乙型脑炎病毒可视化分型基因芯片的制备

目的:制备乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)可视化分型基因芯片。方法:根据JEV的基因组序列,应用生物学软件设计JEV分型引物及探针,制备其可视化分型基因芯片;用生物素标记的引物PCR扩增目的片段,并与固定于玻片上的探针杂交,加入链霉亲和素标记的纳米金,银增强实现可视化;进行特异性、灵敏性及重复性试验。结果:探针特异地与相应的标记目的基因片段杂交,并在芯片上呈现较强的阳性杂交信号;2号探针能特异性检出JEV,3、4号探针可分别对Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型JEV进行分型;芯片对JEV质粒检测的灵敏度达105拷贝/mL;以蓝耳病病毒等5种病毒为对照,芯片只对JEV响应,具有特异性;制备的基因芯片具有批间、批内重复性。结论:制备的基因芯片具有高特异性、灵敏性及重复性,可以快速、准确、高通量地对JEV进行可视化分型检测。     

我国新分离乙型脑炎病毒株毒力特征研究

将分离自不同年代的17株乙脑毒株在小鼠脑内传代,然后将病毒在BHK21细胞单层上观察不同毒株的空斑形成大小形态,小鼠脑内和皮下途径接种观察病毒的毒力,结果显示不同毒株在BHK21细胞上形成的噬斑大小不尽相同,减毒株形成的噬斑最小。所有毒株对小鼠的脑内毒力都很强,病毒滴度高达lg8.0/mL以上,毒株间无明显差异。毒株对9～11g小日龄小鼠的皮下毒力有一定差异但不明显,但对14～16g较大日龄小鼠则差别明显。PFU/LD50的对数值差异除一株(M47株)为8.44外,其余各株差别在3.94～0.45间。本研究结果证明自然界乙脑毒株存在明显的神经外毒力差异,毒力差异与分离年代和病毒基因型无关,但从人体分离到的毒株毒力表现较强。     

Localization and Functions of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Proteins NS3 and NS5 for Viral RNA Synthesis in the Infected Cells

Recently it has been reported that Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-specific RNAs can be synthesized in vitro in the subcellular fraction including outer-nuclear membrane (Takegami and Hotta, 1989). The results of Western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence test using two kinds of monospecific antisera against JEV nonstructural proteins NS3 and NS5 showed that NS3 and NS5 were membrane-associated proteins and formed the complex at the perinuclear site in the infected cells. Both antisera against NS3 and NS5 inhibited in vitro RNA synthesis. These results suggest that NS5 and NS3 play important role(s) in flavivirus RNA replication.     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒GSS株prM、E和NS1蛋白基因的克隆及在非复制型痘苗病毒中的表达

克隆流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒野毒(JEV)GSS株前膜蛋白信号序列、前膜蛋白(prM)、包膜蛋白(E)、非结构蛋白-1(NSl)和非结构蛋白NS2a的编码基因,并与非复制型痘苗病毒载体NTV进行同源重组,构建了乙脑病毒非复制型重组痘苗病毒疫苗株NTVA(E／L)JEV。通过：PCR和Southern blot检测证明,在非复制型痘苗病毒中有乙暗病毒prM信号序列、prM、E、NS1和NS2a基因的插入：Western blot检测证明,重组病毒可以在细胞内成功地表达prM、E和NSl蛋白,并可将prM、E和NSl蛋白分泌到细胞培养上清中;免疫荧光检测证明,E和NSl蛋白主要分布在细胞膜上。电镜下可见分泌到细胞外的病毒样颗粒。     

乙脑病毒持续感染株preM区序列分析

为了研究乙型脑炎病毒持续感染株preM区域基因序列变异及其意义,我们将两种乙脑病毒野生株(JaGAr-01株和Nakayama株)分别感染人肝癌KN73细胞,经过多次细胞传代后建立乙脑病毒持续感染模型,收集感染细胞经反复冻融获取变异病毒.利用preM区特异引物进行RT-PCR法得到两种病毒的preM区基因片段,应用基因测序反应进行序列分析,并对两种病毒株preM区序列进行比较.preM区基因测序结果显示,与JaGAr-01野生株比较,JaGAr-01持续感染变异株(JaG-per)有1个核苷酸上碱基发生变异(第26位U→G)并导致相应氨基酸发生置换(第9位亮氨酸→精氨酸);Nakayama持续感染变异株(Nak-per)与其野生株相比则有11个核苷酸上碱基存在差异(第26位U→G,第37位G→A,第39位C→U,第45位U→C,第51位U→C,第99位U→C,第126位U→C,第165位C→U,第189位C→U,第195位C→U,第198位U→C),但仅有其中第26位、第37位、第39位的碱基变异引起相应编码的氨基酸发生置换(第9位亮氨酸→精氨酸及第13位缬氨酸→异亮氨酸).对比还发现变异后的JaGAr-01持续感染株与Nakayama持续感染株的基因序列相同.认为乙脑病毒持续感染变异株preM区存在基因变异,这种变异可能与该区参与病毒持续感染及维持病毒生物学特性有关.     

乙脑病毒持续感染株preM区序列分析

为了研究乙型脑炎病毒持续感染株preM区域基因序列变异及其意义,我们将两种乙脑病毒野生株(JaGAr-01株和Nakayama株)分别感染人肝癌KN73细胞,经过多次细胞传代后建立乙脑病毒持续感染模型,收集感染细胞经反复冻融获取变异病毒。利用preM区特异引物进行RT-PCR法得到两种病毒的preM区基因片段,应用基因测序反应进行序列分析,并对两种病毒株preM区序列进行比较。preM区基因测序结果显示,与JaGAr-01野生株比较,JaGAr-01持续感染变异株(JaG-per)有1个核苷酸上碱基发生变异(第26位U→G)并导致相应氨基酸发生置换(第9位亮氨酸→精氨酸);Nakayama持续感染变异株(Nak-per)与其野生株相比则有11个核苷酸上碱基存在差异(第26位U→G,第37位G→A,第39位C→U,第45位U→C,第51位U→C,第99位U→C,第126位U→C,第165位C→U,第189位C→U,第195位C→U,第198位U→C),但仅有其中第26位、第37位、第39位的碱基变异引起相应编码的氨基酸发生置换(第9位亮氨酸→精氨酸及第13位缬氨酸→异亮氨酸)。对比还发现变异后的JaGAr-01持续感染株与Nakayama持续感染株的基因序列相同。认为乙脑病毒持续感染变异株preM区存在基因变异,这种变异可能与该区参与病毒持续感染及维持病毒生物学特性有关。     

Proliferative Response of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Japanese Encephalitis Virus

Cell-mediated immune response to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and its purified envelope (E) protein was measured in 45 laboratory confirmed JE patients using a proliferation assay of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In parallel, JEV-specific IgM antibodies were measured by ELISA. No correlation was observed between the antibody response and results of the lymphocyte proliferation assay. Only 11 of the 42 patients positive in the antibody test were positive in the proliferation assay, and PBMC from 14/45 (31%) patients did not respond to either phytohemagglutinin and to JEV and/or its purified E protein antigen. No correlation was observed between the cell-mediated immune response and the final clinical outcome (fatality vs. recovery).     

Epidemiological and Ecological Studies of Japanese Encephalitis in Okinawa,Subtropical Area in Japan. II. Prevalence of Japanese Encephalitis Antibody in Residents in Okinawa,Miyako and Ishigaki Islands

During 1989 to 1990, human sera were collected by age groups in Okinawa (the northern, central and southern areas), Miyako and Ishigaki islands and examined for the neutralization (N) antibodies to two strains, Nakayama (vaccine strain) and C307 (Okinawan strain), of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus. In Okinawa island, the N antibody positive rate to C307 was higher than that to Nakayama, while in Miyako and Ishigaki islands, the positive rate to Nakayama was higher than that to C307, suggesting that JE virus transmission rate was higher in Okinawa than in Miyako and Ishigaki islands. In Okinawa Prefecture, JE vaccine had not been administered to most of residents over 31 years of age at the time of serum collection. In residents over 31 years old, the positive rate to C307 was highest in the north of Okinawa (83.3%) and was lowest in Miyako (26.3%), with the second lowest in Ishigaki (33.3%). The distribution of N antibody titers to C307 gave hyperbolic patterns in the 0–5 age groups in Miyako and Ishigaki, and also in the 31–40, 41–50 age groups in Miyako and the 41–50 age group in Ishigaki, suggesting low rates of natural infection in these 4–5 decades in both islands. In residents of ages subjected to JE vaccine, a characteristic pattern was obtained, in which the curves to Nakayama shifted to higher titers than those to C307, suggesting that the first antigenic stimulation was caused by vaccine, not by natural infection of JE virus.     

Synthesis,Immunogenicity, and Antigenicity of the Glycoprotein E Fragments of the Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Six peptide fragments of the envelope protein E of the tick-borne encephalitis virus involving the predicted T-helper epitopes were synthesized. Their ability to induce antibodies without conjugation with any high-molecular-mass carrier was studied in mice of three lines. Five of six synthesized peptides exhibited immunogenic properties, which differed in dependence on the haplotype of immunized mice. The peptide binding to the antiviral antibodies was studied, and two peptides were revealed that demonstrated a high ability to recognize the viral antibodies in the horse and human sera. These peptides are promising for the development of diagnostic agents for the tick-borne encephalitis virus.     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒E基因的克隆、表达及初步应用

参照GenBank中的日本乙型脑炎病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus,JEV)SA14-14株序列设计了一对特异性引物,用PCR方法从SA14-14扩增E基因全长,然后克隆到pMD18-T载体中,转化宿主菌DH5a,提取阳性克隆质粒进行双酶切鉴定,将目的片段定向克隆到pET32a( )中,转化入BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导可表达分子量约73ka的蛋白,Western blotting试验呈阳性,表明E基因得到表达。以纯化的表达产物为核心抗原,猪抗JEV血清为一抗,HRP标记羊抗猪IgG抗体为二抗建立间接ELISA方法,并初步检测了一些血清样品,结果提示表达的蛋白具有很好的应用开发价值。     

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Vero Cells: The Involvement of Intracellular Acidic Vesicles in the Early Phase of Viral Infection Was Observed with the Treatment of a Specific Vacuolar Type H+-ATPase Inhibitor,Bafilomycin A1

The involvement of intracellular acidic vesicles in the early phase of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection in Vero cells was observed by adding a specific vacuolar type H⁺ -ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitor (bafilomycin A1) in the cell culture medium. Studies with the detection of viral envelope (E) protein suggested that bafilomycin A1 inhibited virus infection in the cells. Subcellular distribution of incoming biotinylated virions and ³H-uridine-labeled viral RNA were observed in fractions of a Percoll density gradient. At 10 min of the chasing period, virions and viral RNA were found mainly in fractions with a mean density of 1.04 g/ml corresponding to the endosome both in the control and bafilomycin A1-treated cells. At 60 min of the chasing period, the peak of biotin activity was detected in fractions with a mean density of 1.08 g/ml corresponding to the lysosome, whereas the peak of radioactivity did not run parallel with that of biotin and shifted to fractions with a mean density of 1.05 g/ml and higher than 1.084 g/ml, respectively. At 60 min of the chasing period in bafilomycin A1-treated cells, the peak of biotin and radioactivity were still found mainly in the fraction with a density of 1.04 g/ml, representing the endosome. Subcellular fractionation by a Percoll density gradient revealed that bafilomycin A1 treatment resulted in the accumulation of virions in the endosome fraction and suggested the prevention of intracellular translocation of the virions which occurs during the early entry process of an infecting virus to the cells.     

从云南省蝙蝠脑组织中分离出乙型脑炎病毒

为进一步阐明蝙蝠在保存乙脑病毒中的作用,于1997年7月,在云南省耿马县捕捉蝙蝠64只,取脑组织作病毒分离,从一只金管鼻蝠脑组织中分离出1株病毒,该毒株能引起BHK21细胞病变和乳鼠发病死亡,在pH5.75-7.4时能凝集鸽红血球,经用单克隆抗体血凝抑制和免疫荧光试验鉴定,证明为乙型脑炎病毒。进一步证明蝙蝠在乙型脑炎病毒保存和扩散中具有重要作用。从金管鼻蝠体内分离出乙型脑炎病毒属国内外首次报道。     

云南省4种伊蚊的乙型脑炎病毒分离物的研究

在云南省西南边境9县市捕获伊蚊属雌性成蚊16种19367只,用细胞法和乳鼠法分离病毒.从185批6491只白纹伊蚊中分离到病毒2株,从50批1605只剌扰伊蚊中分离到病毒2株,从23批772只窄翅伊蚊中分离到病毒2株,从4批103只阿萨姆伊蚊中分离到病毒1株.其它12种共10396只伊蚊的病毒分离物为阴性.分离到的7株病毒经免疫荧光、酶免疫、血凝抑制和中和试验鉴定,均为乙型脑炎病毒(JE virus).白纹伊蚊是野外竹林的优势蚊种.分析认为白纹伊蚊在当地乙型脑炎病毒保存和传播中起重要作用,刺扰伊蚊、窄翅伊蚊和阿萨姆伊蚊亦可参与该病毒的传播.     

云南省4种伊蚊的乙型脑炎病毒分离物的研究

在云南省西南边境９县市捕获伊蚊属雌性成蚊１６种１９３６７只,用细胞法和乳鼠法分离病毒。从１８５批６４９１只白纹伊蚊中分离到病毒２株,从５０批１６０５只剌扰伊蚊中分离到病毒２株,从２３批７７２只窄翅伊蚊中分离到病毒２株,从４批１０３只阿萨姆伊蚊中分离到病毒１株。其它１２种共１０３９６只伊蚊的病毒分离物为阴性。分离到的７株病毒经免疫荧光、酶免疫、血凝抑制和中和试验鉴定,均为乙型脑炎病毒（ＪＥｖｉｒｕｓ）。白纹伊蚊是野外竹林的优势蚊种。分析认为白纹伊蚊在当地乙型脑炎病毒保存和传播中起重要作用,刺扰伊蚊、窄翅伊蚊和阿萨姆伊蚊亦可参与该病毒的传播。     

表达乙型脑炎病毒抗原的非复制型重组痘苗病毒能在小鼠中诱发免疫保护

使用2×107PFU乙脑病毒野毒株GSS抗原preM-E-NS1-NS2a的非复制型重组痘苗病毒NTV-JEV免疫3周龄BALB/c小鼠,小鼠体内乙脑病毒特异性抗体滴度1∶71,IgG2a/IgG1为1.5,中和抗体滴度为1∶8,免疫组小鼠产生特异性补体介导的细胞杀伤作用。以10 LD50乙脑P3株病毒对小鼠进行了脑内攻击,NTV-JEV免疫组小鼠存活率为100%,与乙脑减毒活疫苗SA14-14-2免疫组存活率相同。100 LD50P3株病毒攻击后NTV-JEV免疫组存活率28.6%,与SA14-14-2组免疫效果无明显差别。存活小鼠体内乙脑病毒特异性抗体升高为1∶179,IgG2a/IgG1比值为1.9,中和抗体大于1∶16。以30 LD50GSS株病毒进行攻击后,NTV-JEV免疫组和SA14-14-2组保护率均为8.3%。上述结果表明,NTV-JEV与乙脑减毒活疫苗SA14-14-2株具有相近的保护力,NTV-JEV不仅可以保护小鼠抵抗同株病毒GSS的攻击,而且可以抵抗异株病毒P3的攻击。     

我国新分离森林脑炎病毒E基因特征分析

为了解分离自黑龙江省大兴安岭林区全沟硬蜱中的DXAL-5、12、13、16、18,21共6株森林脑炎(TBE)病毒E蛋白基因特征并确定病毒基因型,应用RT-PCR技术对6株病毒E蛋白基因进行体外扩增、克隆、测序.结果发现,6株病毒E蛋白基因的核苷酸序列长均为1 488 bp,推导的氨基酸序列长均为496 aa.与TBE参考毒株E蛋白基因进行比较,这6株病毒与远东亚型同源性最高,其次是西伯利亚亚型,与欧洲亚型同源性最差;在决定亚型特征的氨基酸位点多数属于TBE病毒远东亚型.E蛋白基因推导的氨基酸种系发生树分析表明,6株病毒均在远东亚型分枝内.因此就E蛋白基因而言,DXAL-5、12、13、16、18、21株均属于TBE病毒的远东亚型.新分离毒株与Senzhang株同源性较高,种系发生关系也比较接近,推测疫苗株对新分离毒株仍具有很好的保护作用.但是在E蛋白的A、B和C抗原决定区内,6株病毒均有不同程度的氨基酸改变,这些突变有可能影响E蛋白的功能.     

一株强神经毒力乙脑病毒株的生物学及其分子特征

研究一株神经毒力很强的乙型脑炎病毒株SA4株的生物学特性并进行基因组全序列分析,并找到其毒力强的分子基础。将SA4脑内接种昆明小鼠后每日观察发病和死亡鼠数并每日收取鼠脑,用空斑法检测接种后不同时间点的脑内病毒增殖滴度,同时以另一株乙脑病毒SA14按照相同方法进行平行实验作为对照。SA4株的全基因组测序序列结果与乙脑SA14株及世界各地共21株乙脑病毒的全基因组序列进行比较。结果显示,脑内接种SA4株的小鼠发病和死亡时间均比SA14株早1d,在相同时间点上SA4株的病毒滴度高0.5～1.0lgPFU/mL。SA4株与世界各地毒株基因同源性比对,核苷酸同源性为84.6%～99.0%,氨基酸同源性为95.2%～99.7%。与SA14相比,氨基酸序列存在17个位点的差异,分布于不同的区段,其中E区最多,为5个。证明SA4是一株在脑内具有较快繁殖力的神经毒力很强的毒株,其序列上17个氨基酸位点的替换很可能是其强神经毒力的分子基础。     

Brain Catecholamine Alterations and Pathological Features with Aging in Parkinson Disease Model Rat Induced by Japanese Encephalitis Virus

We analyzed two disease model groups with rats infected by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a 90-day group and a 180-day group after JEV infection. The time measured by the modified pole test showed that motor activities in these two groups were slower than those of age-matched control groups. Striatal dopamine (DA) levels were significantly decreased in all JEV-infected rats. Norepinephrine concentration in brain regions in the 180-day group was significantly decreased in the medulla oblongata and hypothalamus as compared with the control and 90-day group. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons were significantly decreased in both JEV-infected rat groups. These results suggest that DA decrease and pathological changes in JEV-infected model rats persist for a long time, at least up to 180 days, and this model will be useful for the evaluation of new anti-parkinsonian agents.     

Genotype Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus among Blood Donors and Inmates in Metro Manila,The Philippines

Antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) were detected in 18 (2.3%) of 800 sera from commercial blood donors and 23 (4.6%) of 502 sera from inmates in Metro Manila, the Philippines. The difference in the antibody prevalence between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). HCV RNA was detected in 14 (78%) of the 18 antibody-positive sera from blood donors and 19 (83%) of the 23 antibody-positive sera from inmates. Genotype analysis revealed that HCV-1b (50%) was most common among blood donors, followed by HCV-1a (36%) and HCV-2a (7%). Among inmates, on the other hand, HCV-1a (68%) was most common, followed by HCV-1b (11%), HCV-2a (5%) and HCV-2b (5%). Overall, HCV-1a and HCV-1b appeared to be predominant among them. Thus, the genotype prevalence in the Philippines was distinct from those in other Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia, and also distinct from those in the Far East including Taiwan, Mainland China and Japan.     

树鼬对森林脑炎病毒的敏感性及发病机理的研究

从云南新分离森林脑炎病毒(YH和T57)及东北株经脑内、皮下及腹腔感染成年中国云南树鼩,均发生病毒血症。持续时间为7—9天。抗体应答反应和病理改变程度成反比,病变轻的能产生较好的免疫应答。血凝抑制抗体、中和抗体和补体结合抗体分别于感染后的第5、7、13天出现,且血凝抑制抗体和中和抗体的升高呈正相关。经抗原定位研究发现,腹腔注射后48小时,各组织器官均能查到抗原,除中枢神经系统外,其它组织内病毒抗原消失都很快,随病毒血症的消失而转阴,中枢神经系统携带抗原可持续27天,且病变随病程的延长而加重,表现为充血、血管周围淋巴细胞呈套状浸润,局灶性出血,神经元变性,胶质细胞增生,轴索断裂等,说明靶器官是中枢神经系统。试验表明,成年中国云南树勉对森林脑炎病毒比较敏感,是森林脑炎病毒动物模型研究首选动物。