温州地区冬季北红尾鸲的代谢特征及体温调节

为探讨北方迁徙性鸟类北红尾鸲(Phoenicurus auroreus)在越冬环境的代谢特征及体温调节,本文采用开放式氧气分析仪和数字式温度测量仪测定了在环境温度(Ta) 5、10、15、20、25、27.5、30、32.5、35、37.5、40℃条件下的代谢率(MR)和体温(Tb),并计算不同温度的热传导(C)。结果表明:在Ta为5~35℃范围内,北红尾鸲的Tb基本维持恒定,平均为40.3±0.1℃;热中性区(TNZ)为25~35℃;基础代谢率(BMR)为50.25±1.35 mL O2·h^-1,是Londo1o等(2015)体重预期值的151%;在Ta为5~25℃范围内,MR随Ta的降低而显著增加,回归方程为:MR (m L O2·h^-1)=99.65-1.93Ta(r=-0.707,P<0.001);高于35℃时,MR随Ta升高增加;当Ta为40℃时,MR达到59.78±1.31 mL O2·h^-1;在Ta为5~25℃范围内,北红尾鸲的C最低且基本保持恒定,为0.17±0.01 mL O2·g^-1·h^-1·℃^-1,是Aschoff(1981)体重预测值的111%;北红尾鸲的基本热生物学特征为较高的Tb、BMR和C以及较宽的TNZ,具有北方地区小型鸟类的代谢特点。     

我国东南部地区夏季两种雀形目鸟类的代谢产热特征及其体温调节

采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计,分别在5-35℃和5-40℃的环境温度范围内测定了白头鹎(Pycnonotussinensis)和丝光椋鸟(Sturnussericeus)的代谢率、热传导和体温等指标,探讨其代谢产热特征。结果显示:在环境温度(Ta)为5-35℃时,白头鹎的体温基本维持恒定,平均温度为40.3±0.1℃,热中性区为26.6-32.8℃,基础代谢率为73.10±4.11mlO2/h,是体重预期值的79%;Ta在5-26℃范围内,代谢率(MR)与Ta呈负相关,回归方程为:MR[mlO2/h]=265.37-7.24Ta(℃);Ta在5-30℃范围内,热传导值最低且基本保持恒定,平均为0.24±0.01mlO2/g·h·℃,是体重预期值的126%。丝光椋鸟的热中性区为27.6-34.5℃,平均体温为40.5±0.1℃(5-40℃),基础代谢率为160.64±9.20mlO2/h,是体重预期值的90%;最低热传导为0.16±0.05mlO2/g·h·℃,是体重预期值的129%。在5-25℃范围内,MR与Ta的回归方程为:MR[mlO2/h]=377.96-7.88Ta(℃)。白头鹎和丝光椋鸟的基本生物学特征为:较高的体温,热传导和上临界温度,较宽的热中性区和较低的代谢率,符合南方小型鸟类的代谢特征.     

环境温度对爪鲵体温及能量代谢的影响

应用封闭式小动物能量代谢仪测定了爪鲵在6℃、10℃、15℃、20℃和25℃环境条件下的体温和能量代谢以及在极端环境中的耐受性,探讨环境温度对爪鲵体温及能量代谢的影响.结果表明:爪鲵体温与环境温度呈正相关,其直线回归方程为:Tb=0.6966 0.9518Ta,相关非常显著.爪鲵对极端环境温度的耐受力较弱,在32℃-35℃高温和-2℃到-6℃低温 环境中的致死体温(TbL50)分别为27.7℃±0.9165℃和2.85℃±0.1539℃.在环 境温度为6℃-25℃的范围内,爪鲵的能量代谢与环境温度呈指数回归相关,指数方程为MR=0 .7495e0.0408x,相关显著.其代谢水平随环境温度的升高而升高,不同于内热源动物的代谢特征,爪鲵的体温调节和能量代谢显示出外热源动物的特点     

温度对红瘰疣螈胚胎发育的影响

探讨了不同温度对红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum,Brodie et Yang 1995胚胎发育速度、孵化率及胚长增长速度的影响,并对胚胎发育起点温度和发育有效积温等进行研究。结果表明,在试验温度范围内(10³0℃),随着温度的升高,其胚胎发育速度、胚长增长速度加快,发育时间缩短,孵化率上升。其中孵化率与孵化温度成线性关系(Y=0.0017X+0.95230),发育周期与孵化温度成线性关系(Y=-0.377X+24.154)。但红瘰疣螈有一定适宜温度范围(2030℃),随着温度的升高,其胚胎发育速度、胚长增长速度加快,发育时间缩短,孵化率上升。其中孵化率与孵化温度成线性关系(Y=0.0017X+0.95230),发育周期与孵化温度成线性关系(Y=-0.377X+24.154)。但红瘰疣螈有一定适宜温度范围(20²5℃),超过或低于该温度范围,卵的畸形率和最终死亡率明显增加。应用直线回归法和直接最优化法计算红瘰疣螈胚胎发育的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为0.58℃、68.66日度和0.46℃、69.01日度。     

从线粒体Cyt b基因探讨红瘰疣螈物种地位的有效性

疣螈属的红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton shanjing)和棕黑疣螈(T.verrucosus)的物种界限一直不清楚。测定了来自中国西南地区14个地点的T.shanjing和T.verrucosus共40只标本的线粒体DNACytb基因(753bp)。结果表明:(1)用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法等3种系统发育分析法分别重建棕黑疣螈种组系统发育树的拓扑结构不支持T.shanjing是单系群;(2)T.shanjing与T.verrucsus的mtDNA Cytb序列差异平均值仅为1.2%,未达到种级水平。因此,全部T.shanjing样品都属于同一个物种,即T.verrucosus,不支持T.shanjing的物种地位,T.shanjing为T.verrucosus的同物异名,并建议恢复T.verrucosus的中文名红瘰疣螈。根据基于40个样品Cyt b基因序列的系统发育树和遗传变异以及地理分布,这些红瘰疣螈(T.verrucosus)样品聚为3支,即中国西南地区的红瘰疣螈可分为片马、滇中滇西和滇东南3个地理居群。     

太平鸟和灰头wu的代谢产热特征及体温调节

采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪,测定了在环境温度5、10、15、16、18、20、22、25、26、28和30 ℃时,捕自黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市的太平鸟(Bombycilla garrulus,1♀、7♂)和灰头wu(Emberiza spodocephala,8♂)的代谢率(MR),计算每个温度点的热传导?、MR和C的体重预期值。结果显示：在环境温度(Ta)为5～30 ℃时,太平鸟的体温(Tb)基本维持恒定,平均Tb为(38.20±0.05) ℃;热中性区(TNZ)为18～27 ℃,基础代谢率(BMR)为(2.33±0.47)mL O.2/(g·h);Ta在5～18 ℃,MR与Ta呈负相关,回归方程为：MR=5.46(±0.19)-0.17(±0.01)Ta;Ta在5～22 ℃,C最低且基本保持恒定,平均为(0.13±0.00)mL O.2／(g·h·℃)。5～30 ℃时,灰头wu Tb也基本维持恒定,平均Tb为(38.25±0.05) ℃; TNZ为20～26 ℃,BMR为(4.75±0.18)mL O.2／(g·h),最低C为(0.26±0.00)mL O.2／(g·h· ℃);在5～20 ℃时,MR与Ta的回归方程为：MR=9.54(±0.52)-0.23(±0.03)Ta。两种鸟具有BMR和Tb较高、下临界温度较低和TNZ较宽、热传导稍高的北方地区小型鸟类的代谢特点,通过自身的物理和化学调节(代谢产热)以更好地适应其生存环境。     

黑腹绒鼠的代谢产热特征及其体温调节

为探讨东洋界华中区黑腹绒鼠的代谢产热特征及体温调节,本文采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪对其代谢率、热传导和体温等热生物学指标进行了测定.结果显示:在环境温度为5～25℃的范围内,黑腹绒鼠的体温基本维持恒定,平均体温为36.5±0.1℃;热中性区为25～30℃;基础代谢率为2.99±0.09 ml O2/(g·h);环境温度(Ta)在5～25℃范围内,代谢率(MR)与Ta呈负相关,回归方程为:MR[ ml O2/(g·h)]= 6.56-0.16 Ta(℃),在此范围内,黑腹绒鼠的热传导率C最低,平均为0.26±0.01 ml O2/(g·h·℃).黑腹绒鼠的基本热生物学特征为:较高的BMR、热传导率和体温以及较宽的热中性区.     

八哥的代谢产热特征及体温调节

采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计和数字式温度计,在环境温度(Ta)5.0～37.5℃范围内,测定了成体八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)的代谢率(MR)和体温(Tb),并计算出每个温度点的热传导(C),以及MR和C的体重预期值等指标,探讨其代谢产热特征。在Ta为5.0～37.5℃时,八哥的体温基本维持恒定,平均为(41.4±0.1)℃,热中性区(TNZ)为25.0～32.5℃,基础代谢率(BMR)为(125.33±2.08)ml O2/h,是体重预期值的60%;Ta在5.0～25.0℃范围内,MR[ml O2/h]与Ta(℃)呈负相关,回归方程为:MR=365.30-10.07Ta;Ta在10.0～25.0℃时,C最低且基本恒定,平均为(0.06±0.00)ml O2/(g.h.℃),是体重预期值的100%。八哥具有较低的基础代谢率,相对较高的热传导和体温,符合南方小型鸟类的代谢特征。     

北朱雀、燕雀和白腰朱顶雀的能量代谢特征和体温调节

本实验采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计 ,测定了环境温度在 5 - 34℃范围内北朱雀 (Carpodacusroseus)、燕雀 (Fringillamontifringilla)和白腰朱顶雀 (Acanthisflammea)的耗氧量、热传导、体温等指标 ,探讨了其代谢产热特征。结果表明 :在环境温度 (Ta)为 5 - 30℃的范围内 ,北朱雀的体温基本维持恒定 ,平均体温为4 0 4 6± 0 1 0℃ ,热中性区为 2 2 5 - 2 7 5℃ ,基础代谢率为 4 30± 0 0 8mlO2 /(g·h) ;环境温度在 5 - 2 0℃范围内 ,代谢率 (MR)与Ta 呈负相关 ,回归方程为MR [mlO2 /(g·h) ]=9 34- 0 2 1Ta (℃ ) ;在此范围内 ,北朱雀的热传导率最低且基本保持恒定 ,平均为 0 2 4± 0 0 0mlO2 /(g·h·℃ )。在环境温度为 5 - 34℃的范围内 ,燕雀的体温基本保持稳定 ,为 4 0 4 0± 0 1 1℃ ,热中性区为 2 5 - 30℃ ,基础代谢率为 4 1 9± 0 0 5mlO2 /(g·h) ;环境温度在 5 - 2 5℃范围内 ,MR与Ta 的回归方程为 :MR [mlO2 / (g·h) ]=1 1 6 4 - 0 2 9Ta (℃ ) ;在 5- 30℃内 ,燕雀的热传导最低 ,平均为 0 2 9± 0 0 1mlO2 / (g·h·℃ )。白腰朱顶雀的热中性区为 2 5 - 2 8℃ ,平均体温为 4 0 4 8± 0 1 1℃ (5 - 34℃ ) ,最低代谢率为 4 4 5± 0 1 4mlO2 / (g·h) ,最低热传导为 0 3     

棕眉山岩鹨的代谢产热特征的初步研究

实验采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计和数字式温度计 ,分别测定了环境温度 (Ta)在 5～ 35℃范围内棕眉山岩鹨 (Prunellamontanella)的耗氧量和体温 (Tb) ,由此计算出代谢率 (MR)、热传导率 (C)和代谢预期比与热传导预期比 (F)等值 ,以探讨该种的代谢产热特征。结果表明 :棕眉山岩鹨在Ta 为 5～ 35℃时 ,Tb 基本维持恒定 (为 4 1 2 5± 0 12℃ ) ,MR的最低值为 4 2 7± 0 0 7mLO2 /(g·h) ;Ta 在 5～ 2 4℃时 ,MR与之负相关 :MR [mLO2 /(g·h) ]=10 39- 0 2 4Ta℃ ;Ta 在 5～ 2 6 5℃时 ,C最低且基本保持恒定 ,平均为 0 2 6±0 0 0mLO2 /(g·h·℃ ) ;Ta 在 2 4～ 30℃时 ,F值为 1 0 5 ,表明该种具有较好的体温调节能力。与热带地区鸟类比较 ,棕眉山岩鹨具较高的MR和Tb,稍高的C ,符合北方小型鸟类的代谢特点 ,能较好的适应冬寒冷、夏炎热的环境。     

Comparative study of circadian variation in oral,tympanic, forehead,axillary and elbow pit temperatures measured in a cohort of young university students living their normal routines

The primary objective of the present research work is to study and compare the circadian variability in body temperature recorded from different locations of the body during subjects’ normal routines. Temperatures of oral cavity (sublingually), tympanum, forehead, axilla and the elbow pit were measured simultaneously at approximate 1-h intervals for five consecutive days during subjects’ waking span in their routine living condition. The observations were made in eight young, apparently healthy, university students. Data were analysed using cosinor rhythmometry for evaluation of circadian rhythms and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures to assess the effect of time of day and measuring site on body temperatures and their interaction. Significant circadian rhythms in body temperature, irrespective of site, were found. Based on autocorrelation analysis, it was observed that the day-to-day variability in body temperature was consistent. The acrophases of all the studied temperature rhythms were located in the afternoon, except axillary temperature, which occurred in the early evening. The mean daytime temperature was found to be the highest when recorded sublingually and it was the lowest on the forehead or elbow pit. On the basis of the results of this study, we recommend that the methods used could be introduced into laboratory courses in a curriculum of chronobiology courses for both UG and PG classes for the demonstration/study of circadian rhythms in body temperature under normal routines. The methods used are valuable as they are non-invasive, easily accepted and assessable in a student setting.     

灰飞虱发育起点温度及有效积温的探讨

利用培养箱在恒温条件下饲养灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallén,测定了卵、若虫、成虫繁殖前和全世代发育历期,用直线回归法计算了灰飞虱各虫态和全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为10.06、6.43、10.29、8.08℃和102.3、365.2、87.5、552.1日·度。并根据有效积温法则预测了该虫在济宁市1年完成的代数为4～5代。     

桑树(Morus alba)朱砂叶螨（Tetranychus cinnabarinus）实验种群的温度效应

采用生命表分析、生存分析、"王-兰-丁"模型及线性模型等分析方法,对15～28℃温区的5个恒温处理朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)实验种群进行了系统研究.结果表明,此温区内,种群在生殖、发育和生存3方面,有明显的温度效应:内禀增长力、周限增长力、净增殖力和平均日产卵量、世代平均周期、及种群倍增时间的倒数呈线性增长;而平均寿命、最大死亡年龄,随温度升高而递减;性比和实际产卵天数对温度不敏感.种群在生殖、发育和生存三者之间,采取了较为"折衷"的策略:8℃为发育临界点;13℃左右为生殖和种群增长临界温度;22℃左右为生殖和种群增长最适温度;30℃左右为发育最适温度.     

竹织叶野螟发育起点温度和有效积温

采用19,22,25,28和31℃5个温度对竹织叶野螟Algedonia coclesalis Walker各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行测定。结果表明,竹织叶野螟的在19～31℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤其是28～31℃范围最适宜于竹织叶野螟的生长发育。卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、6龄幼虫、7龄幼虫、蛹、成虫及世代的发育起点温度分别为6.63,12.51,11.18,10.93,10.05,8.01,6.80,5.78,6.20,7.81和8.33℃,有效积温分别为124.19,64.54,72.59,82.08,93.46,136.84,155.42,201.06,211.55,111.49和1235.50日.度。     

核桃扁叶甲的发育起点温度和有效积温

室内观察测定5个恒温条件下,核桃扁叶甲Gastrolina depressa Baly各虫态的发育历期及起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在16～32℃温度范围内,核桃扁叶甲均能完成发育,其发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.4,12.2,14.3和11.1℃,有效积温分别为43.2,77.2,36.0和104.7日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为12.0℃,有效积温为260.5日.度。持续过高温度不适合核桃扁叶甲的生长发育。     

Evaluation of the cold strain index (CSI) for peripheral cold environmental stress

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cold strain index (CSI) for peripheral environmental stress using data from a previous footwear study. Eight men (20±2 yr) dressed in protective cold weather clothing with varying footwear underwent 5 days of cold air (−23.4 °C) testing while attempting to sit for 240 min. Rectal, skin, and toe temperatures (T_toe) were continuously measured. All test exposures were ended after 50–165 min due to cold foot discomfort or T_toe<5 °C. However, CSI values indicated little cold strain. Therefore, we revised CSI to include peripheral cold assessment, which was found to be consistent with subject behavior and measured low T_toe.     

恒温下大戟长管蚜的发育起点温度和有效积温

在16,19,22,25,28和31℃恒温条件下以花卉一串红(Salvia splendens)饲养大戟长管蚜Macrosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas),测得该蚜虫的各龄历期和产仔前期,得出全若虫期的历期。依据有效积温法则计算的1～4龄若蚜和全若虫期的发育起点分别是12.5,7.8,10.3,4.1和9.3℃,有效积温分别是14.6,43.9,29.9,31.9和117.2日.度。大戟长管蚜适合生长发育的温度是19～28℃,最适合温度为25℃。     

Considerations for the measurement of core,skin and mean body temperatures

Despite previous reviews and commentaries, significant misconceptions remain concerning deep-body (core) and skin temperature measurement in humans. Therefore, the authors have assembled the pertinent Laws of Thermodynamics and other first principles that govern physical and physiological heat exchanges. The resulting review is aimed at providing theoretical and empirical justifications for collecting and interpreting these data. The primary emphasis is upon deep-body temperatures, with discussions of intramuscular, subcutaneous, transcutaneous and skin temperatures included. These are all turnover indices resulting from variations in local metabolism, tissue conduction and blood flow. Consequently, inter-site differences and similarities may have no mechanistic relationship unless those sites have similar metabolic rates, are in close proximity and are perfused by the same blood vessels. Therefore, it is proposed that a gold standard deep-body temperature does not exist. Instead, the validity of each measurement must be evaluated relative to one's research objectives, whilst satisfying equilibration and positioning requirements. When using thermometric computations of heat storage, the establishment of steady-state conditions is essential, but for clinically relevant states, targeted temperature monitoring becomes paramount. However, when investigating temperature regulation, the response characteristics of each temperature measurement must match the forcing function applied during experimentation. Thus, during dynamic phases, deep-body temperatures must be measured from sites that track temperature changes in the central blood volume.     

A study of human skin and surface temperatures in stable and unstable thermal environments

Skin temperature is a common physiological parameter that reflects human thermal responses. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of radiant temperature on human skin temperature and surface temperature in stable and unstable thermal environments. For a clothed human body, the skin temperature is the surface temperature of the skin, while the surface temperature is the outer surface temperature of the clothes. For this aim, the radiant temperature from 26 to 38 °C and then from 38 to 26 °C was controlled in three different ways; in stable condition keeping stable above 40 min, in unstable condition at a rate of 2 °C/5 min, and in another unstable condition at a rate of 2 °C/10 min. Experimental data showed that at the same radiant temperature, the local skin/surface temperatures during the radiant temperature decrease were higher compared to those during the radiant temperature increase. During the radiant temperature increase/decrease, the increments/decrements of the mean skin temperature and the mean surface temperature decreased gradually from the stable condition, 2 °C/10 min to 2 °C/5 min. Compared to surface temperature, the faster the radiant temperature changed, the more obviously the change in skin temperature was delayed. These data demonstrated that the human body has physiological adaptability to unstable thermal environments.     

Development of a self-contained,indwelling vaginal temperature probe for use in cattle research

A device was developed to monitor the vaginal temperature of cattle in a research setting. This device decreases labor involved with monitoring body temperature compared with manual temperature readings, allows for continuous monitoring of vaginal temperature at 1 min intervals, and also allows for temperature measurements without the presence of a human handler or without restraint, which can agitate cattle. The device consists of a blank controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device (designed by Pfizer Animal Health as an indwelling vaginal probe) that holds an indwelling vaginal temperature probe logger. The fabrication of the vaginal probe costs approximately US $325 per unit. Similar rectal and vaginal temperature responses to lipopolysaccharide challenge were observed when vaginal and rectal temperatures were measured simultaneously in the same heifer (P>0.05). Additionally, rectal and vaginal temperatures were highly correlated (r=0.97; P<0.0001). Similar to the rectal temperature monitoring device, the vaginal device allows for the measurement of vaginal temperature without the potential biases associated with the stress response produced as a reaction to the handling by and (or) presence of humans. The vaginal temperature recording device will provide researchers with an additional inexpensive tool to study physiological responses in female cattle.