急性出血性结膜炎流行后居民中柯萨奇病毒A24变种抗体水平的变化

由柯萨奇病毒A24变种(CA24v)引起的急性出血性结膜炎(AHC)在沙市出现首次流行后半年与1年(即1989年春、秋季),从城市居民中采集了423份血清,用微量中和试验作了CA24v中和抗体与特异性IgM的检测。春季中和抗体阳性率为37.9％,特异性IgM阳性率为3.3％;秋季为48.8％与6.7％,并从感冒样病人中分离到1株CA24v,提示1989年秋季又有一次CA24v的传播过程。在年龄分布上,秋季中各年龄组抗体阳性率已无明显差异,提示经一年多的传播扩散,各年龄组的免疫水平已趋于接近,达到50％左右,并预测近期内本地将不会有CA24v引起的AHC流行。     

山东省急性出血性结膜炎病原学鉴定及其柯萨奇A24病毒基因特征分析

为明确2010年引起山东省青岛市、临沂市急性出血性结膜炎(Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,AHC)流行的病原,采集26例患者的眼结膜拭子标本,分别采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real time-PCR)和细胞培养方法进行检测。Real time-PCR结果显示,17份标本柯萨奇病毒A组24型(Coxsackievirus A24,CVA24)阳性,阳性率为65.39%,肠道病毒70型(Enterovirus 70,EV70)和腺病毒均为阴性;使用Hep-2细胞共分离到10株病毒,通过VP1区基因扩增及核苷酸序列测定,10株病毒均鉴定为CVA24,同源性分析显示其核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为99.3%～100.0%和99.5%～100.0%,在系统进化树上聚集成一簇,本次分离的毒株与山东省急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离到的毒株序列差异较大,分别属于5个不同的进化分支。提示CVA24可能为引起两地AHC流行的病原,且属于同一传播链。     

2007年北京市急性出血性结膜炎的病原与分子进化分析

2007年北京市发生了急性出血性结膜炎(Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis,AHC)疫情。为鉴定引起这次疫情的致病病原体,采集北京市门诊就诊的AHC患者眼结膜拭子标本共57份,使用PCR或RT-PCR法分别检测临床标本中腺病毒、人肠道病毒70型(Human Enterovirus 70,HEV70)和柯萨奇病毒A组24型变种(CoxsackievirusA24 variant,CVA24v)的基因,其中有38份检测结果为CVA24v阳性,阳性率为66.7%,而腺病毒和HEV70检测结果均为阴性,说明引起本次AHC流行的病原体是CVA24v。使用HEp-2细胞共分离到9株病毒,通过分子定型均鉴定为CVA24v,对9株CVA24v进行全长VP1区扩增和核苷酸序列测定和分析后,发现除0744/BJ/CHN/2007株之外,其它8株在全长VP1区核苷酸水平和氨基酸水平上差异都很小,同源性分别大于99.6%和100.0%,而0744/BJ/CHN/2007株与其它8株CVA24v的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为96.8%~97.2%和99.7%。进化树图显示,2007年北京CVA24v分离株与...     

2010年浙江省部分地区急性出血性 结膜炎暴发疫情病原学研究

为查明引起2010年浙江省急性出血性结膜炎(AHC)暴发疫情的病因,并对病原进行分子溯源。本研究采用荧光RT-PCR方法直接从患者眼拭子样本中检测肠道病毒(EV)和柯萨奇病毒A24变异株(CA24v)核酸;用Hep-2细胞分离病毒,对阳性分离物提取病毒核酸后进行VP1全基因和3C蛋白酶区(3C)扩增和测序,同源性与进化分析。结果13份眼拭子样本中EV和CA24v核酸均阳性8份,分离到CA24v6株。选取4株病毒测序,获得VP1全长均为915个核苷酸(nt),3C区全长495nt,VP1和3C区均没有nt插入和缺失。2010年浙江4株CA24v分离株之间在3C区和VP1区核苷酸和氨基酸(aa)高度同源,2010年浙江CA24v分离株与原型株EH24/70在3C区的nt和aa同源性分别为85.2%～85.8%和96.2%～96.7%,与2002～2008年浙江、云南和广东CA24v株的同源性分别为93.4%～96.2%和96.7%～99.3%;浙江2010年CA24v株在3C区进化树的GⅣ基因亚型C4分枝上(GⅣ-C4),在VP1基因进化树的人类肠道病毒C组(EV-C)CA24v分枝上。研究表明引起2010年浙江省急性出血性结膜炎暴发流行的病原为CA24v,GⅣ基因亚型,与引起2002～2008年浙江AHC流行的CA24v株(GⅣ)具有密切的亲缘关系,推测CA24v病毒自2002年以来一直在本地低强度循环,2010年又导致了浙江AHC的暴发。     

江西省2010年柯萨奇病毒A组24型变异株的全基因组序列分析

急性出血性结膜炎(Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,AHC)是目前人类最常见的眼病之一,柯萨奇病毒A组24型变异株(Coxsackievirus A24 variant,CV-A24v)是近年来报道引起该病的主要病原体。本研究选取10株来自江西省2010年AHC暴发疫情的CV-A24v,采用特异性引物扩增并测定其全基因组序列。对该10条CV-A24v的全基因组序列进行系统发育分析以及重组分析,计算本研究测定的江西10条以及GenBank中所有22条CV-A24v的全基因组序列的氨基酸置换熵值,并预测其正向选择位点。结果表明,在江西10条CV-A24v基因组序列中未检测到重组。基于全基因组序列构建的最大似然树表明江西10株CV-A24v属于GIV基因型,且分处于两条传播链。对上述32条CV-A24v序列的氨基酸置换熵值计算,共得到25个易突变位点(熵值>0.6),易突变概率最高的区段为2A区。基于Datamonkey中FUBAR和FEL模型分析,发现位于结构蛋白VP2区的234位氨基酸为两种模型共同获得的CV-A24v的正向选择位点。本研究分析了江西10株CV-A24v的全基因组序列特征,为CV-A24v引起的AHC防控工作提供了基础资料。     

川金丝猴柯萨奇病毒的分离鉴定

利用细胞培养方法从长春某动物园送检的死亡川金丝猴心脏中分离获得1株柯萨奇病毒,经系统的形态学、理化学、动物回归试验和RT-PCR扩增,符合柯萨奇B型病毒特征;进而对其VP1基因部分序列和特异性血清抗体分析,证明所分离的病毒为柯萨奇B3型病毒.这是国内外首次从金丝猴分离到该病毒,暂命名为CVB/SGM-05.     

Molecular analysis of Coxsackievirus A24 variant isolates from three outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in 1988, 1994 and 2007 in Beijing,China

Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) is a major pathogen that causes continued outbreaks and pandemics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC). In China, the first confirmed outbreak of CVA24v-related AHC occurred in Beijing in 1988, followed by another two significant outbreaks respectively in 1994 and 2007, which coincides with the three-stage dynamic distribution of AHC in the world after 1970s. To illustrate the genetic characteristics of CVA24v in different periods, a total of 23 strains were isolated from those three outbreaks and the whole genome of those isolations were sequenced and analyzed. Compared with the prototype strain, the 23 strains shared four nucleotide deletions in the 5' UTR except the 0744 strain isolated in 2007. And at the 98th site, one nucleotide insertion was found in all the strains collected from 2007. From 1994 to 2007, amino acid polarity in the VP1 region at the 25th and the 32nd site were changed. Both the 3C and VP1 phylogenetic tree indicated that isolates from 1988 and 1994 belonged to Genotype III (GIII), and 2007 strains to Genotype IV (GIV). According to the Bayesian analysis based on complete genome sequence, the most recent common ancestors for the isolates in 1988, 1994 and 2007 were respectively estimated around October 1987, February 1993 and December 2004. The evolutionary rate of the CVA24v was estimated to be 7.45×10^-3 substitutions/site/year. Our study indicated that the early epidemic of CVA24v in Chinese mainland was the GIII. Point mutations and amino acid changes in different genotypes of CVA24v may generate intensity differences of the AHC outbreak. CVA24v has been evolving constantly with a relatively rapid rate.     

Genetic Characteristics of the Coxsackievirus A24 Variant Causing Outbreaks of Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis in Jiangsu,China, 2010

During September 2010, an outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis reemerged in Jiangsu, three years after the nationwide epidemic in China in 2007. In total, 2409 cases were reported, 2118 of which were reported in September; 79.8% of those affected were students or teachers, with a median age of 16 years. To identify and demonstrate the genetic characteristics of the etiological agent, 52 conjunctival swabs were randomly collected from four different cities. After detection and isolation, 43 patients were positive for coxsackievirus A24 variant according to PCR and 20 according to culture isolation. Neither adenovirus nor EV70 was detected. A phylogenetic study of the complete 3Cpro and VP1 regions showed that the Jiangsu isolates clustered into a new lineage, GIV-C5, with two uniform amino-acid mutations that distinguished them from all previous strains. Another new cluster, GIV-C4, formed by Indian isolates from 2007 and Brazilian isolates from 2009, was also identified in this study. Interestingly, our isolates shared greatest homology with the GIV-C4 strains, not with the isolates that were responsible for the nationwide acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis epidemic in China in 2007. Although all our isolates were closely related, they could be differentiated into two subclusters within GIV-C5. In conclusion, our study suggests that a new cluster of coxsackievirus A24 variant that had already evolved into diverse strains was associated with the acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreaks in Jiangsu in September 2010. These viruses might have originated from the virus isolated in India in 2007, rather than from the epidemic strains isolated in China in 2007.     

Molecular evolution of VP3, VP1, 3Cpro and 3Dpol coding regions in coxsackievirus group A type 24 variant isolates from acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in 2011 in Okinawa,Japan

A large acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) outbreak occurred in 2011 in Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. Ten strains of coxsackievirus group A type 24 variant (CA24v) were isolated from patients with AHC and full sequence analysis of the VP3, VP1, 3C^pro and 3D^pol coding regions performed. To assess time‐scale evolution, phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. In addition, similarity plots were constructed and pairwise distance (p‐distance) and positive pressure analyses performed. A phylogenetic tree based on the VP1 coding region showed that the present strains belong to genotype 4 (G4). In addition, the present strains could have divided in about 2010 from the same lineages detected in other countries such as China, India and Australia. The mean rates of molecular evolution of four coding regions were estimated at about 6.15 to 7.86 × 10^?3 substitutions/site/year. Similarity plot analyses suggested that nucleotide similarities between the present strains and a prototype strain (EH24/70 strain) were 0.77–0.94. The p‐distance of the present strains was relatively short (<0.01). Only one positive selected site (L25H) was identified in the VP1 protein. These findings suggest that the present CA24v strains causing AHC are genetically related to other AHC strains with rapid evolution and emerged in around 2010.

     

Antiviral potency of a siRNA targeting a conserved region of coxsackievirus A24

Coxsackievirus A24 (CVA24) is responsible for acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, a highly contagious eye disease for which no prevention or treatment is currently available. We thus assessed the antiviral potential of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting CVA24. HeLa cells with or without four different siRNAs complementary to 2C or 3D genome region, were challenged with various CVA24s. Among several siRNAs, a siRNA targeting the highly conserved genome region called the cis-acting replication element (CVA24-CRE), was the only siRNA that decreased virus replication and subsequent cytotoxicity by both CVA24 variant and clinical isolates. Furthermore, CVA24-CRE had effective antiviral activity against CVA24 in primary human conjunctival cells. In addition, CVA24-CRE was highly resistant to the emergence of genetically altered escape mutants. Collectively, the present study provides evidence that CVA24-CRE targeting a conserved viral genome region had universal, prolonged anti-CVA24 activity. This siRNA may thus hold a potential to act clinically as a novel anti-CVA24 agent.     

The Establishment of Infectious Clone and Single Round Infectious Particles for Coxsackievirus A10

Coxsackievirus A10(CVA10) is one of the major etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease. There are no vaccine and antiviral drugs for controlling CVA10 infection. Reverse genetic tools for CVA10 will benefit its mechanistic study and development of vaccines and antivirals. Here, two infectious clones for the prototype and a Myc-tagged CVA10 were constructed. Viable CVA10 viruses were harvested by transfecting the viral m RNA into human rhabdomyosarcoma(RD)cells. Rescued CVA10 was further confirmed by next generation sequencing and characterized experimentally. We also constructed the vectors for CVA10 subgenomic replicon with luciferase reporter and viral capsid with EGFP reporter,respectively. Co-transfection of the viral replicon RNA and capsid expresser in human embryonic kidney 293 T(HEK293 T)cells led to the production of single round infectious particles(SRIPs). Based on CVA10 replicon RNA, SRIPs with either the enterovirus A71(EVA71) capsid or the CVA10 capsid were generated. Infection by EVA71 SRIPs required SCARB2,while CVA10 SRIPs did not. Finally, we showed great improvement of the replicon activity and SRIPs production by insertion of a cis-active hammerhead ribozyme(HHRib) before the 50-untranslated region(UTR). In summary, reverse genetic tools for prototype strain of CVA10, including both the infectious clone and the SRIPs system, were successfully established. These tools will facilitate the basic and translational study of CVA10.     

牛源流行性出血病病毒(EHDV)血清10型毒株在我国的分离鉴定

我国存在多种血清型流行性出血热病毒(Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus,EHDV)的流行,但尚未有关于EHDV-10型毒株的分离报道。为了解云南省EHDV的流行情况,2012～2015年,本研究在云南省设立江城、师宗、芒市三个监控点,定期采集监控动物血液,接种幼仓鼠肾细胞(Baby hamster kidney cell,BHK-21)进行病毒分离;通过PCR检测、血清中和试验、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和电镜观察等方法对分离病毒进行鉴定;对分离毒株的Seg-2/VP2与Seg-3/VP3基因节段进行克隆、测序与序列分析。2013年在云南省师宗县的哨兵牛上分离出一株EHDV毒株(YNSZ-V277-2013),病毒可引起BHK-21细胞出现圆缩、裂解的细胞病变(Cytopathic effect,CPE);电镜下病毒粒子呈球形,无囊膜,表面有大量纤维突,直径在70～80nm之间;病毒基因组dsRNA的琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示分离毒株与其他血清型EHDV一致,呈现"3-3-3"的电泳带型;序列分析显示YNSZ-V277-2013毒株的Seg-2/VP2与Seg-3/VP3序列与日本EHDV-10型毒株(ON-4/N/98)相似度最高,分别为97.5%/98.5%与98.1%/99.8%,证实分离毒株为EHDV-10型;系统发育分析显示YNSZ-V277-2013毒株的Seg-2与日本EHDV-10型毒株(ON-4/N/98)的亲缘关系最近,Seg-3与分离至日本和澳大利亚的EHDV毒株同属Eastern型。本研究首次报道了EHDV-10型毒株在我国的分离以及分离毒株的Seg-2与Seg-3基因序列特征,为进一步开展中国EHDV-10型的流行病学调查与致病性研究提供了基础。