共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
Maria C. Morera Christina H. Gladwin 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(3):355-378
Soil conservation is widely regarded a critical component of sustainable livelihood strategies for the hillsides of Honduras. However, neoliberal polices have reduced economic incentives for agricultural intensification. Recent studies indicate off-farm work opportunities address poverty in a way conservation and development efforts do not. Yet off-farm work may discourage poor farmers from practicing soil conservation. A middle ground is needed. This study indicates micro-credit can substitute for off-farm work and encourage soil conservation practice. Many regions throughout Honduras have had extensive contact with soil conservation programs and would benefit more from credit services than redundant technological extension.
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Christina H. GladwinEmail: |
2.
Recent work in the fields of evolutionary ethics and moral psychology appears to be converging on a single empirically- and
evolutionary-based science of morality or ethics. To date, however, these fields have failed to provide an adequate conceptualisation
of how culture affects the content and distribution of moral norms. This is particularly important for a large class of moral
norms relating to rapidly changing technological or social environments, such as norms regarding the acceptability of genetically
modified organisms. Here we suggest that a science of morality/ethics can benefit from adopting a cultural evolution or gene-culture
coevolution approach, which treats culture as a second, separate evolutionary system that acts in parallel to biological/genetic
evolution. This cultural evolution approach brings with it a set of established theoretical concepts (e.g. different cultural
transmission mechanisms) and empirical methods (e.g. evolutionary game theory) that can significantly improve our understanding
of human morality.
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Alex MesoudiEmail: |
3.
Stig S. Gezelius 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(5):587-599
While economic literature inspired by the “tragedy of the commons” has emphasised people’s tendency to increase fishing effort
beyond desirable levels, sociologists and anthropologists who have studied the social aspects of fishing have often emphasised
the capacity of these factors to restrict fishing effort. The article addresses the influence of social norms and communication
on fishing effort in an empirical study of the Atlantic blue whiting fishery. The data were generated at a time when this
fishery had yet to see efficient quota regulations, and had been subject to a rapid growth in fishing effort, making it the
largest fishery in the Atlantic. The article argues that social norms and communication patterns in the fishing fleet create
a synergic effect of co-operation and competition on fishing effort. The article questions the view that social norms and
communication necessarily represent a solution to the tragedy of the commons.
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Stig S. GezeliusEmail: |
4.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
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Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
5.
Debates over adaptationism can be clarified and partially resolved by careful consideration of the ‘grain’ at which evolutionary
processes are described. The framework of ‘adaptive landscapes’ can be used to illustrate and facilitate this investigation.
We argue that natural selection may have special status at an intermediate grain of analysis of evolutionary processes. The
cases of sickle-cell disease and genomic imprinting are used as case studies.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
6.
It is common to portray conservative and liberal Protestant denominations as “strong” and “weak” on the basis of indices such
as church attendance. Alternatively, they can be regarded as qualitatively different cultural systems that coexist in a multiple-niche
environment. We integrate these two perspectives with a study of American teenagers based on both one-time survey information
and the experience sampling method (ESM), which records individual experience on a moment-by-moment basis. Conservative Protestant
youth were found to be more satisfied, family-oriented, and sociable than liberal Protestant youth, but also more dependent
on their social environment, which is reflected in a deterioration of their mood when they are alone. Liberal Protestant youth
appear to have internalized values that remain constant whether in the presence or absence of others. We relate these results
to the social scientific literature on liberalism and conservatism and to evolutionary theory as a framework for explaining
cultural systems as adaptations to multiple-niche environments.
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David Sloan WilsonEmail: |
7.
Lisa Robins 《EcoHealth》2007,4(3):247-263
This paper examines capacity-building measures used by the health sector relevant to natural resource management (NRM) using
the delivery of two programs in Australia through its recently formalized 56 community-based regional NRM Boards as a reference
point. The delivery of NRM outcomes through devolved governance arrangements has been hampered by inadequate capacity in other
countries (e.g., New Zealand, Canada). The inherent complexities of NRM, coupled with professional “comfort zones,” often
limit actors from looking to other sectors confronting similar issues. This paper summarizes findings from ∼70 sources in
health reviewing nine major capacity-building measures. The outcomes of research evaluating the relative benefits and disbenefits
of applying these measures are discussed. The paper identifies several opportunities to trial some of these measures in NRM.
相似文献
Lisa RobinsEmail: |
8.
9.
Since the early 1970s, the French public health system has been accorded considerable responsibility for immigrants identified
by the educational, judicial or social service authorities as psychologically distressed or socially disruptive. In this paper
we discuss three models of healing embedded in constructs of “cultural difference” and addressed at specialized mental health-care
centers catering to immigrants in Paris: “cultural mediation,” transcultural psychiatry/ethnopsychiatry and clinical medical
anthropology. Based on observations and interviews at three specialized mental health centers in Paris, we explore how these
clinical approaches address migrant wellbeing and seek to resolve crises in migrant families, especially those of West African
origin. We suggest that the prevalent approaches to therapy creatively blend concepts and practices of anthropology, psychiatry
and psychology but, at the same time, confront challenges inherent in the use of a generic “African” healing modality. Cases
studies demonstrate that in order for such interventions to be perceived as effective by patients, “cultural difference” must
be acknowledged but also situated in broader social, political and economic contexts.
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Carolyn SargentEmail: |
10.
Event-related brain potentials (ERP) are important neural correlates of cognitive processes. In the domain of language processing,
the N400 and P600 reflect lexical-semantic integration and syntactic processing problems, respectively. We suggest an interpretation
of these markers in terms of dynamical system theory and present two nonlinear dynamical models for syntactic computations
where different processing strategies correspond to functionally different regions in the system’s phase space.
相似文献
Peter beim GrabenEmail: |
11.
Catherine Driscoll 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(1):101-113
This paper tries to explain how individuals manage adaptive individual choice (i.e., the decision to acquire a fitter than
average behavior or idea rapidly and tractably) in cultural evolution, despite the fact that acquiring fitness information
is very difficult. I argue that the means of solving this problem suggested in the cultural evolution literature largely are
various types of decision rules employing representations of fitness correlated properties or states of affairs. I argue that
the problem of adaptive individual choice is best solved where some of these learning rule representations are socially transmitted
and some are biologically transmitted.
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Catherine DriscollEmail: |
12.
13.
Philip Richard Sullivan 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(1):65-79
This paper demonstrates that the human visual system, the primary sensory conduit for primates, processes ambient energy in
a way that obligatorily constructs the objects that we ineluctably perceive. And since our perceptual apparatus processes
information only in terms of objects (along with the properties and movements of objects), we are limited in our ability to comprehend ‘what
is’ when we move beyond our ordinary world of midsize objects—as, for example, when we address the micro microworld of quantum
physics.
相似文献
Philip Richard SullivanEmail: |
14.
15.
Tamler Sommers 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(1):35-50
Retributive emotions and behavior are thought to be adaptive for their role in improving social coordination. However, since
retaliation is generally not in the short-term interests of the individual, rational self-interest erodes the motivational
link between retributive emotions and the accompanying adaptive behavior. I argue that two different sets of norms have emerged
to reinforce this link: (1) norms about honor and (2) norms about moral responsibility and desert. I observe that the primary
difference between these types of retribution motivators lies in where the normative focus is placed after an offense. In
the first form of retribution, the normative focus is on the offended party. In the second, it is on the offender. Next, I
show how each class of norms is well tailored to the particular features of the environment in which these forms of retributive
behavior emerge. Finally, I consider some philosophical implications of these observations. I suggest that my account, if
correct, would pose tough challenges for contemporary philosophical theories of moral responsibility and punishment.
相似文献
Tamler SommersEmail: |
16.
Harvey TS 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2008,32(4):577-606
This work anthropologically applies the concept of ‘personhood’ to the Western biomedical patient role, and through cross-cultural
comparisons with wellness-seeker roles (e.g. among the Maya of Guatemala and others) it seeks to discern the implications
for global healthcare of assuming the universality of the “patient” role. Here, particular ethnographic attention is given
to the presumption of the “patient” role in places and situations where, because of cultural and linguistic variation in local
wellness-seeker roles and practices, there may be no “patient.” It is hoped that establishing the biomedical patient role
(with the clinical expectations, communicative and comportment practices that prefigure it) as acquired rather than intuitive, will help redirect cultural competence to the acquisition of patienthood, broadening it from an endless
accrual of cultural inventories by physicians. Also it aims to shift existing biomedical associations of cultural variations
in wellness-seeking away from a priori assessments of clinical defiance towards deeper understandings of the kinds of cultural
differences that may make the difference treatment outcomes.
相似文献
T. S. HarveyEmail: |
17.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
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Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
18.
19.
Grant Gillett 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2007,4(2):119-127
The use of human tissue raises ethical issues of great concern to health care professionals, biomedical researchers, ethics
committees, tissue banks and policy makers because of the heightened importance given to informed consent and patient autonomy.
The debate has been intensified by high profile scandals such as the “baby hearts” debacle and revelations about the retention
of human brains in neuropathology laboratories worldwide. Respect for patient’s rights seems, however, to impede research
and development of clinical knowledge in contemporary health care. The Common clinical endeavour argument and a Presumption for beneficial use argument suggest that the use of tissues for research and teaching in contemporary health care can respect patients and their values
in multicultural communities where there are provisions for oversight and for opting not to contribute, both of which should
respect the diverse views of different ethnic or cultural groups.
相似文献
Grant GillettEmail: |
20.
Tanya Marie Hayes 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(6):733-747
This article compares how public protection of forests and common-property forest institutions serve to control outside encroachment
into frontier forests in Honduras and Nicaragua. The article combines institutional analysis with ethnographically based fieldwork
and analysis of land-cover images to evaluate how property-rights arrangements influence monitoring, enforcement, and compliance
with rules to restrict agricultural expansion in two biosphere reserves in the Mosquitia Corridor. Findings show that territorial
demarcation and common-property rights are important components for frontier forest conservation. In areas with weak enforcement
mechanisms and heavy reliance on social norms over official regulatory measures, the findings suggest that the perceived legitimacy
of tenure arrangements and their respective land-use rules are fundamental to controlling the agricultural frontier.
相似文献
Tanya Marie HayesEmail: |