Complete sequence and gene organization of the Nosema heliothidis ribosomal RNA gene region

By sequencing the entire ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region of Nosema heliothidis isolated from cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), we showed that its gene organization is similar to the type species, Nosema bombycis: the 5'-large subunit rRNA (2,490 bp)-internal transcribed spacer (192 bp)-small subunit rRNA (1,232 bp)-intergenic spacer (274 bp)-5S rRNA (115 bp)-3'. We constructed two phylogenetic trees, analyzed phylogenetic relationships, examined rRNA organization of microsporidia, and compared the secondary structure of small subunit rRNA with closely related microsporidia. The latter two features may provide important information for the classification and phylogenetic analysis of microsporidia.     

Multiple rRNA variants in a single spore of the microsporidian Nosema bombi

To understand the source of the multiple DNA sequence variants of Nosema bombi ribosomal RNA (rRNA) found in a single bumble bee host, we PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced the partial rRNA gene from 125 clones, which were derived from four out of 46 spores individually isolated from a single host by laser microdissection. At least two rRNA variants, characterized by either (GTTT)(2) or (GTTT)(3) repeat units within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, were found per spore in approximately equal proportions, variants which were also found in approximately equal proportions in 55 clones of the two DNA extracts of multiple spores from the same host. Firstly, we demonstrate for the first time that DNA sequences can be obtained from single-binucleate microsporidia. Secondly, it appears that concerted evolution has not homogenized the sequences of all rRNA copies within a single N. bombi spore or even within a single nucleus. We thereby demonstrate unequivocally that two or more rRNA sequence variants exist per N. bombi spore, and urge caution in the use of multicopy rRNA genes for population genetic and phylogenetic analysis of this and other Microsporidia unless homologous copies can be reliably typed.     

Phylogenetic Analysis of Complete rRNA Gene Sequence of Nosema philosamiae Isolated from the Lepidopteran Philosamia cynthia ricini

ABSTRACT. The microsporidian Nosema philosamiae is a pathogen that infects the eri‐silkworm Philosamia cynthia ricini. The complete sequence of rRNA gene (4,314 bp) was obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification with specific primers and sequencing. The sequence analysis showed that the organization of the rRNA of N. philosamiae was similar to the pattern of Nosema bombycis. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA gene sequences revealed that N. philosamiae had a close relationship with other Nosema species, confirming that N. philosamiae is correctly assigned to the genus Nosema.     

Complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 18 S rRNA gene: comparison with other available homologs

We present the complete sequence of mouse 18 S rRNA. As indicated by comparison with yeast, Xenopus and rat, the conservation of eukaryotic 18 S rRNA sequences is extensive. However, this conservation is far from being uniform along the molecule: most of the base changes and the size differences between species are concentrated at specific locations. Two distinct classes of divergent traces can be detected which differ markedly in their rates of nucleotide substitution during evolution, and should prove valuable in additional comparative analyses, both for eukaryotic taxonomy and for rRNA higher order organization. Mouse and rat 18 S rRNA sequences differ by only 14 point changes over the 1869 nucleotides of the molecule.     

家蚕微粒子病原虫(Nosema bombycis)小亚基核糖体RNA全基因的克隆及其二级结构的构建

在用PCR技术扩增、克隆、测序了家蚕微粒子病原虫Nosema bombycis (镇江株)小亚基核糖体RNA基因核心序列(5'-端起1 200 bp)的基础上,用SSP-PCR技术克隆了核心序列3'-端下游序列,从而获得了家蚕微粒子病原虫小亚基核糖体RNA基因的全序列共1 233 bp。 用RnaViz 、Forcon、DCSE等生物软件构建了家蚕微粒子病原虫小亚基核糖体RNA的二级结构,与其它微孢子虫及真核生物小亚基核糖体RNA的二级结构相比,该二级结构缺乏螺旋10、E10-1、11、18、E23-n和43。     

The novel organization and complete sequence of the ribosomal RNA gene of Nosema bombycis

We present here for the first time the complete DNA sequence data (4301bp) of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of the microsporidian type species, Nosema bombycis. Sequences for the large subunit gene (LSUrRNA: 2497bp, GenBank Accession No. ), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS: 179bp, GenBank Accession No. ), the small subunit gene (SSUrRNA: 1232bp), intergenic spacer (IGS: 279bp), and 5S region (114bp) are also given, and the secondary structure of the large subunit is discussed. The organization of the N. bombycis rRNA gene is LSUrRNA-ITS-SSUrRNA-IGS-5S. This novel arrangement, in which the LSU is 5' of the SSU, is the reverse of the organizational sequence (i.e., SSU-ITS-LSU) found in all previously reported microsporidian rRNAs, including Nosema apis. This unique character in the type species may have taxonomic implications for the members of the genus Nosema.     

Molecular data and phylogeny of Nosema infecting lepidopteran forest defoliators in the genera Choristoneura and Malacosoma

ABSTRACT. Nosema isolates from five lepidopteran forest defoliators, Nosema fumiferanae from spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana ; a Nosema sp. from jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus and western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis ( Nosema sp. CPP and Nosema sp. CO, respectively); Nosema thomsoni from large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana ; and Nosema disstriae , from the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria were compared based on their small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences. Four of the species sequenced, N. fumiferanae , Nosema sp. CPP, Nosema sp. CO, and N . disstriae have a high SSU rDNA sequence identity (0.6%–1.5%) and are members of the "true Nosema " clade. They all showed the reverse arrangement of the (large subunit [LSU]–internal transcribed spacer [ITS]–SSU) of the rRNA gene. The fifth species, N. thomsoni has the usual (SSU–ITS–LSU) arrangement and is not a member of this clade showing only an 82% sequence similarity. We speculate, therefore, that a genetic reversal may have occurred in the common ancestor to the "true Nosema " clade. Although, the mechanism for rearrangement of the rRNA gene subunits is not known we provide a possible explanation for the localization. N. fumiferanae , Nosema sp. CPP, and Nosema sp. CO clustered together on the inferred phylogenetic tree. The high sequence similarities, the reverse arrangement in the rRNA gene subunits, and the phylogenetic clustering suggest that these three species are closely related but separate species.     

Phylogenetic analysis of Nosema antheraeae (Microsporidia) isolated from Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi

The microsporidian Nosema antheraeae is a pathogen that infects the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. We sequenced the complete small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of N. antheraeae, and compared the SSU rRNA sequences in other microsporidia. The results indicated that Nosema species, including N. antheraeae, formed two distinct clades, consistent with previous observations. Furthermore, N. antheraeae is clustered with N. bombycis with high bootstrap support. The organization of the rRNA gene of N. antheraeae is LSU-ITS1-SSU-ITS2-5S, also following a pattern similar to the Nosema type species, N. bombycis. Thus, N. antheraeae is a Nosema species and has a close relationship to N. bombycis.     

Nucleotide sequence of Citrus limon 26S rRNA gene and secondary structure model of its RNA

The complete nucleotide sequence of Citrus limon 26S rDNA has been determined. The sequence has been aligned with large ribosomal RNA (L-rRNA) sequences of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oryza sativa. Nine extensive expansion segments in dicot 26S rRNA relative to E. coli 23S rRNA have been identified and compared with analogous segments of monocot, yeast, amphibian and human L-rRNAs. A secondary structure model for lemon 26S rRNA has been derived based on the refined model of E. coli 23S rRNA. It has been compared with other eukaryotic L-rRNAs models in terms of location of functionally important regions. Origin and evolution of L-rRNA expansion segments are discussed.     

The secondary structure of human 28S rRNA: The structure and evolution of a mosaic rRNA gene

Summary We have determined the secondary structure of the human 28S rRNA molecule based on comparative analysis of available eukaryotic cytoplasmic and prokaryotic large-rRNA gene sequences. Examination of large-rRNA sequences of both distantly and closely related species has enabled us to derive a structure that accounts both for highly conserved sequence tracts and for previously unanalyzed variable-sequence tracts that account for the evolutionary differences in size among the large rRNAs.Human 28S rRNA is composed of two different types of sequence tracts: conserved and variable. They differ in composition, degree of conservation, and evolution. The conserved regions demonstrate a striking constancy of size and sequence. We have confirmed that the conserved regions of large-rRNA molecules are capable of forming structures that are superimposable on one another. The variable regions contain the sequences responsible for the 83% increase in size of the human large-rRNA molecule over that ofEscherichia coli. Their locations in the gene are maintained during evolution. They are G+C rich and largely nonhomologous, contain simple repetitive sequences, appear to evolve by frequent recombinational events, and are capable of forming large, stable hairpins.The secondary-structure model presented here is in close agreement with existing prokaryotic 23S rRNA secondary-structure models. The introduction of this model helps resolve differences between previously proposed prokaryotic and eukaryotic large-rRNA secondary-structure models.     

嗜盐菌HBCC-2的16S rRNA基因测序分析及其培养特性

从连云港台南盐场海盐生产区中分离纯化到一株嗜盐古菌HBCC-2,该菌株经PCR扩增后,测定其16S rRNA基因序列,采用BLAST软件对基因库中基因序列进行同源性比较,选取其相似性序列,采用Clustalx1.8和MEGA3.1软件对其16S rDNA序列进行了系统发育分析研究,结果表明HBCC-2菌株与菌株Halorubrum sp.GSL5.48的相似性达99%,结合其形态观察及生理生化反应特性,初步确定该菌株属于嗜盐红菌属(Halorubrum),菌株HBCC-2的16S rDNA序列已登陆到GenBank,其序列号为EF687739.通过比较不同NaCl浓度、pH和培养温度对该菌株生长的影响情况,研究了该菌株的生长特性,结果表明NaCl浓度为4mol/L、温度为35℃和pH为7.0的培养条件下其生长最佳.     

The phylogeny of Mycoplasma bovis as determined by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma bovis has been determined. Comparisons with other 16S rRNA sequences of mycoplasmas showed that Mycoplasma agalactiae is phylogenetically the closet relative. In total, only eight nucleotides differed between the M. bovis and M. agalactiae 16S rRNA sequences. The phylogenetic position of M. bovis with respect to other mycoplasmas was determined by sequence comparisons and from features in the secondary structure of 16S rRNA.     

一株耐热嗜盐菌的分离及16SrRNA基因序列分析

目的利用盐固体分离培养基,从西藏自治区澜沧江边康宁镇一个47℃的盐井样品中分离纯化到一株耐热嗜盐菌菌株YJ0232。方法通过形态观察、生理生化特性和16srRNA基因序列分析,鉴定嗜盐菌菌株YJ0232分类学地位。结果菌株YJ0232初步鉴定为中度嗜盐菌,属于盐单胞菌属（Halomonassp．）菌株。其16SrRNA基因序列已被GenBank数据库收录,序列号为EU029645。结论本研究对澜沧江高盐环境微生物资源进行了初步探索研究。可为今后研究同类极端环境中新的物种资源以及微生物多样性提供参考。     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫腺苷酸激酶的生物信息学与基因表达特征

本研究旨在解析东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae的腺苷酸激酶（Adenylat kinase, ADK）NcADK的理化性质和分子特性,并检测NcADK基因在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica工蜂过程中的表达特征,以期丰富NcADK相关信息,并为进一步的功能研究提供依据。利用相关生物信息学软件预测和分析NcADK的理化性质、信号肽、磷酸化位点、二级结构和三级结构。使用MEME软件和Batch CD-Search工具分别预测东方蜜蜂微孢子虫和其它7种微孢子ADK蛋白的保守基序和保守结构域。通过Mega 11.0软件基于ADK氨基酸序列构建进化树。采用RT-qPCR检测东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染过程中NcADK的相对表达量。结果表明,NcADK的CDS含有540个核苷酸,可编码179个氨基酸;NcADK的分子量约为20.66 kDa,分子式为C903H1488N258O278S8,脂肪系数为100.61,平均亲水系数为-0.502,等电点为6.83,含29个负电荷氨基酸和29个正电荷氨基酸;NcADK可同时定位于细胞质、线粒体、细胞核、囊泡和过氧化物酶体;NcADK含20个磷酸化位点,不含典型的信号肽;NcADK含88个α-螺旋,24条延长链,17个β-转角,50个无规则卷曲,与模板A0A0F9WEU7.1.A之间的序列同源性为100%;在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫、东方赤孢子虫Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis、肠脑炎微孢子虫Encephalitozoon intestinalis、按蚊微孢子虫Anncaliia algerae和角膜条孢虫Vittaforma corneae ADK中均鉴定到1个相同的结构域和5个相同的保守基序;东方蜜蜂微孢子虫与蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema apis的ADK在进化树上聚为一支。相较于接种后1 d（1 day post inoculation, 1 dpi）,NcADK的表达量在2 dpi上调但无显著差异(P>0.05）,在3 dpi 和4 dpi均显著上调（P>0.05）。研究结果明确了NcADK的理化性质和分子特性,并揭示NcADK是潜在的亲水性蛋白和胞内蛋白,不同微孢子虫的ADK具有较强的保守性,东方蜜蜂微孢子虫及其姐妹种蜜蜂微孢子虫的ADK具有高同源性,NcADK在3 dpi和4 dpi被激活表达。     

Complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the broad-host-range plasmid RSF1010

We present the complete nucleotide sequence of RSF1010, a naturally occurring broad-host-range plasmid belonging to the Escherichia coli incompatibility group Q and encoding resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamides. A molecule of RSF1010 DNA consists of 8684 bp and has a G + C content of 61%. Analysis of the distribution of translation start and stop codons in the sequence has revealed the existence of more than 40 open reading frames potentially capable of encoding polypeptides of 60 or more amino acids. To date, products of eleven such potential RSF1010 genes have been identified through the application of controlled expression vector systems, and for eight of them, the reading frame has been confirmed by N- and/or C-terminal amino acid sequence determinations on the purified proteins. The sequencing results are discussed in relation to the systems of replication, host range, conjugal mobilization and antibiotic resistance determinants associated with the RSF1010 plasmid.     

Replication of Nosema Algerae In Three Insect Cell Lines

SYNOPSIS Nosema algerae , a microsporidan parasite of anopheline mosquitoes, was successfully replicated in 3 insect cell culture lines: Trichoplusia ni (TN-368); Heliothis zea (IPLB-1075); and Mamestra brassicae (IZD-Mb-0503). Infectious spores were produced in vitro. Spores were observed at 48 h postinfection, and some cells were filled with sproes by 72 h.
The number of parasites per cell increased with time. At 72 h postinfection, the infection rates for the 3 cell lines ranged from 23 to 32%. Infected cell lines were subcultured, and by the 6th passage spore production had ceased.     

Complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of plasmid NTP16.

We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the 8.3-kb multicopy plasmid NTP16 and produced a functional map of its gene organization. Sixty percent of the plasmid DNA comprises transposon-derived sequences; in the remaining 3320 bp, we have identified three protein coding regions. NTP16 has a ColE1-type replication system, a cis-acting stability locus and a mobilization system comprising an oriT site and one mobilization protein. The roles of the other two protein products of this plasmid are unknown, but they are possibly involved in the plasmid incompatibility system.     

烟曲霉素在防治蜜蜂孢子虫病中的应用研究进展

近年来,全球性蜂群损失严重,对蜜蜂授粉农业造成巨大冲击。东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae,N.ceranae在成功实现由东方蜜蜂Apis cerana Fabr.向西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera L.的宿主转移后,成为严重威胁西方蜜蜂健康的一种新的寄生虫病原,并被认为是蜂群损失的一个重要原因。烟曲霉素是一种能够有效防治蜜蜂孢子虫病的药物,但作为一种抗生素类药物,其在蜂产品中的残留问题以及对蜂群和人类健康的影响也颇受关注。本文将围绕蜜蜂孢子虫病概况、烟曲霉素在治疗蜜蜂孢子虫病以及人类疾病中的应用及其潜在的问题等进行综述,以期为我国养蜂生产中蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治以及烟曲霉素在相关领域中的应用提供参考。