Adoptions expérimentales de larves entre des fourmis de genres différents (II):Myrmica laevinodis Nylander etAnergates atratulus Schenck

Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences.Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.

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Summary Larvae ofAnergates atratulus were experimentally reared by workers ofMyrmica laevinodis, at 22°C. An overwintering of both larvae ofAnergates and workers ofMyrmica is not necessary for the success of that experiment. The presence of larvae ofMyrmica does not keep theMyrmica from rearing larvae ofAnergates. The workers ofMyrmica have been cooled, in all the experiments, before receiving larvae ofAnergates. No queen ofMyrmica have been used in that experiments.38 of the 64 larvae ofAnergates used became imagos. Most of the 26 lostAnergates died at the beginning of the adoption and during the metamorphosis. The females lived generally 2 or 3 days and tried, very early, to leave their native nest. The males lived 2 or 3 weeks.

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Anergates atratulus Myrmica laevinodis, 22 . bmecme Anergates Myrmica. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica . 64 Anergates , 38 . 26 Anergates 2 3 . 2 3 .

     

Erratum: Cloning and sequencing of the phycocyanin gene from Spirulina maxima and its evolutionary analysis

The genes were cloned for the two apoprotein subunits, and ,of phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima = Arthrospiramaxima) strain F3. The - and -subunit gene-coding regionscontain 489 bp and 519 bp, respectively. The -subunit gene is upstreamfrom the -subunit gene, with a 111-bp segment separating them.Similarities between the -subunits of S. maxima and nine othercyanobacteria were between 58% and 99%, as were those between the -subunits. The maximum similarity between the - and -subunits from S. maxima was 27%.     

High levels of soluble IFN γ receptor α chain in the plasma of rheumatoid arthritis patients

Soluble receptors for hormones and cytokines have beendescribed. They can serve as natural blockers of theirrespective ligands. The natural soluble interferongamma receptor (sIFNR) has been isolated andcharacterized only in urine. Chromatography of human(hu) plasma from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patientsand controls on immobilized hu IFN orantibodies against IFN R chainpermitted us to isolate the sIFNR. Thereceptor isolated from one control is a protein witha molecular weight between 60-67 kDa depending on thepresence of reducing agents. We detected asignificantly higher level of plasma sIFNR inpatients with rheumatoid arthritis than in apparentlyhealthy subjects.     

Problems in estimating growth rates of marine phytoplankton from short-term14C assays

Growth rate estimates () of phytoplankton populations that were sampled from nitrogen-limited continuous cultures and then incubated for short durations in batch culture with added¹⁴C-HCO₃ ^– were significantly different than steady-state growth rates () for 3 of 5 marine phytoplankton species. Two diatoms,Thalassiosira weissflogii andChaetoceros simplex, displayed virtually identical growth rates (=) over a wide range of, whereas for a third diatom,Phaeodactylum tricornutum, was overestimated by an average of 40% compared to. In contrast, was underestimated by the¹⁴C technique for the two remaining species: up to 40% at a steady-state of 1.0 day^–1 for the chlorophyteDunaliella tertiolecta and up to 100% at of 1.4 day^–1 for the haptophytePavlova lutheri. For the latter two species the divergence between and appeared to increase with increasing steady-state. A simple model of labeled and total carbon flow between the aqueous phase and cellular biomass was constructed to demonstrate that respiration was negligible when=, but was significant when>. In the cases in which<, a rapid physiological alteration presumably took place once the steady state was disturbed and cells were placed in the incubation chambers, which perhaps was related to the nutritional state of the cultures at the time of sampling. Questions thus are raised regarding our ability to measure accurately primary productivity from shipboard experiments with confined samples of phytoplankton from nutrient-impoverished waters that probably are less hardy than the laboratory cultures used in these studies.     

Moral commitment without objectivity or illusion: Comments on Ruse and Woolcock

Peter Woolcock, in Ruse's Darwinian Meta-Ethics: A Critique, argues that the subjectivist (nonobjectivist) Darwinian metaethics proposed by Michael Ruse (in Taking Darwin Seriously) cannot work, because the illusion of objectivity that Ruse claims is essential to morality breaks down when it is recognized as illusion, and there then remain no good reasons for acknowledging or following moral obligations. Woolcock, however, is mistaken in supposing that moral behaviour requires rational motivation. Ruse's Darwinian metaethical analysis shows why such objective support for morality is neither plausible nor necessary; and when that is recognized, it can also be seen that Ruse's proposed illusion of moral objectivity is superfluous.     

Preparation of a series of sulfated tetrasaccharides from shark cartilage chondroitin sulfate D using testicular hyaluronidase and structure determination by 500 MHz1H NMR spectroscopy

Six tetrasaccharide fractions were isolated from shark cartilage chondroitin sulfate D by gel filtration chromatography followed by HPLC on an amine-bound silica column after exhaustive digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. Their structures were determined unambiguously by one- and two-dimensional 500 MHz¹H NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with HPLC analysis of chondroitinase AC-II digests of the tetrasaccharides. One fraction was found to contain two tetrasaccharide components. All the seven tetrasaccharides shared the common core structure GlcA1-3GalNAc1-4GlcA1-3GalNAc with various sulfation profiles. Four were disulfated comprising of two monosulfated disaccharide units GlcA1-3GalNAc(4-sulfate) and/or GlcA1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate), whereas the other three were hitherto unreported trisulfated tetrasaccharides containing a disulfated disaccharide unit GlcA(2-sulfate)1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate) and a monosulfated disaccharide unit GlcA1-3GalNAc(4-or 6-sulfate). These sulfated tetrasaccharides were demonstrated to serve as appropriate acceptor substrates for serum -N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, indicating their usefulness as authentic oligosaccharide substrates or probes for the glycobiology of sulfated glycosaminoglycans.Abbreviations NFU National formulary unit - COSY correlation spectroscopy - HOHAHA homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn - 1D or 2D one- or two-dimensional - IdoA l-iduronic acid - GlcA d-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid - Di-0S GlcA1-3GalNAc - Di-4S GlcA1-3GalNAc(4-sulfate) - Di-4S GlcA1-3GalNAc(4-sulfate) - Di-6S GlcA1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate) - Di-6S GlcA1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate) - Di-diS _d GlcA(2-sulfate)1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate) - Di-diS_E GlcA1-3GalNAc(4, 6-disulfate) - U G, U, 2S, 4S, and 6S represent GlcA, GalNAc, GlcA, 2-O-sulfate, 4-O-sulfate, and 6-O-sulfate, respectively     

Polymorphism of the HLA DR1 haplotype in the Israeli population investigated at the serological,cellular, and genomic levels

In the present report, we used serological, cellular, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to investigate the DR1 haplotype in the Israeli population. We describe an Israeli homozygous typing cell (HTC), HLA-DwLVA, which defines a new lymphocyte-activating determinant associated with Bw65, DR1 and distinct from Dwl. The parents of this donor, non-Ashkenazi Algerian Jews, are first cousins and share HLA-Cw8, Bw65, BfS, DR1, DQw1, DPw4. No specificity could be assigned to HLA-DwLVA using the 91 Ninth Workshop HTCs. Two families and forty unrelated DR1 individuals were studied with DwLVA and a panel of DR1/Dw1 HTCs. HLA-DwLVA showed segregation as a single determinant within families. This new specificity was present in 24 out of 40 (60%) unrelated DR1 individuals, indicating that in the Israeli population DwLVA is the main lymphocyte-defined determinant associated with the serologically defined DRI specificity, in contrast to non-Jewish Caucasoids where DR1 is significantly associated with Dw1. The vast majority of DwLVA-positive carriers were also Bw65 carriers, indicating that Bw65, DR1, DwLVA may represent a typical allele combination in the Israeli population. The RFLP analysis established the correlation of certain RFLPs with Dw1 and DwLVA. In addition, we describe a cluster of RFLPs that may correspond to a new Dw subtype associated with DR1, for which no serological and cellular reagents have been described so far.     

Ein fluoreszenzmikroskopischer Nachweis von β-Glucosidase in Wurzeln vonCicer arietinum (L.)

Zusammenfassung Die Lokalisierung von -Glucosidasen in Wurzeln der Kichererbse [Cicer arietinum (L.)] wurde in einem einstufigen fluoreszenz-optischen Verfahren mit 4-Methyl-umbelliferyl-D-glucosid untersucht. Am Beispiel der Kichererbse wird gezeigt, daß in polyphenolhaltigen Pflanzen herkömmliche Azokupplungsverfahren zur Glucosidaselokalisierung nicht anwendbar sind. Die mit der neuen Methode erhaltenen Ergebnisse decken sich im wesentlichen mit denen aus vergleichbaren Untersuchungen und zeigen, daß -Glucosidasen nicht vorhanden sind. Aryl--Glucosidasen wurden vorwiegend im äußeren Cortexbereich gefunden und nehmen mengenmäßig zur Wurzelspitze hin zu.

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Localization of -glucosidase in roots ofCicer arietinum (L.) by a fluorescence technique

Summary The localization of -glucosidases in roots of garbanzo beans [Cicer arietinum (L.)] has been investigated by a one-step fluorescence optical procedure using 4-methylumbelliferyl--D-glucoside. It is shown that the well known azo-coupling test for the localization of glucosidases cannot be applied in polyphenol containing plants. The results obtained with the new method are comparable with those described in other investigations and further show that -glucosidases are absent from the root tissues investigated. The aryl--glucosidases were mainly detected in the outer region of the cortex and quantitatively increase towards the root tip.

     

The histochemical localisation of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the livers of various species

Summary In these experiments, a considerable range of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were demonstrated in vertebrate hepatic tissue; 3, 3, 6, 11, 16, 16, 17 and 20 were consistently present.3 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was fairly active in mammalian liver, but consistently greater activity was seen with the 3 dehydrogenases which are probably concerned with steroid detoxication and excretion. 6 and 11 hydroxysteroids were only moderately well used, and both these were noticeably better used in male tissue, as were also 3, 3, 16 and 16 hydroxysteroids. All mammalian liver utilised 16, 16 and 17 compounds fairly well, and 20 was consistently but poorly used.This histochemical evidence agrees with biochemical and clinical evidence for the significance and nature of steroid metabolism in the liver. Many of the enzymes showing activity in the liver have known function in the detoxication and elimination of steroids; and 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is concerned in cholesterol biosynthesis as well as the biosynthesis of progesterane. To have shown contrasting patterns of activity between liver and steroid producing endocrine tissues is further evidence for the specificity of these techniques in the study of dehydrogenase distribution.     

A structural model for elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and phosphorylation by protein kinase CKII

EF-1a binds aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome with the hydrolysis of GTP; the complex facilitates the exchange of GDP for GTP to initiate another round of elongation. To examine the subunit structure of EF-1 and phosphorylation by protein kinase CKII, recombinant , , and subunits from rabbit were expressed in E. coli and the subunits were reconstituted into partial and complete complexes and analyzed by gel filtration. To determine the availability of the and subunits for phosphorylation by CKII, the subunits and the reconstituted complexes were examined as substrates for CKII. Formation of the nucleotide exchange complex increased the rate of phosphorylation of the subunit and reduced the Km, while addition of to or the complex inhibited phosphorylation by CKII. However, a had little effect on phosphorylation of . Thus, the and subunits in EF-1 were differentially phosphorylated by CKII, in that phosphorylation of was altered by association with other subunits, while the site on was always available for phosphorylation by CKII. From the availability of the subunits for phosphorylation by CKII and the composition of the reconstituted partial and complete complexes, a model for the subunit structure of EF-1 consisting of (22)2 is proposed and discussed.     

Beitr?ge zum Verhalten des Krabbentauchers(Plautus alle alle)

Summary The behavior of the Little Auk(Plautus alle alle) has been studied in June/ July 1968 in West-Spitzbergen.In the shelf-area we counted 32–75 Little Auks per km² flying or swimming in the sea. Flight behavior is described. On small rocky ledges before the entrances of the breeding caves, singing, display, sleeping and preening take place. Mass singing (Massengesang), display flight and parade (Imponierflug und Imponiergehen) and billing (Schnäbeln) are described. The calls of the Little Auk consist of 5 variable elements.     

Inhibition of protein synthesis enhances the lytic effects of tumor necrosis factor α and interferon γ in cell lines derived from gynecological malignancies

Summary Few clinical responses have occurred in preliminary studies using the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or interferon (IFN) in cancer patients. This may be related to the observation that many malignant cell lines are resistant to lysis by these cytokinesin vitro. Resistance to lysis by TNF or IFN in many cells is controlled by a protein-synthesis-dependent mechanism, such that when protein synthesis is inhibited cells become sensitive to lysis by these cytokines. Because there is some evidence that TNF and IFN act through different lytic mechanisms and are opposed by different resistance mechanisms, we treated a panel of eight cell lines, five derived from human cervical carcinomas (ME-180, MS751, SiHa, HT-3, and C-33A) and three derived from ovarian carcinomas (Caov-3, SK-OV-3, and NIH: OVCAR-3) with both TNF and IFN to determine whether such combination treatment might maximizein vitro cell lysis. Our results showed that pretreatment with IFN followed by exposure to TNF in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors increased lysis of seven of the eight cell lines above that seen with either TNF or IFN and inhibitors of protein synthesis. Only the cell line C-33A was resistant to lysis by TNF and IFN, when exposed to these agents both alone and in combination with protein synthesis inhibitors. Clinically, combining the cytokines TNF and IFN with protein synthesis inhibitors may maximize thein vivo lytic effects of these cytokines.Supported by American Cancer Society Career Development Award 90-221     

Confirmation of assignment of the human α1-crystallin gene (CRYA1) to chromosome 21 with regional localization to q22.3

Summary The crystallins are highly conserved structural proteins universally found in the eye lens of all vertebrate species. In mammals, three immunologically distinct classes are present, -, -, and -crystallins, and each class represents a multigene family. The -crystallin gene family consists of 1-crystallin (CRYA1) and 2-crystallin (CRYA2) genes (previously designated A-and B-crystallin, respectively), which show extensive sequence homology. We constructed a synthetic oligonucleotide probe of 25 bases corresponding to a specific region of the human 1-crystallin gene sequence. This 25-mer probe bears little sequence homology to human 2-crystallin gene and does not cross-hybridize to 2-crystallin sequences in Southern blot analysis. Using this unique synthetic probe, we have demonstrated the identity of the 1-crystallin gene in human genomic DNA. In addition, we have also confirmed its chromosomal location on human chromosome 21. Finally, we have regionally localized the gene to q22.3 by using both Southern blot analysis of a panel of cell hybrids containing different parts of human chromosome 21, and in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. The use of synthetic oligonucleotide probes specific for individual genes should be useful in identifying and mapping members of multigene families.     

Holling's “hungry mantid” model for the invertebrate functional response considered as a Markov process. Part I: The full model and some of its limits

In this paper we give an analytical reformulation of Holling's (1966) simulation model for invertebrate predatory behaviour. To this end we represent a population of predators as a frequency distribution over a space of (physiological) states. The functional response of a predator is calculated from the (stable) equilibrium distribution of its state as a function of prey density.Starting from the general model various other models are obtained by limit processes, some of them new and some of them old. The more interesting of which will be studied in further papers in this series.List of Notation a rate constant of digestion - b maximum of rate constant of prey encounter in the mantid - b maximum pursuit duration in the mantid (_p(0)) - c satiation threshold for search - c satiation threshold for pursuit in the mantid: c=c(b-D_s/v)/b - D _m maximum sighting distance - D _p pursuit distance - D _s strike distance - expectation operator - f, f ₀ rate of change of satiation during search - f ₁ rate of change of satiation during prey handling - F functional response: number of prey eaten per unit of time by one predator - g rate constant of effective prey encounter in the gobbler and sucker - g₀ rate constant of prey encounter - g₁ probability of no prey loss from pursuit - g₂ probability of no prey escaping during pursuit - H Holling secretary correction factor in the sucker: fraction of the time spent searching - k _R density of R - k_T probability density of maximum prey handling time - K probability that maximum prey handling time is _e, i.e. pursuit duration is zero - K _R distribution function of R - N number of prey caught - p (marginal) density of S - p₀ density of S in search - p₁ simultaneous density of S and T - P probability - p ₁ marginal density of S in handling prey - q probability of strike success - R ratio of realized to maximum sighting distance - s, S satiation - satiation axis - t time - handling time axis - u eating speed - U homogeneous(0,1) random variable - v pursuit speed - V exponential(1) random variable - w prey weight - W exponential(_m) random variable - x prey density - ratio of maximum successful pursuit duration to meal duration (_pm/_e) - _pm - relative duration of successful pursuit (_p/_pm) - ratio of shortest to largest sighting distance - x_e - time already spent handling a prey item - rate of prey loss during prey handling - prey escape rate during pursuit - prey biomass density (xw) - , T maximum time still to be spent handling a prey item - _e meal duration - _m maximum handling time ( _e+ _p) - _p duration of successful pursuit - _pm maximum duration of successful pursuit (_p(0)) - hazard rate - _m maximum of hazard rate - scaled functional response (wF) - minimal i-state space     

DNA homology and adsorption specificity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulent bacteriophages

Summary The DNA homology and adsorption specificity of newly isolated virulent bacteriophages of P. aeruginosa have been studied. On the basis of this analysis all phages were divided into four groups: k, m, mnP78-like and mnF82-like bacteriophages. DNA's of k as well as m phages were shown to possess different restriction patterns although they have an extensive homology. Unlike other groups, k phages were characterized by the presence of T4 DNA ligase-repaired, single-chain breaks.Abbreviations kbp kilobase pairs - EM electron microscopy     

Orientation of the porphyrin ring in artificial chlorophyll membranes

Summary A sensitive photometric method is described by which the dichroism of lipid bilayer membranes in aqueous phase can be measured. The method is applied to black films with incorporated chlorophylla andb. With chlorophylla a relatively large dichroism is found in the Soret band and a much weaker dichroism in the red band. From the experimental data, the angles _B and _R between the blue and red transition moments and the membrane can be obtained. _B and _R are then used to calculate the angle of the porphyrin ring with respect to the membrane surface. For chlorophylla and three different lipids, values of between 44 and 49° are found.     

Zur Dynamik feiner Pseudopodien von Hochmoor-Amöben

Zusammenfassung Es werden verschiedene Vorgänge an sehr zarten Pseudopodien beschrieben und mit Hilfe der an submikroskopischen Fibrillen (schraubig gebauten Mikrofibrillen und Mikroröhrchen der Elektronenmikroskopie) auftretenden Torsionsspannungen und Rotationen gedeutet.

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On the dynamics of slender pseudopodia of bog amebae

Summary Different processes which occur on very slender pseudopods are described. They are interpreted with the help of torsional forces and revolutions of the submicroscopic fibrils (helical microfibrils and microtubules in electron microscopy).

     

Refinement of the protein backbone angle ψ in NMR structure calculations

Cross-correlated relaxation rates involving the C-H dipolar interaction and the carbonyl (C) chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) have been measured using two complementary 3D experiments. We show that the protein backbone angle can be directly refined against such cross-correlated relaxation rates (^{H C,C}) and the three-bond H/D isotope effect on the C chemical shifts (³C _(ND)). By simultaneously using both experimental parameters as restraints during NMR structure calculations, a unique value for the backbone angle is defined. We have applied the new refinement method to the -Spectrin SH3 domain (a -sheet protein) and to the Sgs1p HRDC domain (an -helical protein) and show that the quality of the NMR structures is substantially improved, judging from the atomic coordinate precision and the Ramachandran map. In addition, the -refined NMR structures of the SH3 domain deviate less from the 1.8 Å crystal structure, suggesting an improved accuracy. The proposed refinement method can be used to significantly improve the quality of NMR structures and will be applicable to larger proteins.     

Observations on the fine structure of the cercaria of Notocotylus attenuatus and formation of the cyst wall of the metacercaria

Summary The dorsal tegument of the mature cercaria of Notocotylus attenuatus is a syncytial, cytoplasmic layer, containing two types of secretory granule which are identifiable ultrastructurally. The type 1 secretory bodies are electron lucid, whereas most type 2 granules have a banded appearance. The ventral tegument contains granules which are secreted from the type 3 cells; the type 3 granules are membrane bound, electron dense, and consist of both an amorphous and a finely striated zone. The type 4 cells mainly contain cigar-shaped granules consisting of an amorphous core surrounded by concentric striations. The granules exhibit structural variability in shape and content. The type 4 cells undergo a cellular migration to the tegument during encystment. The structure of the posterior-lateral glands and mode of secretion of the granules are described. Possible functions of microtubules are discussed for each cell type. Details of some secretory processes involved in the formation of the hemispherical cyst wall are described. The layers of the cyst wall may be related to the granular contents of the various parenchymal cells of the cercaria. The tegument of the metacercaria originates primarily from the cytoplasm of the type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4 cells.     

Early development of the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rivulus marmoratus</Emphasis> reared in the laboratory

The mangrove killifish Rivulus marmoratus was reared at 25°±1°C and 17ppt salinity from 0 to 100 days after hatching (DAH), and its early development was described by examining growth and morphometric parameters, meristic characters (vertebral and fin-ray counts), bone-cartilage development, and pigmentation. Growth was isometric for preanal length, head length, snout length, body depth, pectoral-fin length, dorsal-fin length, anal-fin length, and caudal-peduncle depth. Negative allometric growth was observed in eye diameter and gape size. Meristic counts (mean±SD) for vertebrae (34.2±0.4) and dorsal- (8.6±0.5), anal- (11.4±0.5), and caudal-fin rays (30.2±0.8) were complete at 0 DAH (n=5), whereas pectoral-fin rays and pelvic-fin rays were complete by 30 DAH (14.5±0.4, n=5) and 60 DAH (4.2±0.8, n=5). Full ossification of meristic elements proceeded in the following sequence: vertebrae (by 30 DAH), caudal-, dorsal-, and anal-fin rays (by 60 DAH), pectoral-fin rays (between 60 DAH and 100 DAH), and pelvic-fin rays (by 100 DAH). Both morphological characters and meristic counts indicate that this species can be considered to be a juvenile after 9.8mm in standard length (20 DAH).