Projects Come,Projects Go: Lessons from Participatory Monitoring in Southern Laos

This paper examines how a biodiversity monitoring system based on data collected by protected area staff and local communities was established and maintained in Xe Pian national protected area, Laos. Monitoring activities commenced with project support in 1998. Protected area staff, district forestry staff and villagers continued the monitoring work after 2001 when the external advisers left. More than 2500 records of wildlife, natural resource use and threats to the protected area were collected by villagers and protected area staff, mainly through use of patrols, village discussions and village logbooks. The management interventions that followed the monitoring activities were a reaction to immediate threats or perceived trends in biodiversity rather than to trends revealed by analyses of the collected data. Patrols and village discussions came to a virtual standstill when external funding ceased, probably because of lack of supporting national policies. The annual running cost of the monitoring system was only about US$ 4000 or 0.02 per ha of forest habitat.     

Monitoring Important Bird Areas in Africa: Towards a Sustainable and Scaleable System

The need for effective global monitoring of biodiversity is clearer than ever, but our measurements remain patchy and inadequate. In the biodiversity-rich tropics, a central problem is the sustainability of monitoring schemes. Locally-based, participatory approaches show promise in overcoming this problem, but may not contribute effectively to monitoring at larger scales. BirdLife International’s framework for monitoring Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Africa is designed to be simple, robust and locally-grounded, but to produce scaleable results that can be compiled into national or regional indices. Focusing on key sites for bird conservation, identified according to standard criteria, the framework institutionalises monitoring in site management authorities and Site Support Groups (community-based organisations of local people working for conservation and sustainable development). A small, central monitoring unit co-ordinates the programme nationally, compiles, analyses and manages data, and provides feedback. ‘Basic’ monitoring (taking place at all sites) involves scoring of state, pressure and response trends using site information submitted on simple forms. ‘Detailed’ monitoring (taking place at a selected sub-set of sites) involves more intensive measurement of particular variables that relate to site management targets. IBA monitoring is now underway in at least 10 African countries, with implementation of the framework most advanced (thanks to a pilot project) in Kenya. The 2004 IBA monitoring report for Kenya provides extensive information on individual IBAs, plus indices for national trends in state, pressure and response, based on data from 49 out of 60 sites. The experience in Kenya shows that institutionalisation is vital, but takes considerable time and effort; that adequate co-ordination (including timely feedback) is key; and that participatory monitoring has many valuable benefits beyond the data collected. Further work is being undertaken to refine the process, improve its scientific underpinning, and strengthen the feedback loop from data and analysis to action on the ground.     

Community-based Monitoring of Natural Resource Use and Forest Quality in Montane Forests and Miombo Woodlands of Tanzania

A community-based monitoring system that focuses on natural resource use and forest quality in montane evergreen forest and miombo woodland areas was developed and implemented in 23 villages in 2002 as part of a participatory forest management regime in Iringa District, Tanzania. The scheme was developed to suit the needs and capacities of locally-elected natural resource committees managing and monitoring natural forests. Rather than measuring biodiversity, the monitoring is focused on resource extraction and disturbance. High levels of commitment to the monitoring were displayed by village level managers, and the preliminary feed-back indicates that the monitoring scheme provides them with the relevant information needed to suggest appropriate management interventions. While external support has been essential to cover development costs, natural resource revenue generated at village level can provide most of the running costs. Once developed, the scheme can, however, be transferred to similar areas at significantly lower costs that can be met by Tanzanian District budgets. Natural resource revenue generated from montane forests is generally much lower than in woodland areas due to restrictions on resource extraction imposed as a consequence of national and international interests. Opportunities to provide economic incentives for montane forest managers through direct utilisation of the resource are limited and it remains to be seen whether other non-economic incentives can sustain long term commitment in these biodiversity rich areas. Findings indicate that the key elements of this local resource utilisation monitoring scheme are simplicity, incentive mechanisms, transparency and accountability, and autonomy for local managers. However, the methods may not provide sufficient data on changes in biodiversity values in the high value forests and may need to be augmented by conventional monitoring by scientists funded by national or international institutions. Elements of the scheme are now being institutionalised within the forestry sector in Tanzania.     

纳帕海毛茛,云南毛茛科一新种

描述了在云南发现的毛茛属一新种,纳帕海毛茛,此种在亲缘关系上与川滇毛茛甚为相近,但茎有1叶或无叶,叶较小,基部截形或心状截形,侧全裂片不等3～5浅裂,花较小,花瓣倒卵形,长4～5mm,宽2～3mm,雄蕊7枚而与后者区别。     

Petrocosmea glabristoma (Gesneriaceae), a New Species from Yunnan,China

Petrocosmea glabrstoma ZJ. Qiu & YZ. Wang, a new species from Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to Petrocosmea forrestii Craib and Pmairei Lévl., but differs from them mainly by its leaves triangular or triangular ovate, corolla glabrous inside with shorter filament. Molecular and morphological data demonstrate that this new species has a close affinity to Pforrestii.     

云南的复叶耳蕨属(Arachniodes Bl.)植物

对云南产复叶耳蕨属植物进行了再次的分类订正研究,确认云南有该属植物20个种类,其中,华南复叶耳蕨Arachniodes festina(Hance)Ching和齿头复叶耳蕨A．aristata(Forst．)Tindale为云南分布新记录;将《中国植物志》等资料中的Acrorumohra dissecta、Arachniodes ailaoshanensis、A．australis、A．austro-yunnanensis、A．caudata、A．chinensis var．cornopteris、A．chinensis var．jinpingensis、A．chingii、A．dayaoensis、A．futeshanensis、A．gongshanensis、A．guangtongensis、A．lushuiensissis、A．pianmaensis,A.pianmaensis、A．pseudo-aristata、A.ppseudo-assamica、A．sshuangbaiensis、A．sinoaristata、A．sporadosora和A．triangularis等20个名称作为新异名处理。还列出了云南产该属植物的分种检索表、名称的处理及分类讨论、地理分布等。     

西藏和云南槭树科新资料

作者在编写Flora of China槭树科的过程中,整理鉴定大量的标本,发现两个西藏分布新记录种以及一个中国分布新记录变种,现记载如下。     

怒江石豆兰，中国兰科一新种

在野外和标本研究的基础上, 描述了中国兰科石豆兰属的一新种,怒江石豆兰, 并提供彩色图片和线条图。 怒江石豆兰与大苞石豆兰很近,但这两个种在花的颜色、侧萼片合生程度、花瓣形状等性状上区别明显。     

Bulbophyllum nujiangense (Bulbophyllinae,Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae), a New Species from Yunnan,China

Based on field observation and specimen examination, a new species of Orchidaceae, Bulbophyllum nujiangense, is described and illustrated. Bulbophyllum nujiangense is closely related to B. cylindraceum in sect. Brachystachya in having tufted plants, large leaf, long inflorescence, small flowers in raceme, and fleshy lip, but can be easily distinguished from the latter in having flowers deep purplish red and whorl well spaced along the rachis, lateral sepals adhere to each other slightly at base, elliptic petals with obtuse and mucronate apex, lip deep purplish red.     

云南的复叶耳蕨属(ArachniodesBl.)植物

对云南产复叶耳蕨属植物进行了再次的分类订正研究,确认云南有该属植物20个种类,其中,华南复叶耳蕨Arachniodesfestina(Hance)Ching和齿头复叶耳蕨A.aristata(Forst.)Tindale为云南分布新记录;将《中国植物志》等资料中的Acrorumohradissecta、Arachniodesailaoshanensis、A.australis、A.austro-yunnanensis、A.caudata、A.chinensisvar.cornopteris、A.chinensisvar.jinpingensis、A.chingii、A.dayaoensis、A.futeshanen-sis、A.gongshanensis、A.guangtongensis、A.lushuiensis、A.pianmaensis、A.pseudo-aristata、A.pseudo-assa-mica、A.shuangbaiensis、A.sinoaristata、A.sporadosora和A.triangularis等20个名称作为新异名处理。还列出了云南产该属植物的分种检索表、名称的处理及分类讨论、地理分布等。     

粉背含笑，云南东南部木兰科植物一新种

对产自云南东南部的木兰科植物一新种粉背含笑Magnolia glaucophylla Sima et H. Yu作了描述和绘图。该新种与棕毛含笑Magnolia fulva (H. T. Chang et B. L. Chen) Figlar接近,区别点在于其叶倒卵形、狭倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形,侧脉每边19~24条;叶柄无毛;心皮20~26枚,成蓇葖时无毛,果瓣厚4~6 mm。     

Hyolith-type microstructure in a mollusc-like fossil from the Early Cambrian of Yunnan, China

A phosphatized bilaterally symmetrical, spirally coiled conch from the Lower Cambrian phosphates of the Meishucunian Stage of eastern Yunnan, China, is composed of two well-preserved layers. The outer one is built of longitudinal mineralized fibres not strictly parallel to each other, but may anastomose or branch. The fibres form comarginal ribs with transversal grooves between them, corresponding to growth stages. In the ribs, the fibres are arranged closely and are steeply inclined towards the apex, while in the grooves the fibres are subparallel to the conch surface and more loosely packed. Small elliptic and triangular holes are situated within and between the fibres of the outer layer. The inner layer consists of transversal fibres running around the conch. They are almost parallel to each other but partly separated by narrow discontinuous slits. Despite overall morphological similarity of the conch to shells of some early Cambrian molluscs, the observed orthogonal configuration of longitudinally oriented fibrous structures of the outer layer and transversal fibres of the inner layer is found in orthothecid hyoliths, phosphatized microstuctures of which have been described from the Lower Cambrian of the Siberian Platform. The new material from the Yangtze Platform supports a conclusion of a distinctive type of microstructure available in hyoliths different from molluscan microstructures available from the Lower Cambrian.     

中国云南洱海周边大足鼠的体表寄生螨

用U检验和相关分析的统计方法对2003～2004年云南洱海(中国滇西北著名的淡水湖泊)周边251只大足鼠体表寄生螨进行了调查.调查点是我国11大鼠疫自然疫源地之一,也是我国恙虫病和出血热的流行地区.大足鼠已经被鉴定为鼠疫、汉坦病毒、恙虫病和流行性出血热的储存宿主.我们的研究发现大足鼠携带好几种与人兽共患病有关的螨类.为了丰富大足鼠体表寄生螨的研究,在此,对大足鼠的体表寄生螨群落和体表寄生螨医学和兽医学的重要性进行了描述.有191只大足鼠寄生有体表寄生螨,侵染率为76%.采集到的体表寄生螨有35种,包括15种恙螨和20种革螨.其中6种以前已经被证明是人类疾病的主要媒介.因此大足鼠很显然成为流行性出血热和恙虫病等病原体的贮存宿主.     

Distribution of gamasid mites on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China

An investigation of gamasid mites on the body surface of small mammals was carried out in Yunnan Province of China from 1990 to 2004. The small mammal hosts were captured from 25 counties which represent five geographical subregions, namely Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Southern Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Eastern Plateau Subregion of Yunnan, Western Plateau Subregion of Yunnan and Southern Moun- tainous Subregion of Yunnan. The captured 10 803 small mammal hosts belong to nine families, 29 genera and 52 species in four orders （Rodentia, Insectivora, Scandentia and Lagomorpha）. A total of 68 571 gamasid mites were collected from the body surface of the captured small mammal hosts and all the gamasid mites were identified to 10 families, 33 genera and 112 species. This paper lists all the mite species, together with their taxonomic position （genera and families） and their corresponding hosts. Much more mite species were found in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains than in other geographical subregions. The total individuals of mites and small mammals in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains are also the most plentiful in the five geographical subregions. Three dominant mite species and three dominant small mammal hosts were determined as the dominant species in the investigated areas of Yunnan Province. The dominant hosts are Rattus flavipectus （which accounts for 34.85% of the total individuals）, Apodemus chevrieri （13.43%） and Rattus norvegicus （10.40%） while the dominant gamasid mite species are Laelaps nuttalli （Hirst, 1915） （27.84%）, Laelaps echidninus （Berlese, 1887） （18.38%） and Laelaps guizhouensis （Gu et Wang, 1981） （14.79%）. The results showed the high species diversity of gamasid mites in Yunnan Province and the uneven distribution feature in different subregions.     

2000—2016年云南地区植被覆盖时空变化及其对水热因子的响应

基于2000-2016年MODIS-NDVI数据,利用趋势分析法以及线性相关分析等方法对云南地区植被月变化趋势、年际变化趋势进行详细分析;探讨植被覆盖变化与主要气候水热因子的关系。结果表明：研究区大部分地区植被覆盖良好,年NDVI的平均值为0.55,其中NDVI较高值（> 0.8）区域主要分布于南部,而西北部和中部城市地区NDVI值较低;自2000年开始,研究区NDVI总体呈显著（P < 0.05）增加趋势,年NDVI的变化斜率为0.0036,植被覆盖呈增加趋势的区域占研究区总面积79.80%;不同季节（春、夏、秋、冬）和生长季的植被状况均呈良性发展趋势;湿润指数和水热综合因子在滇西北与NDVI多呈负相关,在滇中地区以正相关为主;春、夏、秋3个季节NDVI受降水影响较大,而冬季NDVI则受气温影响较大;受降水影响较大的区域主要分布在中部和南部,受气温影响较大区域主要分布在滇西北、滇东北地区;NDVI在不同月份对气候因子的滞后时间存在差异,NDVI与当月气温的相关性强于与当月降水的相关性,植被生长对气温的响应无明显滞后效应,对降水存在3个月的滞后期。     

纳帕海毛茛, 云南毛茛科一新种

描述了在云南发现的毛茛属一新种,纳帕海毛茛,此种在亲缘关系上与川滇毛茛甚为相近,但茎有1叶或无叶,叶较小,基部截形或心状截形,侧全裂片不等3～5浅裂,花较小,花瓣倒卵形,长4～5 mm,宽2～3 mm,雄蕊7枚而与后者区别。     

Ranunculus ailaoshanicus W. T. Wang,a new species of Ranunculaceae from Yunnan,China

Ranunculus ailaoshanicus W. T. Wang, a new species of the Ranunculaceae from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. This species in habit shows striking resemblance to Ranunculus dongrergensis Hand.-Mazz., and differs from the latter in its lower leafless scapes, smaller flowers, and smaller, oblong-elliptic petals with obscure nerves. In R. dongrergensis, the stems are 5–15 cm tall and bear cauline leaves, the flowers are larger, 1–1.8 cm in diam., and the petals are larger, obovate in outline, 4–9 mm long, 2.2–7 mm broad, and nervose. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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中国云南毛茛科毛茛属一新种——哀牢山毛茛

描述了中国云南毛莨科Ranunculaceae一新种--哀牢山毛莨Ranunculus ailaoshanicus W.T.wang。此种在体态上与圆裂毛莨R．dongrergensis Hand．-Mazz．极为相似,但以茎较低矮,无叶,花较小,花瓣较小,长圆状椭圆形,脉不明显而相区别。     

Biodiversity impact analysis in northwest Yunnan, southwest China

This paper reports the main findings of a study on the factors threatening biodiversity in northwest Yunnan, a global biodiversity hotspot in China and home to over five million people. The research was based on eight site-level case studies. The main driving forces of biodiversity loss are livelihood activities, including agricultural production, livestock grazing and the collection of fuel wood, construction timber and NTFPs. Behind these specific drivers are underlying factors including changes in demography, market conditions, resource tenure policies and development policies and projects. Some change in land cover has been due to specific trigger events, the most significant of which reflect national policy changes. At the site level, a range of biophysical and socio-cultural factors influence the specific outcomes that any particular factor may have. The paper suggests some specific redressive measures and general implications for research and policy.