虫寿命、体重以及雌虫繁殖力也无显著差异。表明转Bt抗虫棉对中华草蛉的生物学特性影响较小。     

Possible effect of genetically modified cotton on foraging habits of early instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Abstract  We estimated survival and final location of neonate Helicoverpa armigera after 72 h on both genetically modified (GM) and conventional cotton at the squaring stage. On average, about 2.5% out of a total of 1620 initial larvae survived on two gene GM cotton (CS × 450, 289BGII®) compared with 39.5% out of a total of 810 initial larvae on Sicot 189, a conventional cotton variety. A disproportionate number of larvae were collected on squares of GM cotton, assuming they behave the same way on GM plants as on conventional plants but suffer higher rates of mortality. Our results imply that the behaviour of neonates on GM plants in terms of finding squares (and/or better survival on squares) may be contributing to the continued pest status of Helicoverpa on GM cotton from time to time. Experiments to determine if selection for changed behaviour in the field has or is occurring are urgently required.     

转基因（Bn-csRRM2）高产棉花的荒地生存竞争能力

【背景】转基因作物在商业化种植之前,必须评价其环境安全性。其中,荒地生存竞争能力是转基因作物环境安全性评价的重要内容之一。【方法】以转基因（Bn-csRRM2）高产棉为观察品种,受体材料中棉所12及转基因（Bt+CpTI）抗虫棉中棉所79为对照品种,分别于2013年4月底和5月底在荒地用地表撒播和3 cm深播2种方式播种,并于5～9月份对棉花存活率、株高、茎直径、果枝数、蕾铃数等生长参数进行比较,检测、评价其荒地竞争能力及杂草化风险。【结果】无论是撒播还是深播,荒地中棉花长势均较弱,表现为生长缓慢、植株矮小、生育期延迟。4月底播种的棉花至9月底未见棉铃;5月底播种的棉花有个别植株能够结铃,但铃数少且小,无吐絮铃。【结论与意义】转基因高产棉在荒地中无竞争优势,不能繁殖传代,无杂草化风险。本研究为转基因棉花环境安全评价技术的完善提供了理论依据。