Rediscovery of Paramecium duboscqui Chatton & Brachon, 1933, and a Description of Its Characteristics

ABSTRACT. Paramecium duboscqui Chatton & Brachon, 1933, was rediscovered in Harbin, China, in 1974. In addition to the morphological features described by Chatton and Brachon, more details such as the silver-line system, buccal apparatus, stomatogenetic pater, mating types and temperature adaptation are described here. Although minor differences exist between the strains from France and China, the evidence indicates that they are really the same species and a member of the "bursaria" group.     

New record for Galba neotropica (d'Orbigny, 1835) in Argentina,with a detailed analysis of its morphology and molecular characteristics

We report for the first time the presence of Galba neotropica in Santa Fe province, Pampean Argentina. Until the present work, the identity of the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in this region, the most important livestock production area of Argentina, was unknown. This report extends the geographic distribution of G. neotropica and is the first to provide molecular and morphological information on this species in Argentina. During summer 2013, snails were collected on private livestock farms with high prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle. Specimens were identified by using the nuclear sequences of the internal transcribed spacers ITS-1 and ITS-2, the shell and the shape and size of the male reproductive organs. Molecularly, ITS-1 and ITS-2 nuclear sequences exhibit 100% nucleotide identity with G. neotropica from Lima, Peru. Morphologically, G. neotropica from Santa Fe province was indistinguishable from Galba viatrix and Galba cubensis, the other two cryptic species within this South American group of lymnaeids. The combination of molecular and morphological analyses is strongly recommended to identify lymnaeids at species level. The identity of the intermediate host and the subsequent knowledge of its susceptibility, behaviour, distribution, ecology and biology are important components in developing effective measures to control fasciolosis.     

Diversity,Distribution, and Host Plant of Endophytic Fungi: A Focus on Korea

Endophytic fungi occupy inner plant tissues, which results in various interactions between the fungus and host. Studies on endophytic fungi have been conducted in Korea for over 30 years. This paper summarizes the published results of those studies. The endophytic fungi of approximately 132 plant species in Korea have been studied since the 1990s, resulting in over 118 publications. The host plants featured in these studies comprised 3 species of mosses, 34 species of woody plants, and 95 species of herbaceous plants. At the family level, the most studied plants were members of the Poaceae family, covering 18 species. Regionally, these studies were conducted throughout Korea, but over half of the studies were conducted in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gangwon-do, and Chungcheongnam-do. Relatively few studies have been conducted in a metropolis such as Seoul. We confirmed 5 phyla, 16 classes, 49 orders, 135 families, 305 genera, and 855 taxa of endophytic fungi, excluding Incertae sedis, whose relationship with others are unknown. Most of the endophytic fungi belonged to Ascomycota (93.2%), and a few belonged to Basidiomycota (3.6%). Since the diversity of endophytic fungi differs depending on the host plant, plant tissue, and distribution region, future studies should be conducted on multiple host plants and in various regions. Future studies on endophytic fungi are expected to broaden, including genomics and taxonomic and ecological studies of secondary metabolites.     

Rotifera Recorded from China, 1893–1997, with Remarks on Their Composition and Distribution

A search of the literature on rotifers recorded from China, includes today 477 valid species names and 42 subspecies or infrasubspecific variants in 84 genera and 28 families recorded since 1893. Chinese rotifera research is reviewed, and all recorded species are listed with current taxonomic status and their first localities in China. Most of the named taxa are widely distributed or cosmopolitan, with only a small number (about 3%) possibly restricted to China. This fauna exhibits 15 endemic taxa. The composition and distribution of Chinese Rotifera are briefly analyzed. It is likely that considerably more rotifers remain to be described from China as further study to be carried on and taxonomic resolution improves.     

The Biology of Vampyrophrya pelagica (Chatton & Lwoff, 1930), a Histophagous Apostome Ciliate Associated with Marine Calanoid Copepods

ABSTRACT. The histophagous apostome. l'ampyrophrya pelagica , occurs on calanoid copepods in North Carolina. Its life cycle has two pathways: one when the copepod host is injured; the other when the host is ingested by an invertebrate predator. The ciliate, immediately after encysting on a copepod. metamorphoses to a feeding stage. When its host is injured or ingested by a predator, it excysts enters the wound and ingests the host's cytoplasm. In the single-host life cycle, after feeding, the ciliate encysts within the cadaver; in the two-host life cycle, after feeding it encysts upon a substrate. Encysted cells divide into 2–32 migratory tomites. Freed tomites are motionless in the water column until the water is disturbed, at which time they spring in the direction of any vibration, which many times results from a feeding copepod. Tomites select specific hosts, since not all species of copepods are infested. We hypothesize that the single-host life cycle yields many tomites that heavily infest hosts at random, and passage through the predator (two-host life cycle) results in fewer, but more widely dispersed tomites that are released continuously. The two-host life cycle is facultative for the individual, but may be obligate for the continuation of the species.     

Host‐specific variation in off‐host performance of a temperate ectoparasite

Antagonistic host–parasite interactions are rarely considered from an ecological perspective of the parasite. We used a blood‐feeding ectoparasite of boreal cervids, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi L., Hippoboscidae), to study host‐dependent variation in a parasite's ability to cope with an abiotic environment during the free‐living stage(s) in two allopatric Fennoscandian populations. We found that a strongly host‐specific deer ked population in eastern Fennoscandia, exploiting only moose (Alces alces), produced the largest offspring that were the most cold‐tolerant and emerged the earliest as adults, when compared with the western Fennoscandian population that exploited two hosts efficiently. Within the western population, however, offspring produced on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were significantly larger, more cold‐tolerant, and had higher survival than those produced on moose in the same area. We discuss potential causes for both host‐specific and geographical differences in off‐host performance: (1) maternal host directly affects the offspring survival prospects; (2) divergent co‐evolution with local main host(s) has shaped the parasite's life history; and/or (3) off‐host performance is shaped by adaptation to the local abiotic environment. In conclusion, this study increases our understanding of the evolution of host–parasite interactions by demonstrating how geographical differences in host exploitation may result in differences in survival prospects outside the host.     

鼓浪屿树木种类、分布及生长状况探究

采用路线踏查和重点调查的方法,对厦门市鼓浪屿岛上树木的种类、分布和生长状况进行较为全面的调查研究,结果表明,鼓浪屿树木（含木质藤本,按恩格勒系统）共75科296种（含亚种、变种、品种）,其中本地原生种31科49种,外来种60科247种。岛上保留的外来树种,多为岛上居民多年来自发引入。岛上有古树名木17种178株。同时提出对岛上树木的保护建议。     

Geographical Distribution of Phacellaria Benth. (Santalaceae) and its Hosts

Based on the geographical distribution of the species of Phacellaria and its host plants in the world,we speculated on the possible time,sites,and migration of the origin of Phacellaria.The host plants of Phacellaria mainly belong to Loranthaceae.Plants of Phacellaria and their hosts are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas.The plants of Phacellaria might have originated from a tropical area in the south of China before the Tertiary.Their ancestors were parasitic on the ancestors of some plants of Loranthaceae by chance during the Tertiary.It possibly took them millions of years to form a sturdy relationship with their hosts.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lasiosphaeriopsis pilophori</Emphasis> sp. nov. (Sordariales) and other lichenicolous fungi on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pilophorus</Emphasis>

Seven representatives of the Arthoniales, Dothideales, Lecanorales and Sordariales are known to occur on the lichen genus Pilophorus. Lasiosphaeriopsis pilophori sp. nov. is described from the north of the Holarctic. Cercidospora cephalodiorum is reported as new to North America. Cercidospora punctillata and Dactylospora deminuta are reported on Pilophorus for the first time. The host specificity, niche specialization and distribution of the taxa are discussed. A key to the lichenicolous fungi on Pilophorus is provided.     

Distribution,diversity and conservation of Anostraca (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in southern Africa

Southern Africa is defined here as Africa south of the Zambezi and Kunene Rivers. Here, annual average rainfall, rainfall season, and effective temperature are climatic factors which influence anostracan distribution. The type of temporary pool also appears to have some effect on distribution. Areas of high species richness are not confined to any particular climatic region and such areas occur in arid, montane and subtropical regions of southern Africa. Forty-six anostracan species have been recorded from the subcontinent and 80% of these are endemic. IUCN Red Data assessment of species revealed that two species can be considered 'Critically Endangered', while a further four are 'Endangered', and three are 'Vulnerable'. Many parts of southern Africa have been inadequately sampled but in South Africa, where the anostracans are relatively well known, temporary pool inhabitants are threatened mainly by agriculture, urbanization, pollution and pesticides. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

森林植被中优势种的形成和分布规律及其应用

一森林多是天然植被(人工林除外),它经历了千百年的演化,在改造环境和适应环境过程中,形成了物种与外界环境的高度吻合,最后形成了多种稳定的森林植被类型,因而研究森林植被中优势种的形成和分布规律,较之农田生态系统等人工植被具有更多的便利条件。森林树种的分布遵循着一定的规律,搞清     

Some species of the hypogeal scale insect Porphyrophora Brandt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Europe,the Middle East and North Africa

Porphyrophora is one of several hypogeal genera in the scale insect family Margarodidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Historically, it has been of great economic importance as a source of carmine dye but has been superseded by artificial aniline dyes. Some Porphyrophora species are currently important crop pests, particularly in western Asia. However, adult female Porphyrophora are all remarkably uniform in structure and are difficult to identify. The present paper redescribes the adult females of 24 species of Porphyrophora from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa and describes 3 new species (P. chelodonta Vahedi, P. jakubskii Vahedi and P. jashenkoi Vahedi). A key is provided to separate the species of Porphyrophora covered here. It is considered that P. cynodontis (Archangelskaia) is probably a synonym of P. hamelii Brandt although this synonymy is not being formally introduced here.     

栲属(壳斗科)植物的现代和地史分布

根据文献资料和标本馆及化石记录,讨论了壳斗科栲属植物的现代分布和地史分布。现代栲属植物有110～134种,主要分布在东亚及东南亚,其中印度支那地区有82种栲属植物,是世界栲属植物分布最集中的地区,马来西亚地区是栲属特有种最丰富的事实是支持马来西亚地区与其它地区的区系交流十分有限的论据。中国栲属植物最丰富的地区是滇黔桂地区（29种）。栲属植物现代多样化中心在马来西亚和中南半岛。排除Chrysolepis后,栲属的分布类型应属热带亚洲分布。栲属在地质历史上有着比现在广泛的分布,最早、最可靠的栲属化石记录发现于北美始新世地层,欧洲和日本始新世也有栲属的化石记录,化石记录表明栲属起源的时间不晚于古新世,所有的壳斗科及栲属的化石都发现于北半球,现代分布也主要在北半球,壳斗科及栲属起源于北半球可以确认,由于化石证据与现代植物学的研究结果有较大差异以及关键地区化石证据的不足,具体的起源地尚不能肯定。     

红细胞分布宽度与ICU院内感染的相关性研究

目的:探索红细胞分布宽度(RDW)与ICU院内感染的相关性。方法:根据2001年卫生部颁布的医院感染诊断标准,筛选出2011年1月至2013年12月在ICU住院发生院内感染的224例患者,与同期在ICU住院未发生院内感染的患者232例,收集相关临床资料[年龄、性别、既往合并高血压、冠心病史、慢性病(APACHEⅡ)评分、住院时间、预后]及RDW等实验室指标(连续收集入ICU前三天的实验指标取平均值),分析RDW与院内感染发生的相关性。结果:与对照组RDW(12.18±1.08)%相比,院内感染组RDW(13.52±2.01)%明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,RDW是院内感染的独立预测因素(OR=4.75,95%CI:3.27~6.91,P0.01)。RDW界值为12.81%,RDW的ROC曲线下面积为(0.76±0.02)%,95%CI:0.71~0.80,诊断院内感染的敏感性为56.65%,特异性为85.75%。结论:RDW与ICU院内感染独立相关,是ICU院内感染的独立预测因素。     

The ecological differentiation of asexual lineages of cotton aphids: alate behaviour, sensory physiology, and differential host associations

The cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii Glover) is a cosmopolitan pest species consisting of various host plant-associated lineages that appear to have different patterns of insecticide resistance, electrophoretic banding, and reproductive output across alternative host species. Debate continues as to whether these differences represent intraspecific variation or indicate a complex of cryptic or sibling species. We studied the host plant-related ecology of two asexual lineages of A. gossypii associated with the families Malvaceae and Cucurbitaceae, respectively, in particular the host plant finding and acceptance processes of the alate forms. The two lineages proved to be differentiated across host plants in terms of: (1) their landing and settling behaviour, nymphal production rate, and subsequent colony establishment (i.e. nymphal survival and development) and (2) their sensory abilities in relation to host plant-derived odours. Furthermore, genetic structuring according to host plant type was detected using the gene for elongation factor 1-α. The magnitude of the genetic differentiation across lineages was low, perhaps indicating a relatively recent divergence. The results demonstrate: (1) the presence of (at least) two cryptic species within the current definition of A. gossypii , as anticipated in previous studies, and (2) the practicalities of using a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the 'limits' of asexual species. If sexuals can be generated from each of these lineages, this conclusion will be open to further testing.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 97 , 503–519.     

Distribution and Abundance of Zooplankton in an Alkaline Freshwater Marsh in Northumberland County,Pennsylvania

The zooplankton community of two ponds in an alkaline marsh in central Pennsylvania were studied. The ponds were found to be distinctly different from one another with regard to species but similar when only zooplankton types are considered. The ponds were quite similar with respect to a number of physico-chemical characteristics but differed significantly with respect to alkalinity, conductivity, habitat type, vegetation, depth, and predation pressure.     

Phylogenetic Distribution of Peptides Related to Chromogranins A and B

The presence of chromogranin-related peptides in a wide range of species was investigated by one and two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. Antisera against bovine chromogranins A and B and the peptide WE-14 (chromogranin A316-329) were used. Chromogranins were identified by their heat stability, by their electrophoretic behavior, and by immunological cross-reaction with antisera. In all species investigated ranging from mammals to birds, amphibians, fish, and arthropods, chromogranin A- and B-like proteins could be demonstrated. For all species, there was an immunological cross-reaction with antisera against bovine chromogranins. The molecular sizes and isoelectric points of the chromogranins were similar in all species. The antiserum against WE-14 cross-reacted with pig, rat, and chicken chromogranins. It is concluded that the chromogranins A and B have a widespread phylogenetic distribution with a significant conservation of molecular size, isoelectric points, and immunological epitopes. This is consistent with the concept that these peptides have a specific function.     

广东石灰岩柳叶蕨属植物分类与分布

柳叶蕨属为分布于石灰岩区域的一类较特别的植物。文献资料和野外调查表明,广东有柳叶蕨属植物共4种,其中3种为广东省分布新记录,即峨眉柳叶蕨、镰羽柳叶蕨和柳叶蕨,建议将这几种植物列为国家重点保护植物。