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1.
J. Kato R. Ishikawa M. Mii 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(8):1129-1135
Inter-section hybrids were successfully obtained by rescuing the immature embryos produced in the cross between Primula
sieboldii of Sect. Cortusoides and P. obconica of Sect. Obconicolisteri. In these hybrid plants two types of triploids with different genome combinations were found in
addition to the normal diploid hybrids which each had one genome of the parents. Among the five triploids obtained, four had
two genomes of P. sieboldii and one genome of P. obconica, whereas the remaining one had one genome of P. sieboldii and two genomes of P. obconica. The possibilities of diploid female gamete formation in P. sieboldii and diploid pollen formation in P. obconica as the causal factors for these triploid formations were discussed.
Received: 22 August 2000 / Accepted: 22 September 2000 相似文献
2.
Faure N Serieys H Bervillé A Cazaux E Kaan F 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2002,104(4):652-660
Hybridisation between the annual diploid sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and the perennial diploid species Helianthus mollis and Helianthus orgyalis was obtained by means of a normal crossing procedure or embryo rescue. Hybridisation success was low. All plants examined
cytologically appeared to be diploid. However, the phenotypes of these diploids were not intermediate between the parents
and, despite great variation, they resembled the female parent-type predominantly. Thirty five percent of plants issued from
sunflower pollinated with perennial Helianthus had a phenotype resembling the female sunflower parent. On average, only 5% of the minimum number of expected RAPD and RFLP bands from male parents were recovered in plants produced
from mature seeds after pollination of sunflower by H. mollis. More hybrids were found among plants obtained from embryo rescue, with an average of 25% of the male parent bands recovered
per plant. Analysis of individual plants indicated the occurrence of various levels of hybridisation. There was a significant
positive correlation between the number of phenotype traits related to hybrid status and the number of bands derived from
the male parent. A single hybrid plant might possibly represent the product of a ’normal’ hybridisation event. The mechanisms
behind these unusual events and the consequences for the breeder are discussed.
Received: 23 March 2001 / Accepted: 28 June 2001 相似文献
3.
G. Werlemark M. Uggla H. Nybom 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,98(3-4):557-563
The dogroses, Rosa sect. Caninae, are polyploid and characterized by their unique meiosis with an unequal number of chromosomes in the male and female gametes.
The pollen cells have 7 chromosomes and the egg cells 21, 28 or 35 depending on the ploidy level of the species. The resulting
matroclinal inheritance was studied with both morphological and molecular markers in a pair of reciprocal crosses between
R. dumalis and R. rubiginosa (2n=35). A canonical discriminant analysis based on seven morphological characters showed only a minor overlapping between
the two progeny groups. In addition, the R. dumalis×R. rubiginosa offspring were more heterogeneous than the offspring from the reciprocal cross in each of the characters analysed. Eleven
RAPD markers specific for the R. dumalis parent and 10 RAPD markers specific for the R. rubiginosa parent were scored in the offspring. Each of the offspring exhibited either all, or all-but-one, of the seed parent markers.
The average number of pollen donor markers found in the offspring was 3.2 (R. dumalis×R. rubiginosa) and 2.7 (R. rubiginosa×R. dumalis). About half of the pollen donor markers were never transmitted to the progeny. This is, to our knowledge, the first time
the highly skewed chromosome distribution in Rosa sect. Caninae has been demonstrated with statistically evaluated morphological data and with molecular markers.
Received: 25 June 1998 / Accepted: 28 July 1998 相似文献
4.
H. Peterka H. Budahn O. Schrader 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,94(3-4):383-389
Interspecific hybrids between Allium cepa and A. ampeloprasum have been generated as a first step for the introduction of S-cytoplasm from onion into leek. Pre-zygotic barriers of crossability
were observed after the arrival of pollen tubes at the end of the style when entering the cavity. Nevertheless, micropyle
penetration of pollen tubes and the formation of hybrid embryos were also observed. After accomplishing in vitro culture of
ovaries and ovules successively, triploid hybrid plants with 24 chromosomes were obtained. Their hybrid nature was confirmed
by RAPD analysis, genomic in situ hybridization, and morphological analysis. Southern hybridization with a cytoplasmic probe
indicated the transfer of unaltered S-cytoplasm into the hybrid plants.
Received: 9 May 1996 / Accepted: 23 August 1996 相似文献
5.
Somatic hybrids between Solanum bulbocastanum and potato: a new source of resistance to late blight 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
J. P. Helgeson J. D. Pohlman S. Austin G. T. Haberlach S. M. Wielgus D. Ronis L. Zambolim P. Tooley J. M. McGrath R. V. James W. R. Stevenson 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1998,96(6-7):738-742
Solanum bulbocastanum, a wild, diploid (2n=2x=24) Mexican species, is highly resistant to Phytophthora infestans, the fungus that causes late blight of potato. However this 1 EBN species is virtually impossible to cross directly with
potato. PEG-mediated fusion of leaf cells of S. bulbocastanum PI 245310 and the tetraploid potato line S. tuberosum PI 203900 (2n=4x=48) yielded hexaploid (2n= 6x=72) somatic hybrids that retained the high resistance of the S. bulbocastanum parent. RFLP and RAPD analyses confirmed the hybridity of the materials. Four of the somatic hybrids were crossed with potato
cultivars Katahdin or Atlantic. The BC1 progeny segregated for resistance to the US8 genotype (A-2 mating type) of P. Infestans. Resistant BC1 lines crossed with susceptible cultivars again yielded populations that segregated for resistance to the fungus. In a 1996
field-plot in Wisconsin, to which no fungicide was applied, two of the BC1 lines, from two different somatic hybrids, yielded 1.36 and 1.32 kg/plant under a severe late-blight epidemic. In contrast,
under these same conditions the cultivar Russet Burbank yielded only 0.86 kg/plant. These results indicate that effective
resistance to the late-blight fungus in a sexually incompatible Solanum species can be transferred into potato breeding lines by somatic hybridization and that this resistance can then be further
transmitted into potato breeding lines by sexual crossing.
Received: 27 October 1997 / Accepted: 11 November 1997 相似文献
6.
C. Pichot M. El Maataoui 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,94(6-7):865-870
Considered to be haploid tissue, the endosperm of coniferous trees has been extensively used by forest geneticists. Using
laser flow cytometry, we show that endosperm ploidy level depends on the systematic position. The Abies, Cedrus and Pinus species tested exhibited uniform haploid endosperm compared to the diploid DNA content of the corresponding embryo. Endosperm
of Cupressaceae contained multiple ploidy levels: Cupressus arizonica, Juniperus oxycedrus and Thuja orientalis endosperms exhibited a mixture of haploid–diploid nuclei, while C. atlantica and C. sempervirens endosperms contained six ploidy levels: 1C, 2C, 3C, 4C, 5C and 6C. Physiological and genetic implications of this original
feature are discussed.
Received: 17 August 1996 / Accepted: 18 October 1996 相似文献
7.
Molecular analysis of crosses between Tripsacum dactyloides and Zea diploperennis (Poaceae) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
M. W. Eubanks 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,94(6-7):707-712
DNA fingerprinting verified hybrid plants obtained by crossing Eastern gamagrass, Tripsacum dactyloides L., and perennial teosinte, Zea diploperennis Iltis, Doebley & R. Guzmán. Pistillate inflorescences on these hybrids exhibit characteristics intermediate to the key morphological
traits that differentiate domesticated maize from its wild relatives: (1) a pair of female spikelets in each cupule; (2) exposed
kernels not completely covered by the cupule and outer glumes; (3) a rigid, non-shattering rachis; (4) a polystichous ear.
RFLP analysis was employed to investigate the possibility that traits of domesticated maize were derived from hybridization
between perennial teosinte and Tripsacum. Southern blots of restriction digested genomic DNA of parent plants, F1, and F2 progeny from two different crosses were probed with RFLP markers specifically associated with changes in pistillate inflorescence
architecture that signal maize domestication. Pairwise analysis of restriction patterns showed traits considered missing links
in the origin of maize correlate with alleles derived from Tripsacum, and the same alleles are stably inherited in second generation progeny from crosses between Tripsacum and perennial teosinte.
Received: 11 October 1996/Accepted:8 November 1996 相似文献
8.
A. Escalante S. Imanishi M. Hossain N. Ohmido K. Fukui 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1998,96(6-7):719-726
RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) analyses were employed to identify
the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of the somatic hybrids and progeny between tomato ‘Ohgata zuiko’ and Solanum lycopersicoides (‘LA 2386’). A random distribution of the chloroplast genotype was determined using a cloned 19.6-kb BamHI fragment (Ba1) of tobacco chloroplast DNA. Eight selected hybrids were analyzed for their chromosomal compositions; 4 were
tetraploids (2n=48) with an equal number of chromosomes derived from each parent as accurately determined by GISH, and the
other 4 were hexaploids, containing an average of two sets of tomato chromosomes and one set from the wild parent. RFLP analysis
with six tomato nuclear probes of known chromosomal locations revealed no major variation among the 44 hybrid plants surveyed.
However, it also showed the presence of both parent-specific alleles and the loss of some and the presence of a few non-parental
alleles, indicating rearrangement and/or recombination of the nuclear DNA. The relevance of the molecular and cytological
methods and the potential use of somatic hybrids for plant breeding are demonstrated.
Received: 20 July 1997 / Accepted: 6 October 1997 相似文献
9.
10.
J. E. Bradshaw M. F. B. Dale G. E. L. Swan D. Todd R. N. Wilson 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1998,97(8):1331-1339
In 1992, 72 seedlings from each of 198 pair crosses were grown in a glasshouse, and the tubers produced by each plant were
visually assessed on a 1–9 scale of increasing preference. Three groups of four progenies with high, medium and low mean scores
were chosen to progress, without selection via tuber progenies and four-plant plots at a high-grade seed site, to replicated
yield trials in the third clonal generation. The three groups maintained their high, medium and low scores for visual preference
over the three clonal generations and also had high, medium and low scores in the second and third clonal generations for
yield, size and appearance of tubers, all of which were components of visual preference. The three groups were predicted to
have 13.6%, 1.8% and 0.2% of their clones exceeding the mean of 13 control cultivars for visual preference in the replicated
trials, and 12.1%, 4.9% and 1.4% for yield, and 56.8%, 37.1% and 14.8% for appearance. The experiment confirmed that selection
for visual preference within crosses in the seedling and first clonal generations is very ineffective, but that worthwhile
progress can be made from selection in the second clonal generation, with correlated responses for faster emergence, earlier
maturity, higher yield and greater regularity of shape (appearance). Combining selection of the high group of progenies with
selection in the second clonal generation of the best 34 out of the 120 clones in this group, produced a response in visual
preference in the third clonal generation of 1.00 compared with a maximum possible of 1.74. Ways of achieving further improvements
in early-generation selection are discussed.
Received: 26 May 1998 / Accepted: 9 June 1998 相似文献
11.
L. N. Hansen E. D. Earle 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,94(8):1078-1085
Somatic Hybrids between Sinapis alba and rapid-cycling Brassica oleracea were generated for transferring of resistance to Alternaria brassicae to B. oleracea. A. brassicae causes the significant disease black spot in cruciferous crops. A total of 27 plants were regenerated from protoplast fusion
using 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 krad γ-irradiation of the resistance donor and iodoacetate treatment of B. oleracea. All plants showed intermediate morphology with partially divided leaves and some trichomes on stems and leaves. Flow cytometry
and banding patterns of the enzymes leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) confirmed the hybrid
status of the regenerated plants. Some of the plants obtained from cuttings from the somatic hybrids showed a resistance to
A. brassicae that was similar to that found in S. alba. The flowers of the somatic hybrids had reduced anthers with little pollen production.
Received : 9 May 1996 / Accepted : 15 November 1996 相似文献
12.
M. G. M. Van Creij D. M. F. J. Kerckhoffs J. M. Van Tuyl 《Sexual plant reproduction》1997,10(2):116-123
Pollen tube growth in the pistil and pollen tube penetration of ovules have both been studied in crosses between cultivars
from Tulipa gesneriana L. and 12 tulip species from all eight sections of the genus Tulipa to identify pre-fertilization barriers. Depending on the cross, pollen tubes grew as far as the stigma or the style or continued
growing down into the ovary. Pollen tubes penetrated none or only a few percent of the ovules of some crosses, despite the
presence of many pollen tubes in the ovary. In other crosses, from which no or only a few hybrids have been obtained after
seed maturation on the plant, pollen tube penetration was found in up to 79% of the ovules. Apparently, various kinds of barriers
preventing fertilization or normal embryogenesis occur in interspecific tulip crosses.
Received: 26 July 1996 / Revision accepted: 31 January 1997 相似文献
13.
Production and characterization of interspecific hybrids between Brassica maurorum and crop brassicas 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
B. Chrungu N. Verma A. Mohanty A. Pradhan K. R. Shivanna 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,98(3-4):608-613
Seven interspecific hybrids were produced between Brassica maurorum (♀), a wild species resistant to Alternaria blight and white rust, and all the monogenomic (B. campestris, B. nigra and B. oleracea) and digenomic (B. juncea, B. napus and B. oleracea) crop brassicas (♂) through embryo rescue. The hybrids were confirmed by means of morphological and cytological studies.
All the hybrids were pollen-sterile. Amphidiploids were induced in three of the hybrids: B. maurorum×B. napus, B. maurorum×B. carinata, B. maurorum×B. nigra. The hybrids were also confirmed through DNA analyses for nuclear and organelle genomes using RAPD and RFLP techniques.
Received: 31 July 1998 / Accepted: 14 August 1998 相似文献
14.
Differences in light energy utilisation and dissipation between dipterocarp rain forest tree seedlings 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The light environment within tropical rain forests varies considerably both spatially and temporally, and photon flux density
(PFD) is considered to be an important factor determining the growth and survival of rain forest tree seedlings. In this paper
we examine the ability of four ecologically contrasting dipterocarps (Dryobalanops lanceolata, Shorea leprosula, Hopea nervosa and Vatica oblongifolia) to utilise and dissipate light energy when grown in different light environments in lowland dipterocarp rain forest in the
Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, East Malaysia. Specifically we report (i) photosynthetic light response curves and
associated fluorescence characteristics, including quantum yield (ΦPSII) and non-photochemical quenching (qN) and (ii) the
extent to which photoinhibition occurs when plants grown in either high or low light are exposed to short bursts of high PFD.
When grown in low light (artificial or forest shade) all four species had low light saturated rates of photosynthesis which
were achieved at low PFDs. In addition, values of ΦPSII and qN were similar over a range of measurement PFDs. D. lanceolata and S. leprosula were also grown at high PFD and showed marked differences in their responses. S. leprosula demonstrated an ability to increase its rate of photosynthesis and there was a small increase in capacity to dissipate excess
light energy non-photochemically at high PFDs. Partitioning of this qN into its fast, photo-protective (qE) and slow, photoinhibitory
(qI) components indicated that there was an increase in qE quenching. In contrast, although D. lanceolata survived in the high light environment, greater rates of photosynthesis were not observed and the plants showed a greater
capacity to dissipate energy non-photochemically. Partitioning of qN revealed that the majority of this increase was attributable
to the slower relaxing phases.
Received: 10 February 1996 / Accepted: 14 June 1996 相似文献
15.
Y.-K. H. Chen J. P. Palta J. B. Bamberg 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,99(1-2):100-107
Selfed and backcross progenies developed from tetraploid somatic hybrids between Solanum tuberosum (tbr) and S. commersonii (cmm) were characterized for nonacclimated freezing tolerance (NA) and acclimation capacity (ACC) (two independent genetic
components of freezing tolerance) under controlled environments. The segregation covered 28% and 71% of the parental range
for NA and ACC, respectively, with the distribution skewed toward the tbr parent. Therefore, ACC appeared to be relatively
easier to recover in the segregating generation. Some first backcross progeny had greater freezing tolerance than the cultivated
parent primarily through the increase in ACC. When grown in the field, the improved freezing tolerance observed in the selfed
progeny under controlled conditions was confirmed. Among NA, ACC, and freezing tolerance after acclimation (AA, which is the
cumulative performance of NA and ACC), AA exhibited the highest correlation coefficient with field frost tolerance. In addition
to freezing tolerance, vine maturity and tuber traits including tuber yield, tuber number per plant, mean tuber weight, and
specific gravity were also segregating. No significant correlation between undesirable tuber traits and freezing tolerance
was detected. Vine maturity and freezing tolerance were significantly correlated, so more careful selection for earliness
was necessary in incorporating freezing tolerance. Yield comparable or superior to the backcross parent Wis AG 231 and an
early Canadian cultivar, ‘Sable’, was found in many backcross progeny and some selfed progeny. The observed high yield can
be attributed to the increase in mean tuber weight as well as tuber number. Moreover, a high portion of progeny had a specific
gravity higher than 1.085, and some greater than 1.1. The implications derived from this study in breeding for freezing tolerance
and further use of these materials are discussed.
Received: 22 August 1998 / Accepted: 4 January 1999 相似文献
16.
B. R. Choudhary P. Joshi 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(6-7):1123-1128
The crossability between Brassica tournefortii (TT, 2n = 20) and Brassica rapa (AA, 2n = 20) and the cytomorphology of their F1 hybrids were studied. Hybrids between these two species were obtained only when B. tournefortii was involved as a female parent. The hybrid plants were intermediate for most of the morphological attributes and were found
to be free from white rust under field conditions. The F1 plants showed poor pollen fertility, although occasional seed set was achieved from open pollination. Self-pollination or
backcrosses did not yield any seeds in these plants. The occurrence of chromosome association ranging from bivalents (0–7),
trivalents (0–2) to a rare quadrivalent (0–1) in the dihaploid hybrids indicates pairing between the T and A genomes. The
homoeologous pairing coupled with seed set in the F1 plants offer an opportunity for interspecific gene transfers from B. tournefortii to B. rapa and vice-versa through interspecific hybridization.
Received: 3 July 2000 / Accepted: 22 September 2000 相似文献
17.
Insight on segregation distortions in two intraspecific crosses between annual species of Medicago (Leguminosae) 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
E. Jenczewski M. Gherardi I. Bonnin J. M. Prosperi I. Olivieri T. Huguet 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,94(5):682-691
About 40% (α=0.05) of the PCR-derived markers scored in a Medicago truncatula and M. tornata intraspecific cross departed from Mendelian expectations at α=0.05. This proportion is among the highest ever documented
in the literature, notably for intraspecific crosses. Estimations of DNA amount were also implemented for the parental genotypes
or parental lines, and significant variations were observed. Our results suggest that the parental genotypes have diverged
for quite a while, and we propose that the level of distortion we documented is correlated with the genome size difference
we measured.
Received: 11 April 1996 / Accepted: 27 September 1996 相似文献
18.
Characterization and molecular analysis of transgenic plants obtained by microprotoplast fusion in sunflower 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
P. C. Binsfeld R. Wingender H. Schnabl 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2000,101(8):1250-1258
Asymmetric somatic hybrid (ASH) plants were obtained by PEG-mediated mass fusion of microprotoplasts from perennial Helianthus species and hypocotyl protoplasts of Helianthus annuus. The formation of micronuclei in perennial sunflower cell cultures was induced, at early log phase, by addition of the herbicides
amiprophos-methyl or oryzalin. Sub-diploid microprotoplasts were isolated by high-speed centrifugation and the smallest enriched
by sequential filtration through nylon sieves of decreasing pore size. Fusion products were cultured and the regenerated plants
phenotypically, genetically and cytologically characterized. DNA analysis using RAPD markers revealed that 28 out of 53 regenerated
plants were asymmetric hybrids. Subsequent nuclear-DNA flow cytometric analysis showed that these plants had a higher DNA
content than the receptor H. annuus, suggesting that they represented addition lines. Cytological investigation of the metaphase cells of 16 hybrids revealed
an addition of 2–8 extra chromosomes in these plants. The phenotype of most ASH plants resembled H. annuus. These results indicate that micronuclear induction and asymmetric somatic hybridization represent a potent tool for partial
genome transfer aimed at the specific transfer of economically important traits in breeding programs.
Received: 21 December 1999 / Accepted: 25 March 2000<@head-com-p1a.lf>Communicated by K. Glimelius 相似文献
19.
A. Martins Margarida Santos Helena Santos Maria Salomé Pais 《Trees - Structure and Function》1999,13(3):168-172
31P-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was used to assess phosphate distribution in ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots of
Castanea sativa Mill. as well as in the mycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius in order to gain insight into phosphate trafficking in these systems. The fungus P. tinctorius accumulated high levels of polyphosphates during the rapid phase of growth. Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots accumulate
orthophosphate. Only mycorrhizal roots presented polyphosphates. The content in polyphosphates increased along the 3 months
of mycorrhiza formation. In mycorrhizal roots of plants cultured under axenic conditions, the orthophosphate pool decreased
along the culture time. In nonmycorrhizal roots the decrease in the orthophosphate content was less pronounced. The level
of orthophosphate in mycorrhizal roots was significantly lower than in nonmycorrhizal ones, which indicates that this system
relies upon the fungal polyphosphates as a major source of phosphate.
Received: 28 July 1998 / Accepted: 21 October 1998 相似文献
20.
Inoculation and nitrate alter phytohormone levels in soybean roots: differences between a supernodulating mutant and the wild type 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
The levels of different cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in roots of Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Bragg and its supernodulating mutant nts382 were compared for the first time. Forty-eight hours after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium, quantitative and qualitative differences were found in the root's endogenous hormone status between cultivar Bragg and the
mutant nts382. The six quantified cytokinins, ranking similarly in each genotype, were present at higher concentrations (30–196% on average
for isopentenyl adenosine and dihydrozeatin riboside, respectively) in mutant roots. By contrast, the ABA content was 2-fold
higher in Bragg, while the basal levels of IAA [0.53 μmol (g DW)−1, on average] were similar in both genotypes. In 1 mM NO3
−-fed Bragg roots 48 h post-inoculation, IAA, ABA and the cytokinins isopentenyl adenine, and isopentenyl adenosine quantitatively
increased with respect to uninoculated controls. However, only the two cytokinins increased in the mutant. High NO3
− (8 mM) markedly reduced root auxin concentration, and neither genotypic differences nor the inoculation-induced increase
in auxin concentration in Bragg was observed under these conditions. Cytokinins and ABA, on the other hand, were little affected
by 8 mM NO3
−. Root IAA/cytokinin and ABA/cytokinin ratios were always higher in Bragg relative to the mutant, and responded to inoculation
(mainly in Bragg) and nitrate (both genotypes). The overall results are consistent with the auxin-burst-control hypothesis
for the explanation of autoregulation and supernodulation in soybean. However, they are still inconclusive with respect to
the inhibitory effect of NO3
−.
Received: 16 April 1999 / Accepted: 13 December 1999 相似文献