传统中草药对肠道益生微生物的作用研究进展

探讨传统中草药对肠道益生微生物的调整作用,重点概述了不同种类与剂量中草药对益生微生物生长的影响及相应的研究方法。在上述基础上对中草药与肠道益生微生物的作用机制、研究前景和发展趋势进行了展望。     

动物和人类的肠道菌群的形成及其意义

一个动物幼体从母体降生,意味着又一新的供微生物大量繁殖和生长的生态环。境的延生。幼体在母体子宫中发育时没有机会接触到大量微生物,但当其出生通过产道时,许多阴道寄生的微生物落在它表面,出生后空气中存在的微生物也会进入到动体,这样暂时无菌有生命体微生物将迅即增殖到庞大的数量。动物动体的皮肽及消化道等与体外相通的部位在出生后24h内就开始了微生物菌群的定植。最初表现为这些部位各种不同来源微生物的迅速增殖和聚集,但不久,由f这些部位产生了调节机制和外界因素的影响,使得某些种类微生物能在消化道系统中长期存在,…     

蚯蚓与微生物的相互作用

蚯蚓从成体到卵内均有微生物,微生物来源于蚯蚓生活的环境,在消化消化道时,随食物进入体内的真菌营养体及大部分细菌被杀死,只有真菌的孢子和部分细菌仍保持生活力,生长缓慢的细菌通过蚯蚓消化道后群体下降;而生长快的细菌,由于在消化道内迅速繁殖,在蚯蚓排泄物中的群体数量甚至会超过进入蚯蚓体内时的数量,蚯蚓能促进土表有益和致病微生物在土壤内从向传播,但也能减轻由病原真菌引起的病害。真菌是蚯蚓食物的一部分,消化     

微生物发酵中草药的研究现状

中草药作为天然传统药物,具有纯天然、无药残、无抗药性和毒副作用小等特点,在临床医疗和日常保健中被广泛使用。微生物发酵中草药过程中,中草药经微生物产生的酶作用后,细胞壁中的纤维素、木质素等物质被降解,其活性成分得以释放;中草药活性成分酶解为小分子物质,增强药效以利于机体消化吸收。部分中草药经发酵可以降低其毒性,减少毒副作用,甚至产生新活性物质。同时中草药中的某些成分可促进微生物的生长繁殖,由此可见中草药与微生物协同作用、相辅相成。本文从发酵中草药的优势、常用微生物、应用现状、存在的问题和关键因素等方面进行综述,并对中草药发酵的应用前景进行展望。相信随着发酵技术的成熟和中草药的现代化发展,微生物发酵中草药将具有更广阔的发展潜力和应用价值。     

特异的中草药配糖体苷酶微生物及其发酵与酶学特性

配糖体是中草药主要有效成分之一。但是中草药成分并不是活性最佳结构,中草药口服后其成分在消化系统酶和微生物的作用下,转化为另一种结构吸收、起药效;但是体内的这种转化甚微,往往受到人的个体条件的影响。如果这种体内的转化反应在体外实现,中草药成分酶转化为高活性成分,将对创新药、中医药、公众营养食品和保健食品、功能化妆品等意义很大。为此,以下主要介绍本实验室研究过的中草药配糖体苷酶新微生物筛选、分类鉴定,特异的中草药配糖体苷酶的发酵产酶和其酶学特性。     

异育银鲫消化道微生物群落对恢复投喂的响应

以实验室养殖的异育银鲫（Carassius auratus gibelio）中科3号成鱼为对象, 利用PCR-DGGE技术比较研究了其经饥饿与恢复投喂后消化道微生物多样性的变化。实验共检测到23条谱带, 其中饥饿组、投喂组谱带数分别为18条和17条（共有谱带12条）, 投喂组大部分谱带亮度高于饥饿组。基于PCR-DGGE所得到的谱带进行的CA （Correspondence Analysis）分析和聚类都表明饥饿组与投喂组消化道微生物存在明显不同。结果表明, 在充分饥饿处理后, 恢复饲料投喂可导致消化道微生物种类减少及微生物平均密度的增加, 同时对消化道微生态系统内微生物种类组成有显著影响。研究为进一步阐述消化道微生物功能基因奠定了基础, 也为水产鱼类肠道菌群研究提供一些基础数据。       

益生菌调控幼龄畜禽消化道微生物研究进展

益生菌是一类对宿主(人类或动物)有益的活性微生物,包括细菌、真菌(如酵母)等,具有促进动物生长、提高免疫力的作用,是潜在的抗生素替代品。益生菌可能通过与动物消化道微生物互作来发挥益生作用,但具体机制仍不明确。综述了基于高通量测序技术研究益生菌调控幼龄畜禽(仔猪、雏鸡、反刍动物)消化道微生物群落组成的最新进展,并提出了未来研究方向,包括益生菌如何通过与消化道微生物互作影响其功能,益生菌对于幼龄畜禽不同健康状态下肠道微生物的影响,以及宿主因素如何影响益生菌对于幼龄畜禽消化道微生物的作用效果。     

草鱼与团头鲂肠道菌群结构比较分析

选取湖泊养殖的草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）和团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）为研究对象, 通过对其消化道细菌群落16S rDNA进行细菌群落聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）分析, 比较了其消化道微生物群落结构。在两种草食性鱼类消化道中分别检测到不同的谱带, 其中草鱼的平均谱带数为（33.32.8）条, 团头鲂的平均谱带数为（38.02.5）条。基于所得PCR-DGGE指纹图谱谱带丰度值数据的UPGMA聚类分析和PCA排序均显示草鱼消化道微生物群落并没有与团头鲂消化道微生物群落分开; 相比于草鱼和团头鲂消化道微生物群落之间的差异, 草鱼和团头鲂个体间差异更加明显, 而且草鱼消化道微生物群落的个体分化更为明显。对特定条带的切胶回收测序结果显示, 草鱼和团头鲂消化道内检测到的菌群都主要来自-变形菌门、梭杆菌门和厚壁菌门, 另外草鱼消化道中还检出少量拟杆菌门细菌。以上结果表明同一生境中食性相同的野生草鱼与团头鲂消化道微生物群落组成不存在显著差异, 条带回收测序检测到相似的微生物种类。研究结果补充了人们在食性对消化道微生物群落结构影响方面的认识, 同时也暗示草鱼和团头鲂消化道内微生物群落对营养物质的代谢方式类似, 这为深入研究草食性鱼类消化道微生物菌群参与营养物质代谢积累了资料。       

质子泵抑制剂对消化道微生态影响的生物学机制

近年来,消化道微生态的相关研究引起广大研究者注意。研究表明质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitors,PPIs)可通过对消化道微生物产生影响,继而引起消化道微生态发生改变。本文分析了PPIs引起消化道微生物变化的相关疾病及原因,发现PPIs通过抑制中性粒细胞的杀菌活性来破坏炎症反应。此外,PPIs抑制胃酸分泌,导致消化道细菌移位、细菌过度生长、肠道通透性增加、肠道蠕动改变和肠道微生物群被破坏,致使肠道黏膜屏障受损和继发性肠道功能失调,由此引起消化道微生态失衡。     

消化道微生物与胰腺癌相关性研究

胰腺癌是世界上最致命的恶性肿瘤之一,目前胰腺癌的病因尚未完全明确,是肿瘤研究领域的一个热点。近年来大量研究表明,胰腺癌的发生发展可能与消化道微生物群密切相关。近期研究发现,某些口腔、胃肠道和胰腺内的细菌、真菌和肝细胞病毒可能在胰腺癌发病机制中发挥潜在的病因作用。具体机制主要包括维持炎症、调节免疫系统、影响新陈代谢和改变肿瘤的微环境。在这篇综述中,探讨了消化道微生物与胰腺癌之间的联系,探讨微生物群在胰腺癌诊断和治疗中的潜在应用,并深入了解消化道微生物群在胰腺癌中的作用。     

Recombinant lactic acid bacteria as mucosal biotherapeutic agents

The safety status of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their capacity to survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) have rendered them excellent candidates for the production of therapeutic proteins and their delivery in situ to the GI tract. During the past two decades, major health benefits of mucosally administered recombinant LAB have been successfully demonstrated, predominantly using animal models. However, the field has recently moved into the era of human clinical trials. In this review, we provide a timely update on the recent important advances made in this field, and outline the potential of recombinant LAB as therapeutic tools for their safe and efficient use in human health.     

罗伊氏乳杆菌的益生功能

罗伊氏乳杆菌是目前已报道的几乎可存在于所有脊椎动物和哺乳动物肠道内的乳酸杆菌,是具有益生功效的肠道益生菌.通过对罗伊氏乳杆菌良好的肠道定植能力和其产生的罗伊氏菌素的介绍,阐明其可能的益生作用机理.重点论述了罗伊氏乳杆菌促进人类和动物健康功能的研究进展,并探讨了今后罗伊乳杆菌益生菌制剂的工业化发展趋势.     

The gastrointestinal microbiome: a malleable, third genome of mammals

The nonpathogenic, mutualistic bacteria of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract provide a number of benefits to the host. Recent reports have shown how the aggregate genomes of gastrointestinal bacteria provide novel benefits by functioning as the third major genome in mammals along with the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Consequently, efforts are underway to elucidate the complexity of the organisms comprising the unique ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as those associated with other epidermal surfaces. The current knowledge of the gastrointestinal microbiome, its relationship to human health and disease with a particular focus on mammalian physiology, and efforts to alter its composition as a novel therapeutic approach are reviewed.     

细菌在胃肠道肿瘤发生中的作用及其机制

胃肠道肿瘤具有较高的发病率和死亡率,其防治已成为重要的公共卫生问题。胃肠道内的菌群常参与机体的代谢和免疫反应,协同维持机体的平衡状态。多项研究发现消化道内细菌种类和数目的变化在胃肠道肿瘤的发生和发展中具有重要作用。细菌可通过毒力因子、生物膜、代谢产物等多种因素参与致肿瘤作用,甚至影响化疗药物的疗效,然而,细菌在肿瘤发生中的作用地位尚不明确。因此,本文对细菌致胃肠道肿瘤发生发展的机制进行综述,以期为胃肠道肿瘤的早期防治提供理论依据。     

Diversity,ecology and intestinal function of bifidobacteria

The human gastrointestinal tract represents an environment which is a densely populated home for a microbiota that has evolved to positively contribute to host health. At birth the essentially sterile gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is rapidly colonized by microorganisms that originate from the mother and the surrounding environment. Within a short timeframe a microbiota establishes within the (breastfed) infant's GIT where bifidobacteria are among the dominant members, although their numerical dominance disappears following weaning. The numerous health benefits associated with bifidobacteria, and the consequent commercial relevance resulting from their incorporation into functional foods, has led to intensified research aimed at the molecular understanding of claimed probiotic attributes of this genus. In this review we provide the current status on the diversity and ecology of bifidobacteria. In addition, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms that allow this intriguing group of bacteria to colonize and persist in the GIT, so as to facilitate interaction with its host.     

鸡肠道微生物菌群的建立发育、分布和生理学意义

鸡的胃肠道具有复杂的微生物菌群,该微生物菌群与宿主的肠道和整体健康密切相关,为了全面揭示鸡肠道微生物菌群的组成及其功能,本文对鸡肠道微生物菌群的建立发育、各肠段群落的分布及其生理学意义进行综述,从而为鸡肠道功能菌株的分离及有效利用,合理调控微生物菌群-宿主相互作用,提高饲料转化率和改善肠道健康提供理论依据。     

Probiotic Formulations: Application and Status as Pharmaceuticals—A Review

The use of probiotics is a new way to control and treat infections in this modern era. Application of beneficial bacteria to protect against detrimental bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and thus reap a positive health benefit is the basis of probiotic therapy. Probiotics have a long global history of traditional use. They are normally consumed through fermented foods and are currently sold mostly as ingredients in foods or nutritional supplements. They are also supplied as pharma products. Recent research has highlighted the probiotic potential in the treatment or prevention of disease conditions, maintenance of health, improving immunity and in the reduction in the risk of future diseases. But their position in the pharmaceutical industry is still not very clear. Clinical practitioners use probiotic pharma products mostly as supplements. Their status as drugs is still unclear. This review is aimed to analyze probiotics as pharmaceuticals, their current status as dietary supplements and drugs, existing probiotic preparations and future research needs.     

The whole Shebang: the gastrointestinal tract, Escherichia coli enterotoxins and secretion

This review focuses on diarrhea caused by toxins released by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. These bacteria are known to produce toxins that have adverse effects on the intestinal tissue in Man and animals. E. coli is contracted through the ingestion of water or food contaminated by this bacterium. Generally, E. coli colonizes the intestinal mucosa where it multiplies and causes damage to the target cells or interferes with the homeostasis that prevails in the gastrointestinal tract. Enteropathogens such as E. coli are only able to exhibit their effects after colonization of the intestinal mucosa from where they release their toxins. These bacteria mainly affect chloride ions secretion through second messenger pathways resulting in secretory diarrhea. In this review, the association of bacteria with the gastrointestinal tract as pathogens and the resulting effects on the various systems of the intestine, including the nervous system and mediators leading to secretion and diarrhea are examined.     

Consumption of pasteurized human lysozyme transgenic goats’ milk alters serum metabolite profile in young pigs

Nutrition, bacterial composition of the gastrointestinal tract, and general health status can all influence the metabolic profile of an organism. We previously demonstrated that feeding pasteurized transgenic goats’ milk expressing human lysozyme (hLZ) can positively impact intestinal morphology and modulate intestinal microbiota composition in young pigs. The objective of this study was to further examine the effect of consuming hLZ-containing milk on young pigs by profiling serum metabolites. Pigs were placed into two groups and fed a diet of solid food and either control (non-transgenic) goats’ milk or milk from hLZ-transgenic goats for 6 weeks. Serum samples were collected at the end of the feeding period and global metabolite profiling was performed. For a total of 225 metabolites (160 known, 65 unknown) semi-quantitative data was obtained. Levels of 18 known and 4 unknown metabolites differed significantly between the two groups with the direction of change in 13 of the 18 known metabolites being almost entirely congruent with improved health status, particularly in terms of the gastrointestinal tract health and immune response, with the effects of the other five being neutral or unknown. These results further support our hypothesis that consumption of hLZ-containing milk is beneficial to health.     

Characterization of intestinal microbiota and response to dietary virginiamycin supplementation in the broiler chicken

The inclusion of antibiotic growth promoters, such as virginiamycin, at subtherapeutic levels in poultry feeds has a positive effect on health and growth characteristics, possibly due to beneficial effects on the host gastrointestinal microbiota. To improve our understanding of the chicken gastrointestinal microbiota and the effect of virginiamycin on its composition, we characterized the bacteria found in five different gastrointestinal tract locations (duodenal loop, mid-jejunum, proximal ileum, ileocecal junction, and cecum) in 47-day-old chickens that were fed diets excluding or including virginiamycin throughout the production cycle. Ten libraries (five gastrointestinal tract locations from two groups of birds) of approximately 555-bp chaperonin 60 PCR products were prepared, and 10,932 cloned sequences were analyzed. A total of 370 distinct cpn60 sequences were identified, which ranged in frequency of recovery from 1 to 2,872. The small intestinal libraries were dominated by sequences from the Lactobacillales (90% of sequences), while the cecum libraries were more diverse and included members of the Clostridiales (68%), Lactobacillales (25%), and Bacteroidetes (6%). To assess the effects of virginiamycin on the gastrointestinal microbiota, 15 bacterial targets were enumerated using quantitative, real-time PCR. Virginiamycin was associated with increased abundance of many of the targets in the proximal gastrointestinal tract (duodenal loop to proximal ileum), with fewer targets affected in the distal regions (ileocecal junction and cecum). These findings provide improved profiling of the composition of the chicken intestinal microbiota and indicate that microbial responses to virginiamycin are most significant in the proximal small intestine.