福建省长汀县河田盆地区近35年来地表裸土变化的遥感时空分析

福建省长汀县河田盆地区是中国南方最典型的红壤水土流失区之一,当地人民和各级政府一直为治理该区的水土流失进行着不懈的努力.利用遥感技术对该区1976年以来地表裸土分布的时空变化进行了分析,基于所提出的双重遥感指数法对该区的裸土信息进行提取,查明了该区地表裸土分布的时空变化情况.研究表明,该区近35年的治理已大大减轻了地表的裸露程度,地表裸土面积从1976年的159.17 km2锐减到2010年的51.98 km2.在3个不同的观察时间段里,裸土面积的变化呈现逐次减少、减速加快的趋势,客观地反映了该区水土流失治理的3个重要历史时期和政策所产生的效应.     

A numerical study on impact of crop canopy on mesoscale climate

The impact of well watered mesoscale wheat planted on the mesoscale boundary layer structures of midlatitude arid area has been investigated by using a mesoscale biophysical meteorological model. The investigation indicates that mesoscale perturbations in temperature and specific humidity over crop area from the adjacent dry, bare soil, caused by the transpiration from the crop canopy and evaporation from underlying humid soil, result in a horizontal pressure gradient. A mesoscale circulation is forced by the pressure perturbation with a wind speed of about 5 m/s directing from the crop canopy to the bare soil in the lower boundary layer. In the daytime, the boundary layer structure over a complex terrain is determined by the interactions between upslope flow circulations and the circulations mentioned above when wheat crop canopies are located on plain and plateau. The impact of crop canopy scale on this thermally forced mesoscale circulation is also investigated.     

Vegetation cover change and driving factors in Fujian Province between 1975 and 2014北大核心CSCD

Aims Fujian Province has been one of the most severe soil erosion regions since Ming and Qing Dynasty in China. Recently, several ecological restoration projects have been implemented and they have significantly changed vegetation cover in this region. Methods We analyzed the four-decade vegetation cover change in Fujian Province using seven time-series data of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) between 1975 and 2014. We further explored the possible drivers on vegetation cover change by incorporating statistical data of plantation, cropland and urbanized area. Important findings Vegetation coverage in Fujian Province has increased from 69.0% to 77.8% between 1975 and 2014. However, a slight decrease was observed between 1995 and 2005. Spatially, forest was the primary vegetation type in the northwest, where croplands and human settlements were scattered along rivers or oceans. Shrubs and bare lands were also scattered across the northwest. In southwest, the areas of bare land, shrub land and cropland decreased, while areas of forest and human settlements expanded. The vegetation coverage and urbanized area increased at the cost of cropland and bare land.     

Vegetation cover change and driving factors in Fujian Province between 1975 and 2014

Aims Fujian Province has been one of the most severe soil erosion regions since Ming and Qing Dynasty in China. Recently, several ecological restoration projects have been implemented and they have significantly changed vegetation cover in this region.
Methods We analyzed the four-decade vegetation cover change in Fujian Province using seven time-series data of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) between 1975 and 2014. We further explored the possible drivers on vegetation cover change by incorporating statistical data of plantation, cropland and urbanized area.
Important findings Vegetation coverage in Fujian Province has increased from 69.0% to 77.8% between 1975 and 2014. However, a slight decrease was observed between 1995 and 2005. Spatially, forest was the primary vegetation type in the northwest, where croplands and human settlements were scattered along rivers or oceans. Shrubs and bare lands were also scattered across the northwest. In southwest, the areas of bare land, shrub land and cropland decreased, while areas of forest and human settlements expanded. The vegetation coverage and urbanized area increased at the cost of cropland and bare land.     

Mariambera,a new genus of Orthocladiinae from Brazil (Insecta: Diptera,Chironomidae)

The genus Mariambera is erected based on the males of M. amazonica n. sp. from Amazonas and M. mariae n. sp. from Minas Gerais. The new genus is easily recognized by the distinctive anal point which has a rounded dorsal lobe with microtrichia and a triangular ventral lobe with very strong, marginal setae, in combination with bare eyes and wing membrane, squama with setae, antenna without strong apical seta, and apparently few, short, very weak, hair-like acrostichals in anterior 1/3 of scutum.     

呼伦贝尔草原风蚀坑及下风侧积沙区植被小群落特征

采用传统样方法,调查了呼伦贝尔草原固定风蚀坑、半裸露风蚀坑和裸露风蚀坑及其积沙区的植被小群落,并对野外数据进行了统计学分析.结果表明:3种风蚀坑及积沙区植被小群落盖度都小于原生植被大针茅群系盖度,并随着固定风蚀坑、半裸露风蚀坑、裸露风蚀坑的顺序依次下降.固定风蚀坑小群落由无茎委陵菜和糙隐子草占优势,分盖度为5%.半裸露风蚀坑中未被风蚀区小群落以无茎委陵菜和苔草占优势,分盖度为2%;积沙区小群落以无茎委陵菜、冰草、糙隐子草和百里香占优势,分盖度为4%.裸露风蚀坑无植被或仅西南坡出现沙蓬占优势的小群落.裸露风蚀坑积沙区中部以沙蓬占优势,分盖度为4.7%;在其边缘沿顺风向依次以冰草(2.7%)、苔草(2.6%)和百里香(1.7%)占优势.物种重要值平均值在固定风蚀坑、半裸露风蚀坑和裸露风蚀坑分别为12.64%、13.38%和20.08%,在半裸露风蚀坑积沙区、裸露风蚀坑积沙区中部和边缘分别为12.55%、40.48%和11.15%.     

The bare area of the upper conjunctiva: a closer look at the anatomy of transconjunctival upper blepharoplasty

Transconjunctival upper blepharoplasty is a novel technique for which the overall experience has been limited. The authors have used this technique in 42 patients for eyelid rejuvenation, with predictable results and low morbidity. The authors previously described the "bare" area in the medial upper conjunctiva, which was initially noted during their clinical series. This area serves as an anatomic window to access the medial upper eyelid fat pad with a high degree of safety. To clarify the anatomy of this approach, an anatomic study of the upper medial eyelid was performed on the orbits of 10 cadavers (20 orbits). The bare area was further elucidated during these dissections and its microscopic components described in detail. Its spatial relationship to the medial orbital wall and trochlea was also examined during this study. The authors hope that these findings will aid surgeons planning to use this technique.     

祁连山国家公园青海片区山水林田湖草的时空分异

祁连山国家公园被确定为我国国家公园体制试点之后,对其生态环境保护、管制、修复提出了更高、更精准的要求。基于1980—2018年遥感影像数据,构建山水林田湖草空间信息格局图谱,分析祁连山国家公园青海片区一般控制区和核心保护区山水林田湖草的时空分异特征。结果表明: 研究期间,草地是公园主体景观,面积为8174.93 km²,其中,核心保护区草地面积是一般控制区的1.2倍;裸岩石质地是未利用土地的主要类型,分别占核心保护区和一般控制区未利用土地面积的86.7%和79.4%;一般控制区的林地面积大于核心保护区;核心保护区的水域面积是一般控制区的4.9倍,核心保护区90.4%的水域面积为永久性冰川雪地;旱地主要集中在一般控制区。1980—2018年间,水域面积呈降低趋势,减少186.75 km²,其中,永久性冰川雪地下降最明显,一般控制区和核心保护区分别下降12.05和175.88 km²;林地、草地整体呈增加趋势,核心保护区高、中、低覆盖度草地的变化趋势均大于一般控制区,1990—2000年变化最明显,1980—2018年一般控制区高、中覆盖度草地和核心保护区高、低覆盖度草地存在退化现象;裸岩石质地呈上升趋势,而永久性冰川雪地呈下降趋势。永久性冰川雪地和裸岩石质地是公园内变化最明显的地类,核心保护区冰川退缩速度比一般控制区退缩速度明显,其转为裸岩石质地主要发生在1980—1990和2000—2010年。     

The supply of blood in the skin territory above the lower part of the serratus anterior muscle

At present, the putative clinical use of the musculocutaneous and ostomusculocutaneous serratus anterior flaps has been compromised by the risk of partial or total necrosis of the skin overlying the lower part of the serratus anterior muscle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to delineate a skin area vascularized by perforant musculocutaneous branches of arteries stemming from the lower segment of the anterior serrated muscle. Black ink was injected in thoracodorsal artery branches for the serratus anterior muscle in 50 human cadavers before the autopsies (the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board). The surface area of the labeled skin was determined and its borders delineated by means of transparent millimeter grid. Planimetry data were subsequently analyzed with the aid of PC computer program. The results show that the calculated mean surface area (143.79 +/- 2.68 x 2.077; range 138.22-149.36 cm2) of the skin vascularized by perforant musculocuaneous branches stemming from the lower segment of the anterior serrated muscle, can serve as a reliable guide for taking serratus anterior flap in any patient. Therefore, appropriately sized musculocutaneous or osteomusculocutaneous serratus anterior flap can be safely and efficiently used in plastic and reconstructive surgery.     

Fine structure of synaptic contacts in the first order giant fibre system of the squid

Summary Scanning electron microscopy and the penetration of horseradish peroxidase, especially from the ventricular surface, has been utilized to determine the distinctive properties of the posterior portion of the area postrema. This part of the organ is characterized by a non-ciliated surface composed of flattened cells, which appear less permeable to cisternally injected peroxidase than the ciliated ependymal cells covering the anterior part of the area postrema. However, more diffuse and rapid penetration of peroxidase into the posterior region is achieved by way of the perivascular spaces which appear in direct communication with the CSF. No such filling is noted in the anterior area postrema. The posterior portion also contains cells which appear to be rapidly penetrated by horseradish peroxidase and which may be important as a sensing mechanism. The chief distinction of the anterior part of the area postrema appears to be the presence of vascular connections with the choroid plexus.This work has been supported in part by Grant NB08549-02 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke and Health Science Advancement Award F-304-FR06115.     

Sediment and the settlement of larvae of the reef coralPocillopora damicornis

The larval settlement rate of the Indo-Pacific reef coral,Pocillopora damicornis, on bare glass was compared with the rate on glass covered with measured amounts and area of fine sediment. Larval settlement in all sediment treatments was significantly less than on bare glass. Sediment cover of 95% completely prevented settlement. There was no increase in settlement when sediment cover was reduced from 90% to 50% of the glass surface area. If planulae of many coral species behave in a similar fashion in nature, sedimentation at a level that only partially covers the substrate and that is not directly harmful to adult colonies could significantly reduce larval recruitment by inhibiting settlement.     

高原鼠兔洞穴区次生斑块面积的测定方法

利用数码相机快速获得高原鼠兔挖掘活动形成的次生斑块图像,运用地理信息系统软件（Arcview） 计算其面积。运用该方法对草地内高原鼠兔洞穴区次生斑块的面积进行了实地测量,结果显示该方法可以快速、准确测量出不同形状次生斑块的面积,具有良好的实用性和可操作性。     

2000—2018年西北砒砂岩区植被覆盖度与地形效应

利用2000—2018年的MODIS-EVI数据,基于像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度,利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据从高程、坡度和坡向等方面分析西北砒砂岩区植被覆盖度的地形效应。结果表明: 2000—2018年西北砒砂岩区植被覆盖度(FVC)相对较低,平均按2.43·a^-1的速率递增,FVC正距平年主要有12年,其中以2018年和2013年相对最高,负距平年主要有7年,其中以2001年和2000年相对最低。砒砂岩区FVC空间分布由东南向西北逐渐降低,但不同类型砒砂岩区FVC存在较大差异,其中裸露砒砂岩区FVC相对最低,覆沙砒砂岩区次之,覆土砒砂岩区相对最高;2000—2018年砒砂岩区FVC的平均变化率为0.0031,植被生长状况趋于改善。高程-坡向效应表明,裸露砒砂岩和覆沙砒砂岩区坡向分别在高程≤1000 m和>1500 m处对FVC的影响较大,覆土砒砂岩区坡向对FVC的影响较小,但在高程1200～1300 m处影响较大。坡度-坡向效应表明,砒砂岩在坡度≤15°时,FVC的坡度坡向效应不明显,坡度＞25°时裸露砒砂岩和覆沙砒砂岩的阴坡和半阴坡FVC大于阳坡和半阳坡;覆土砒砂岩坡度＞15°时,半阴坡和半阳坡的FVC大于阴坡和阳坡。     

Impact of land use intensity on sandy desertification: An evidence from Horqin Sandy Land,China

It has been widely accepted that high land use intensity contributes to sandy desertification in Northern China. However, it is surprising that it is even not easy to find an explicit definition and proper indicator for the term “land use intensity” in the sandy desertification related literatures. To better understand the association between sandy desertification and its driving factors, especially in the context of the synergistic roles of both climatic and anthropogenic variables, an indicator for land use intensity was developed in this paper for quantifying the relative role of land use output on different kinds of vegetation cover. The results indicated land use intensity increased rapidly from 1980 to 1995, obviously decreased from 1995 to 2000, and increased slowly after 2000 as a result of the continued increase of socioeconomic pressures and the fluctuating changes in vegetative cover.An ARDL model was established and applied to analyze the correlation between the area of bare sand land and land use intensity with the influence of annual precipitation in temporal dimension. The area of bare sand land was significantly affected by land use intensity in the long run. However, in the short run, the area of bare sand land was mainly impacted by the auto-correlation effect of itself in temporal dimension and by the annual precipitation. The improvement of the sand dunes obviously reduced the risk of sandy desertification under the condition of specific land use intensity.Before analyzing the correlation between land use intensity and sandy desertification, specific skills were applied to improve the model, including data interpolation and regression verification, since there would be regression biases resulting from the acquisition and processing of time-series data of different sources. Results showed that the area of bare sand land (S_t)and the land use intensity (LI_t) were time-independent. Lag terms of these two variables were added to improve original model.Changes in socioeconomic pressures and ecological restoration projects had obvious influences on land use intensity. Along with the steady increase of socioecological pressures on land and the changes in vegetative cover resulting from various ecological protection strategies and ecological restoration projects, shifts in land use intensity followed a different trend with the population and the social-economic demands. Nonetheless, the continuous increase of socioeconomic demands will increase land use intensity in the long run, so that the risk of sandy desertification remains high.     

Ecological studies on the timberline of Mt. Fuji

The distribution of the meadow above the timberline and the structure of the forest at and below the timberline were investigated on the southeast slope of Mt. Fuji. At the same time, soil profiles, water content and nutrients in the soil as related to change in the structure of the plant community were examined to obtain the data regarding soil development with the course of succession. In the course of change in structure of forest, the plant community was classified into three types:Salix/Alnus dwarf forest,Larix forest andAbies/Picea forest. The change in the soil profile, from immature to mature soil, was observed. At the timberline the water content increased rapidly from about 10% of bare land to about 25% of timberline. The nitrogen and carbon contents also increased at timberline as compared with bare land. Relationships between successional stage and soil development were clarified on the area from bare land to climax forest. The present state of the timberline at the investigated area is discussed with reference to the course of change in forest structure and soil development. It was concluded that the timberline of the investigated area is in the process of moving to a higher altitude. This conclusion was reasonable in view of the factor of air temperature.     

Landscape pattern changes across alpine shrub meadows gradient in warm-season pastures on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Grassland degradation has been one of the major ecological concerns on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) in recent years, but the degradation of alpine shrub meadows, and in particular the changes in its surface landscape pattern, has been less well assessed. This study selected a warm-season pasture on the QTP as a study area, and used an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to collect aerial photographs along the degradation gradient from late June to early July 2018. We then classified the surface landscape as alpine shrub, alpine meadow, bare soil and plateau pika hole and analyzed the landscape pattern changes at different degradation levels. The results showed that the alpine shrub and alpine meadow dominated landscape degraded to a pattern of alpine meadow and bare soil dominance and pika hole pervasiveness, during which vegetation cover declined and the overall landscape pattern tended to fragment. Landscape pattern characteristics related to the area, density, connectivity and boundaries respond more clearly to the shrub degradation, with moderate degradation being the key stage at which the surface landscape pattern changes dramatically. Our study demonstrates a potential application of UAV technology in the study of grassland degradation. Future research should focus on the status, mechanisms and ecological effects of alpine shrub meadows degradation and the quantitative relationships between surface landscape patterns and ecological functions.     

Survivorship and Spatial Development of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Gramineae) Seedlings in a New England Salt Marsh

Patterns of survival and spatial arrangement of tillers of Spartinaalterniflora were examined in natural and in artificially producedbare areas, and in pure stands of adult S. alterniflora in aNew England salt marsh. Seedling growth and survival were highin naturally occurring bare patches and in artificial patches,whether created by continual clipping of adult plants to groundlevel throughout the growing season or by providing bare substrateafter removal of adult plants. Seedling growth and survivorshipincreased with increasing size of bare area. S. alternifloraseedlings were also common in areas dominated by adult plants,but no seedlings survived a whole first growing season underthe mature canopy, probably because of competition from adultplants. In large bare areas, S. alterniflora seedlings grew non-directionally,reaching heights of 0.5 m, and producing as many as 36 tillersin one growing season. Examination of leaf area ratios suggestedthat the production of tillers increased photosynthetic capacityin seedlings with several tillers in contrast to seedlings withouttillers. Thus, seedlings can apparently tiller and colonizefree space radially without a loss of photosynthetic capacity. These results suggest that while seedling success is generallylimited by adult plants in monocultures of S. alterniflora,in disturbed spaces seedling success is high and results ina rapid non-directional proliferation of sexually generatedclones that ultimately preclude the successful invasion of futureseedlings. Clones, directional growth, leaf area ratio, salt marsh cordgrass, seedling survivorship, Spartina alterniflora Loisel     

南方红壤水土流失区土地利用动态变化——以长汀河田盆地区为例

福建省长汀县曾是我国南方红壤地区水土流失最严重的县份之一,经过20多年的艰辛努力,长汀已成为中国水土流失治理的典范.采用遥感技术和景观格局分析技术,基于1988、1998、2004、2009和2011年的遥感影像,对长汀县水土流失最为严重的河田盆地区进行土地利用动态变化检测与景观格局变化分析.结果表明,研究区在这23a间的土地利用发生了很大变化,其中最主要的特征就是以针叶林为主的林地面积的快速增长和地表裸土面积的大幅下降.景观分析表明,水土流失治理新增的小块林地正逐渐形成连片分布,而裸土面积在大幅减少的同时,其斑块也趋于破碎.总的看来,这23a间的水土流失治理已使得研究区的生态明显趋于好转.     

Barbadocladius Cranston & Krosch, a new genus of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from South America

Barbadocladius n. gen. is erected and described in larval, pupal and adult stages for two species: B. andinus sp. nov. and B. limay sp. nov., from Andean streams. The larva is distinctive by virtue of the very large ventromental 'beard' and the anterior parapods with a 'sleeve' of hooklets in addition to apical pectinate claws. The pupa has hooklets on some tergal and sternal intersegmental membranes. The adult, reported only in teneral specimens has hairy eyes, no antennal apical strong seta, no acrostichals, bare and unmarked wings, cylindrical 4th tarsomere subequal in length to the 5th, pulvilli about half the claw length, and hypopygium with anal point, lacking a virga. Molecular phylogenetic analysis eliminates relationships directly to the Eukiefferiella complex (which also have pupal hooklets), or to the Cricotopus group (adults also with hairy eyes), suggesting instead a sister group relationship to a suite of predominantly austral genera of Orthocladiinae.     

Some Mediterranean plant species (Lavandula spp. and Thymus satureioides) act as potential ‘plant nurses’ for the early growth of Cupressus atlantica

The mycorrhizal status of several representative shrub species (Lavandula spp. and Thymus satureioides) in Moroccan semiarid ecosystems, was evaluated as well as their contribution to the mycorrhizal potential of the soil. Furthermore, the rhizosphere soils collected under these target species were tested for their influence on the growth of Cupressus atlantica, a tree species whose natural stands has declined in this area. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of L. stoechas, L. dentata and of C. atlantica existing in the experimental area. Control samples were randomly collected from bare soil sites, away from plant influence.All the target species formed AM symbiosis and the extent of AM fungal colonization was not significantly different between plant species. No significant difference was detected between the total number of AM fungal spores of the bare soil and those recorded in the root zones of target species and C. atlantica. Three genera of AM fungi (Scutellospora, Glomus and Acaulospora) were present in the rhizospheres of the plant species and in the bare soil.The number of mycorrhizal propagules in soil originating from around the four target plant species was significantly higher than the one in the bare soil (Figure 1). The most probable number (MPN) of mycorrhizal propagules per 100 g of dry soil ranged from 7.82 (bare soil) to 179.7 (L. dentata and C. atlantica) and 244.5 (L. stoechas and T. satureioides). As the total number of spores was not different for the soil of different origins, the increase of the mycorrhizal soil infectivity (MSI) mainly resulted from larger AM mycelial networks that constituted the main source of AM fungal inoculum. In addition, this MSI enhancement was linked with changes in the functioning of soil microbial communities. In a glasshouse experiment, the growth of C. atlantica seedlings was significantly higher in the C. atlantica and in the shrub species soils than in the bare soil. Although the AM inoculum potential is not sufficient to ensure the development of forest trees in Mediterranean ecosystems, the use of plant nurses such as T. satureioides or Lavandula spp. could be of great interest to restore a self-sustaining vegetation cover to act against desertification.