The Pathogenesis of Human Myocardial Infarction

Coronary arteriography, dissection of the coronary arteries and histopathological examination of the heart were carried out in 150 autopsies to study the effect of coronary narrowing and occlusion, of the presence of collaterals, and of coronary artery predominance on the development of myocardial infarction. The thrombosis rate was related to the severity of coronary sclerosis. The development of collaterals was not enhanced by coronary sclerosis and occlusion, and collaterals did not protect the myocardium against reinfarction. Coronary occlusion was regularly demonstrable in recent myocardial infarct cases. The association of atrial and posterior ventricular infarcts was explained by occlusion of their common arterial branch. The interdependence between coronary sclerosis, thrombosis and myocardial infarction in human autopsy material emphasizes the importance of mural coronary artery disease in the genesis of coronary occlusion and myocardial infarction, and it is at variance with statistical data and experimental results.     

早期心肌缺血与梗死后肌钙蛋白和肌红蛋白的观察

目的：观察早期心肌缺血（可疑）与梗死心肌细胞内肌钙蛋白（CTnT）、肌红蛋白（Mb）的变化情况.方法：应用H.E染色和免疫组织化学技术分别对6例正常心肌、11例早期心肌缺血（可疑）及9例梗死的心肌细胞内肌钙蛋白、肌红蛋白进行观察.结果：H.E染色正常组心肌未见异常;早期（可疑）心肌缺血组未见明显心肌梗死病灶;心肌梗死组见心肌梗死病灶.CTnT和Mb的免疫组织化学染色和图像分析显示,CTnT和Mb在正常组心肌的表达量明显高于早期（可疑）心肌缺血组和心肌梗死组（p＜0.05）.结论：CTnT、Mb免疫组织化学染色可用于早期（可疑）心肌缺血和心肌梗死的诊断.     

The Relation between Serum Phosphorus Levels and Clinical Outcomes after Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background

Elevated serum phosphorus levels have been linked with cardiovascular disease and mortality with conflicting results, especially in the presence of normal renal function.

Methods

We studied the association between serum phosphorus levels and clinical outcomes in 1663 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Patients were categorized into 4 groups based on serum phosphorus levels (<2.50, 2.51–3.5, 3.51–4.50 and >4.50 mg/dL). Cox proportional-hazards models were used to examine the association between serum phosphorus and clinical outcomes after adjustment for potential confounders.

Results

The mean follow up was 45 months. The lowest mortality occurred in patients with serum phosphorus between 2.5–3.5 mg/dL, with a multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of 1.24 (95% CI 0.85–1.80), 1.35 (95% CI 1.05–1.74), and 1.75 (95% CI 1.27–2.40) in patients with serum phosphorus of <2.50, 3.51–4.50 and >4.50 mg/dL, respectively. Higher phosphorus levels were also associated with increased risk of heart failure, but not the risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. The effect of elevated phosphorus was more pronounced in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hazard ratio for mortality in patients with serum phosphorus >4.5 mg/dL compared to patients with serum phosphorus 2.50–3.50 mg/dL was 2.34 (95% CI 1.55–3.54) with CKD and 1.53 (95% CI 0.87–2.69) without CKD.

Conclusion

We found a graded, independent association between serum phosphorus and all-cause mortality and heart failure in patients after AMI. The risk for mortality appears to increase with serum phosphorus levels within the normal range and is more prominent in the presence of CKD.     

Efficacy of Coronary Angioplasty on Long-Term Outcome in Elderly Chinese Patients with ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction

The benefit and efficacy of interventional coronary therapies in elderly patients is still a controversial subject, especially in parts of the world where traditional and conservative medicine is still mainstream. In China, the benefit of intervention is still questionable, hence, this study investigated the prognostic significance of coronary angioplasty on outcomes of elderly patients presenting with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). The study cohort comprised of 270 elderly (age ≥ 75 years) patients who had confirmed STEMI. Some 116 patients underwent coronary angioplasty (called CA group) and their prognoses and survival over the short- and long-term periods (up to 80 months) were compared to 154 comparable patients who received a noninvasive, more conservative medical therapy (non-CA group). The subsequent Kaplan–Meier survival curves and statistical analyses were used to ascertain any difference between the groups. There was no significant differences between the two groups in terms of their clinical presentation, clinical risk, cardiac features, medications and medical procedures, except that the peak creatine kinase was significantly higher in the CA group. The success rate of interventional percutaneous coronary intervention observed in the CA group was 92.4% and during the hospitalization period, there were fewer deaths in the CA group (11 vs. 61 in the non-CA group). Furthermore, after 1-year and up to 7 years postsurgery, the CA group had a significant survival when compared to the non-CA cohort. Analysis of the longer-term data, using multivariate Cox regression analysis after 80 months indicated a hazard ratio of mortality for patients in CA group to be 0.283 (95% CI: 0.140–0.534, P < 0.001). Also, multivariate logistic regression analysis identified conservative treatment, chronic renal failure, cardiac arrhythmia, chronic lung disease and left ventricular ejection fraction, as predictors of higher long-term mortality in elderly patients with STEMI. In conclusion, this study clearly indicates that elderly Chinese patients with STEMI who undergo coronary angioplasty benefit and have a better survival rates in both the short- and long-term.     

老年急性心肌梗死患者并发肺部感染的危险因素分析及护理对策

目的探讨老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者并发肺部感染的危险因素及护理对策。方法回顾性分析我院心内科2012年1月~2015年1月收治的老年AMI患者160例的临床资料,根据患者有无并发肺部感染分为感染组(观察组,n=36)和非感染组(对照组,n=124),比较两组患者的性别、年龄、吸烟史、左室射血分数(LVEF)、基础疾病等变量,研究上述变量与肺部感染的相关性,进一步分析AMI患者并发肺部感染的独立危险因素,比较两组患者住院时间和死亡率。结果观察组在年龄、合并糖尿病、吸烟等变量较对照组明显升高,LVEF值较对照组明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。将这些变量纳入多元Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、低EF水平及合并糖尿病是老年AMI患者合并肺部感染的独立危险因素。观察组住院时间为(24.5±2.6)天明显长于对照组的(18.2±3.8)天,病死率为25%明显高于对照组的15.2%,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论高龄、低LVEF、合并糖尿病是老年AMI患者并发肺部感染的独立危险因素,对合并上述危险因素患者应实施针对性的护理措施,从而降低老年心梗的病死率。     

63例非典型急性下壁心肌梗死临床分析

目的：研究评价各种常见诱因对急性下壁心肌梗死（IAMI）患者误诊判断的临床意义。方法：选择2002年1月-2009年12月我院急门诊IAMI患者63例,对其首发症状、心电图资料进行回顾性分析。结果：63例中,以头晕乏力首诊19例（30．16％）,以晕厥首诊11例（17．46％）,以上腹痛伴恶心呕吐,偶腹泻首诊13例（20．63％）,以咽痛或牙痛首诊10例（15．87％）,以呼吸困难首诊8例（12．70％）,以左心衰竭首诊2例（3．17％）。结论：对急性下壁心肌梗死患者,常规心电图检查是必要的。再结合心肌坏死生化标志物指标,早诊断,早治疗。     

63例非典型急性下壁心肌梗死临床分析

目的:研究评价各种常见诱因对急性下壁心肌梗死(IAMI)患者误诊判断的临床意义。方法:选择2002年1月～2009年12月我院急门诊IAMI患者63例,对其首发症状、心电图资料进行回顾性分析。结果:63例中,以头晕乏力首诊19例(30.16%),以晕厥首诊11例(17.46%),以上腹痛伴恶心呕吐,偶腹泻首诊13例(20.63%),以咽痛或牙痛首诊10例(15.87%),以呼吸困难首诊8例(12.70%),以左心衰竭首诊2例(3.17%)。结论:对急性下壁心肌梗死患者,常规心电图检查是必要的。再结合心肌坏死生化标志物指标,早诊断,早治疗。