Ammonia volatilization from a flooded tropical soil

Summary Ammonia volatilization, which follows upon the application of nitrogenous fertilizers to a flooded tropical soil, was directly measured in the greenhouse and in the field. Most of the ammonia volatilization losses occurred during the first 9 days after nitrogen application. Ammonia volatilization increased markedly with increases in soil pH. Nitrogen losses from ammonium sulfate applied to soils whose pH values were below 7.5 were very small. The losses from urea were much greater than those from ammonium sulfate. Mixing the fertilizer materials with the puddled soil reduced the losses. Ammonia losses from flooded soil were larger than from dry soil, and drying of a flooded soil reduced the duration and magnitude of ammonia volatilization. It is suggested that only a small amount of nitrogen is being lost through ammonia volatilization from many lowland rice soils. re]19750820     

Volatilization of ammonia from submerged tropical soils

Summary A laboratory study was made of the losses of nitrogen through ammonia volatilization from four flooded, tropical soils. The soils used varied considerably in pH, organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity. Losses were measured from the unamended soils, and from ammonium sulphate and urea-treated soils. Two rates of nitrogen application (approximately 50 and 200 kg/ha N) and two methods of application (simulated field broadcast and fertilizer incorporation) of the nitrogen were used. Losses of ammonia were detected for each of the unamended soils, including an acid sulphate soil of pH 3.6. Increased application of both ammonium sulphate and urea resulted in increased losses of ammonia through volatilization. Incorporation of the nitrogen into the mud of the flooded soils significantly decreased losses due to volatilization. It was concluded that the initial or ‘aerobic’ pH of the soils was the soil characteristic most closely related to the magnitude of losses due to volatilization.     

Nitrogenous fertilizer transformations in the Sudan Gezira soil

Summary and conclusions 1. Studies of the transformation of urea and ammonium sulphate in the Sudan Gezeira soil, when incubated under field conditions in polythene bags, were carried out with two rates of nitrogen, different moisture levels and frequency of wetting and drying during the winter and summer months.2. The pattern of the transformation was nearly the same for the two levels of nitrogen added but there was a difference in magnitude. Urea hydrolysis was arrested during the first week in the open-bag system in the summer months. A low recovery of ammonia with ammonium sulphate and urea was associated with early ammonia volatilization losses.3. There was a marked accumulation of nitrite in the first two weeks especially in moist closed bags, thereafter it decreased to low values.4. Nitrate accumulated gradually under winter conditions, more so with closed bags than open ones. By contrast, little nitrate nitrogen was formed during the hot summer months, this being associated with high ammonia accumulation throughout the incubation period.     

不同包膜控释尿素对农田土壤氨挥发的影响

为了探索包膜控释尿素土壤氨挥发损失规律特征和提高肥料氮素利用率,采用小麦玉米轮作田间试验,通过与普通尿素进行对比,运用土壤氨挥发原位测定方法——通气法系统研究了硫包膜和树脂包膜控释尿素的施用对小麦玉米轮作农田土壤氨挥发的影响.研究结果表明:在两种施氮量水平下(210 kg/hm2和300 kg/hm2),与普通尿素相比,硫包膜和树脂包膜控释尿素在小麦基肥期、小麦追肥期和玉米施肥期的施用均减少了土壤氨挥发的累积损失量,分别达35.1％-54.3％、59.6％-75.2％、65.6％-98.1％;有效降低了土壤氨挥发通量峰值且延迟其出现时间3-8 d,并能延缓土壤氨挥发主要阶段的时间分别为4-12 d、5-12 d.在小麦玉米轮作周年中,控释尿素土壤氨挥发累积损失量为28.39-43.35 kg/hm2,土壤氨挥发损失率为4.48％-5.63％,控释尿素时段土壤氨挥发通量比普通尿素降低了51.0％-70.8％;且树脂包膜控释尿素的施用降低小麦玉米轮作农田土壤氨挥发的效果优于硫包膜控释尿素.     

Nitrogen nutrition of ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Summary Two fertilizer experiments were conducted in the field at Beerwah, South-East Queensland. In the first experiment leaf nitrogen concentrations, and the yield of ginger shoots and rhizomes at early and late harvests increased both with the total amount of nitrogen applied up to the highest level studied (336 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) and with the number of applications making up the total. At all levels of nitrogen application the apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen increased in the order 1 application <2 applications <4 applications. At 33.6 kg N/ha there appeared to be no advantage in dividing the total N applied into more than 4 applications but the data suggested higher recoveries of nitrogen with 8 applications at 112 kg N/ha and 336 kg N/ha. In the second experiment, ammonium nitrate, urea, and ammonium sulphate were found to be equally effective as nitrogen fertilizers for ginger when applied at equal rates of nitrogen per hectare. However, in terms of cost effectiveness they rated in the order urea > ammonium nitrate > ammonium sulphate.All three nitrogen sources acidified the soil, the decrease in soil pH during the growing season increasing with increasing rate of application. In Experiment 1 split applications, which increased the recovery of applied nitrogen in the crop, also increased the extent of acidification. In Experiment 2 ammonium sulphate tended to be more strongly acidifying than the other fertilizers but the difference was statistically significant only at the highest rate of nitrogen application. Because of the strong effects of nitrogen supply on both yield and soil pH, the highest yields were associated with end-of-season pH values below 5.0.     

Ammonia volatilization from applied nitrogen in alkali soils

Incubation studies in a highly alkali soil showed ammonia volatilization losses from applied nitrogen to be largely governed by pH/alkalinity of the system. Submergence of the soil decreased the pH value resulting in lower losses. The anion of ammonium did not influence the losses. Ammonia volatilization obeyed first order kinetics. The losses were considerably reduced by deep placement of urea but were unchanged with variation in temperature from 20° to 40°C. Urea or ammonium sulphate lost similar amounts of nitrogen. Losses from green manure were very low. The results are discussed for their implication in nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and management in alkali soils.     

15N标记水稻控释氮肥对提高氮素利用效率的研究

本文应用^15N示踪技术研究了水稻对空控释氮肥和尿素氮吸收利用效率的影响以及氮的去向,结果表明：施肥后11天内,水稻控释氮肥和尿素的NH3挥发损失分别占施入氮量的0.69%和1.81%,NH3的挥发损失在施肥后第5天时达到最大值,此后逐渐降低。水稻控释氮肥和尿素氮的淋溶损失分别占施入氮量的0.95%和1.02%,水稻控释氮肥氮的淋溶损失在水稻整个生长期间均比较平缓,施肥后40天时略有上升,此后又缓慢降低。用氮素平衡帐中的亏缺量和缺量扣除氨的损失量后计为硝化-反硝化损失量的结果表明,水稻控制氮肥氮的硝化-反硝化损失量占施氮量的3.46%,而尿素氮在硝化-反硝化损失量却高达37.75%,肥料氮在土壤中的残留主要集中在0～35cm的土层中,达91.4%-91.5%,残留在35cm以下土层中的氮甚微,水稻控制氮肥残留在土壤中的氮量略高于尿素处理。水稻控释氮肥利用率高达73.8%,比尿素高出34.9%,水稻控释氮肥氮利用率高的原因是因氮从颗粒中缓慢释放、受淋溶、氨挥发、尤其受硝化-反硝化途径损失的氮较少。在施等氮量的条件下,施用水稻控制氮肥的稻谷产量比尿素的增产25.5%,达到p=0.05的显著水平。     

The effect of intermittent flooding on the growth and yield of wetland rice and nitrogen-loss mechanism with surface applied and deep placed urea

Summary Wetland rice was cultivated in pots of puddled soil under continuous and intermittent flooding conditions. The soil was either fertilized with the surface application of prilled urea in three split doses or once with urea supergranules applied at different soil levels.The grain yield, fertilizer efficiency and percent nitrogen recovery by the grains were increased by deep placement of urea supergranules independent of the water regime. Grain yield was always lower with intermittent flooding, particularly when the plants were fertilized with the surface application of prilled urea.Nitrogen loss by ammonia volatilization, measured in a closed cuvette system, was reduced from 24% with the surface application of urea prills and 20% with surface application of urea supergranules to approximately 2% with deep placement of urea supergranules. Intermittent flooding created conditions which promoted additional nitrogen loss by nitrification and denitrification processes. The total nitrogen loss, measured in an open cuvette system, was about 38% with the surface application of urea supergranules, whereas this loss was reduced to 10% with deep placement of urea supergranules. Furthermore, deep placement of urea fertilizer reduced the nitrogen loss irrespective of water regime.     

土壤水分状况和氮肥施用及品种对稻田N2O排放的影响

土壤水分状况和氮肥施用及品种对稻田N₂O排放有明显影响。当稻田持续淹水时,几乎没有N₂O排放,而当稻田经历干湿交替循环特别是烤田时,有较高的N₂O排放通量。稻田持续淹水、干湿交替及烤田期间5个处理的平均N₂O排放通量分别为1.02、23.87和47.99μg·m^-2·h^-1.化学氮肥的施用增加了稻田N₂O的排放量,且硫铵能比尿素排放更多的N₂O.施用硫铵氮100和300kg·hm^-2引起的N₂ON损失率分别为0.04%和0.26%,而施用尿素氮的分别为0.03%和0.15%.     

土壤水分状况和氮肥施用及品种对稻田N2O排放的影响

土壤水分状况和氮肥施用及品种对稻田N₂O排放有明显影响。当稻田持续淹水时,几乎没有N₂O排放,而当稻田经历干湿交替循环特别是烤田时,有较高的N₂O排放通量。稻田持续淹水、干湿交替及烤田期间5个处理的平均N₂O排放通量分别为1.02、23.87和47.99μg·m^-2·h^-1.化学氮肥的施用增加了稻田N₂O的排放量,且硫铵能比尿素排放更多的N₂O.施用硫铵氮100和300kg·hm^-2引起的N₂ON损失率分别为0.04%和0.26%,而施用尿素氮的分别为0.03%和0.15%.     

Fertilizer applications and the organic matter status in the agege experimental field in Nigeria

Summary The influence of 14 years application of mineral fertilizers on the organic carbon content of the Agege sandy soil was appraised. The fertilizer treatments in comparison to unfertilized plots led to higher as well as lower organic carbon. The sole applications of N. P, and K were compared, while N alone increased the organic carbon content of the soil, P alone tended to decrease it, but K alone especially decreased the soil organic carbon. Increased P application, however, could compensate this decrease, whereas increased K-accelerated the decrease. NP and NK combinations showed similar trends to decrease the organic carbon but this decrease was more with NK than NP. But PK fertilizer combinations in contrast to the effect of each of these nutrients alone influenced the organic carbon positively, whereby higher P contents showed again favourable effects than higher K. The fertilizer combinations of the three nutrients (NPK) showed in comparison to unfertilized variants not much higher carbon contents. The complete fertilizer decreased the organic carbon as against unfertilized variants. It was therefore concluded that not always and everywhere can harmonious fertilizer lead to higher organic carbon in the soil, this depends on the type of soil and kinds of cations available in the soil concerned.Ammonium sulphate and urea influenced the content of organic carbon in the soil differently, owing to their different influences on P and K in the soil. Ammonium sulphate in contrast to urea led to mobility of organic carbon in the soil, therefore for better results split application of ammonium sulphate will minimize this effect. For better results of the organic carbon in the soil, mineral fertilizer should not be applied alone but in combination with organic manure. It is also very essential not only to assess the quantity but also qualitative aspect of organic matter as influenced by 14 years of applications.     

施肥对巢湖流域稻季氨挥发损失的影响

采用通气法对巢湖流域稻季土壤氨挥发原位监测,研究了不同施肥量及秸秆还田处理对稻季氨挥发的影响。结果表明,氨挥发峰值发生在施肥后的第1-3 天,氨挥发损失主要集中于施肥后的1周。2010年整个稻季氨挥发净损失量为7.22-14.20 kg/hm²,占氮肥施用量的4.59%-6.64%,基肥期是主要的氨挥发时期,约占总氨挥发量的60%,穗肥期氨挥发总损失量最小。常规施肥处理氨挥发总损失量最大,与常规施肥相比,优化施肥、减量化施肥均能减少稻田土壤氨挥发损失1%-2%,氮磷肥减量同时秸秆还田处理氨挥发量最小,其总氨挥发量占常规处理的54%。施肥后的1-2d内田面水中的NH₄⁺-N浓度达到最大值,且各施肥处理的氨挥发量与同期田面水中的NH₄⁺-N浓度呈线性正相关。结合经济效益和环境效应分析发现,秸秆还田处理可减少氨挥发损失,同时获得较高的经济效益,适宜在巢湖流域水稻季推广。     

不同种类氮肥对土壤释放N2O的影响

用培养试验模拟研究了在正常水分 ( 2 2 % )、干旱 ( 1 2 % )和高含水量 ( 32 % )条件下 ,普通碳酸氢铵 (普碳 )、尿素及新型肥料长效碳酸氢铵 (长碳 )对土壤释放N2 O的影响 ;同时考察了土壤NO-3 的形成时间和形成量 .结果表明 ,农田中施加的无机氮肥是大气中N2 O的重要来源 ,而长碳与普碳和尿素相比 ,不但可以明显延后N2 O释放高峰期出现时间 ,而且大多数情况下可以显著减少其释放量 (P <0 .0 1 ) .在 5个月的监测期内 ,与普碳和尿素相比其减少N2 O释放的比例分别为 80 .2 3和 88.41 % ( 1 2 %含水量 ) ,40 .0 0和2 7.59% ( 2 2 %含水量 ) ,无减少作用和 45.88% ( 32 %含水量 ) .本研究结果提示长碳具有作为农田生态系统N2 O减排措施的巨大潜力 ,同时暗示在农业中用长碳代替目前普遍应用的普碳 ,可以减少地下水中NO-3 引起的污染 .     

The simple open soil method of measuring urea volatilisation losses

Summary A simple technique of estimating ammonia volatilisation loss from urea applied to soil is described. The soil is incubated with urea, after which hydrochloric acid is added to prevent loss of N from the hydrolysed urea during drying of the soil. The volatilisation loss is estimated by difference between the N recovered from the soil and the urea applied. Recovery studies of urea hydrolysis on 3 Malaysian soils show that the hydrolysis products, consisting of ammonium N and any unreacted urea, can be quantitatively recovered from the soil by this technique, with average recoveries of 95%–97%. A cross-check by 9 laboratories indicated good accuracy and precision in the method. When the open soil method was compared with the direct measurement of ammonia loss in simple volatilisation chambers, it gave much higher results suggesting that the closed system of trapping tended to underestimate volatilisation losses during urea hydrolysis.     

Mineralization and gaseous losses of nitrogen from urea and ammonium sulphate in salt-affected soils

Summary An incubation study on mineralization and gaseous losses of nitrogen was conducted on three soils with increasing levels (1.1 to 50 mmhos/cm) of salinity and two levels of urea and ammonium sulphate upto 6 weeks. Mineralization of nitrogen increased with time and decreased with the increase of salinity. It was more from ammonium sulphate than urea, and relatively more from the lower dose. The gaseous losses of NH₄-N increased with salinity. About 35±5 per cent of added N was lost in the gaseous form at maximum (ECe=45 to 50 mmhos/cm) salinity and losses were more from light than heavier soils. Salinity and pH, both were correlated negatively with the N mineralisation and positively with the gaseous losses of ammonia in these salt-affected soils. re]19751105     

不同缓控释肥对鲜食玉米产量、品质及氨挥发的影响

采用田间试验,设置不施氮对照(CK)、常规施肥(U)、增效尿素(DU)、包膜尿素(CU)、缓控释掺混尿素(CDU)共5个处理,研究了常规施肥(240 kg N·hm^-2)和不同缓控释肥料一次性减量施用(180 kg N·hm^-2)对鲜食玉米产量、品质与土壤无机氮变化和氨挥发的影响。结果表明: U处理氨挥发总量最高,追肥是产生氨挥发损失的重要因素;与U处理相比,DU、CU、CDU处理氨挥发减排78%～81%。收获后U处理80～100 cm土层硝态氮浓度最高,为51.6 mg·kg^-1,氮淋溶风险较高,而DU、CU、CDU处理同土层硝态氮含量均较低,降低了淋溶风险。与U处理相比,减氮25%的3个缓控释肥处理没有减产,并增加了籽粒维生素C、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量;缓控释肥处理之间,DU处理的氮肥农学效率和经济效益最高。综上,减量施用新型缓控释肥可以实现鲜食玉米稳产提质,显著降低氨挥发损失和硝态氮淋失风险。与成本较高的树脂包膜控释肥相比,双效抑制剂增效肥(DU)成本低、制作便捷,是鲜食玉米专用肥的较好选择。     

Effect of trickle fertigation with three forms of nitrogen on soil pH,levels of extractable nutrients below the emitter and plant growth

The effects of application of nitrogen as calcium nitrate, urea or ammonium sulphate at two rates through the trickle irrigation system on pH and nutrient status of the wetted volume of soil below the emitters and on growth and nutrition of courgette (zucchini) plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) was investigated. Soil acidification, caused by nitrification, occurred to a large extent in the volume of soil immediately below the emitters in the urea and ammonium sulphate treatments. Acidification was greater at the high rate of N addition and more pronounced with ammonium sulphate than urea. A significant amount of applied urea appeared to move through the soil as urea and consequently, at the same rate of N addition, levels of ammonium were lower directly below the emitter and those of nitrate were higher further away from the emitters for the urea than ammonium sulphate treatments. Soil acidification below the emitters resulted in significant decreases in levels of exchangeable Ca, Mg and K and increases in levels of exchangeable Al, EDTA-extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and bicarbonate-extractable P. Vegetative growth and harvestable yields of courgettes were increased by both irrigation and nitrogen applications. Vegetative growth was generally greater at the low rate of N addition than at the high one and generally followed the order calcium nitrate > urea > ammonium sulphate. However, fruit yields followed the order urea > ammonium sulphate > calcium nitrate and were larger at the high rate of N for urea and ammonium sulphate treatments and unaffected by rate for the calcium nitrate treatments. It is suggested that with fertigation, the form of applied N can have significant physiological effects of plant growth and yields because N may be applied into the root zone on numerous occasions during the growing season.     

氮肥种类及运筹技术调控土壤氮素损失的研究进展

氮肥的不合理施用导致氮肥利用率低下,大量氮素通过径流、淋溶、氨挥发、硝化-反硝化作用等途径损失到环境中,从而对水体、大气造成污染,带来严重的环境问题,影响人类健康.施氮量、施肥时间和方式,以及肥料种类对氮素流失量的影响显著.土壤氮素浓度过饱和是导致氮素大量流失的最根本原因,充分利用环境供氮量,减少化学氮肥施用量,采用深施等技术,以及配合施用有机肥,可以有效降低氮素的损失,提高氮素利用率.在开发应用新型高效氮肥和强化氮肥高效管理技术研究的同时,加强环境氮素的监测和利用力度,是实现减氮增效的有力手段.     

Nitrogen balance studies for different Egyptian soils cropped with corn

Summary The nitrogen balance for four different Egyptian soils cropped with corn and fertilized with increasing amounts of ammonium sulphate was studied in pot experiments. The tested soils were clay loam, calcareous sandy loam, sandy loam and sand. Nitrogen added as seeds, fertilizers, irrigation water and insecticides, nitrogen removed by the plants including thinned plants and fallen leaves and the nitrogen content of the soils before sowing and after the harvest were determined and used to draw the balance sheet.The obtained results showed that nitrogen loss ranged between 6.8 and 51.5 per cent depending mainly on soil type and to some extent on the rate of applied ammonium sulphate. Nitrogen uptake by the corn plants was lowest from the clay loam soil and highest from the sandy soil. In all cases it increased slightly with the addition of nitrogen fertilizer. re]19720918     

水氮互作对冬小麦田氨挥发损失和产量的影响

2015-2017年利用水肥渗漏研究池,以‘石麦15’(SM15)为材料,采用随机区组设计,设置2个氮肥类型(尿素和有机肥牛粪)、2个施氮水平(180和90 kg·hm^-2)、2个灌溉水平(500和250 mm)进行试验,探讨水、氮及其互作对冬小麦田土壤氨挥发损失量和籽粒产量的影响.结果表明: 施肥以后土壤氨挥发持续7 d左右.2015-2016年施肥后各处理土壤氨挥发损失总量为13.36～46.04 kg·hm^-2,氨挥发氮肥损失率为8.9%～41.1%,2016-2017年各处理土壤氨挥发损失总量为14.78～52.99 kg·hm^-2,氨挥发氮肥损失率为9.2%～45.8%;两年试验内氨挥发损失量最多的处理为W₂U₁(施尿素N 180 kg·hm^-2,灌溉量250 mm),氨挥发损失率最高的处理为W₂U₂(施尿素N 90 kg·hm^-2,灌溉量250 mm),合理的水氮管理可以显著降低土壤氨挥发损失率,施用尿素造成的土壤氨挥发损失为有机肥的2～3倍.两年试验均以W₁M₁(施牛粪N 180 kg·hm^-2,灌溉量500 mm)的小麦产量最高,灌溉量、肥料类型和施氮量互作对冬小麦产量影响极显著.综合氨挥发损失量和冬小麦籽粒产量,本试验条件下,水氮互作效应显著,冬小麦生育期内总灌溉量500 mm、施有机肥180 kg·hm^-2时冬小麦季土壤氨挥发损失率较低,产量最高,施用有机肥的增产效果优于尿素,可作为黄淮海地区冬小麦实际生产中增产增效的水肥优化管理方式.