Separation of a tungus producing taxol

An endogenous filariform fungus has been separated from a tree named Taxus growing in the Aba region, Sichuan, China. The fungus is fermented in fluid medium for 3 weeks at 25℃, then the HPLC and MALDI-TOF analysis of the zymotic fluid show that the zymotic fluid contains taxol. So it is a fungus which can produce taxol. It is named Taxomyces sp. temporarily.     

一株产紫杉醇内生真菌液体发酵工艺的优化

紫杉醇是一种高效、低毒、广谱的天然抗癌药物,可以有效地治疗乳腺癌、子宫癌等。近年来的研究发现,从植物内生真菌中发酵生产紫杉醇被证明是解决药源问题的有效途径。从分离到的420株内生真菌中筛选到一株产紫杉醇的内生真菌XC1-07为实验材料进行发酵条件的初步优化。结果表明：最适碳源、氮源分别是麦芽糖和NH4NO3;在含10g/L NH4NO3、90g/L麦芽糖、1.0g/L MgSO4、pH6的优化培养基中培养13d,紫杉醇的产量为1,124.34μg/L。为目前报道的植物内生真菌发酵生产紫杉醇最高的产量。     

红豆杉资源与紫杉醇生产概况

红豆杉属（ＴａｘｕｓＬ．）植物全世界共１１种,分布于北半球的温带至亚热带地区。我国有４种１变种,即：东北红豆杉（Ｔ．ｃｕｓｐｉｄａｔａＳｉｅｂ．ｅｔＺｕｃ．）、云南红豆杉（Ｔ．ｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＣｈｅｎｇｅｔＬ．Ｋ．Ｆｕ）、西藏红豆杉（Ｔ．ｗａｌｉｃｈｉａｎａＺｕｃｃ．）、中国红豆杉〔Ｔ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）Ｒｅｈｄ．〕和南方红豆杉〔Ｔ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒ．ｍａｉｒｅｉ（ＬｅｍｅｅｅｔＬéｖｌ．）ＣｈｅｎｇｅｔＬ．Ｋ．Ｆｕ〕,分布于我国大部分地区,较为集中的产区为东北、西南和华东地区。云南省是我国红豆杉资源的主要分布区域。红豆杉树皮中含有新型抗癌药物紫杉醇,近年来,由于过度砍剥致使我国红豆杉野生资源遭到严重破坏。因此必须制定保护措施,进行人工种植。由于紫杉醇在红豆杉中含量甚微,结构异常复杂,所以研究紫杉醇的新来源成为世界性的热点,主要研究内容包括：非树皮部分的提取,人工大量种植,衍生物的寻找,化学合成和生物技术等。我国在以上研究领域内已取得多项成果,但与世界先进国家相比还有一定的差距,有待深入研究     

超声波对红豆杉悬浮细胞生长及紫杉醇释放的研究

分析了超声波对中国红豆杉悬浮细胞培养的生长,紫杉醇合成及释放的影响,细胞对不同强度及作用时间的超声波反应不同,用38kHz,120s的超声强度处理悬浮细胞,紫杉醇胞外释放率由对照的10％左右提高到40－50％,总产量提高了47％,超声波处理植物细胞,提供了在保持细胞生长的前提下有效刺激胞内次生代谢物的简易操作方法。     

云南红豆杉(Taxus Yunnanensis)内生真菌中产紫杉醇真菌的筛选

报道了从云南红豆杉（Taxus Yunnanensis)树皮和枝条中分离得到的52株内生真菌中,有19株菌的发酵产物经TLC分析和HPLC检测验证后产紫杉醇或紫杉烷类物质。其中紫杉醇含量在1‰以上的菌株有8株。TAX-47（茎点霉属）和TAX-49（组丝核菌属）的紫杉醇得率分别为47.302μg/L和31.06μg/L,TAX-25（茎叶核菌属）巴可亭Ⅲ得率为744.2μg/L,这些菌株值得进一步研究。     

稀土元素对红豆杉细胞悬浮培养及紫杉醇合成的影响

研究了在250mL摇瓶中,不同浓度的硝酸镧、硫酸铈铵、硝酸亚铈3种稀土化合物对细胞生长及紫杉醇分泌和释放的影响。结果表明,在培养初期加入稀土元素。3种不同稀土化合物对细胞生长影响强弱不同,但趋势相似,均使细胞的延迟期缩短。1ppm的Ce^4 促进细胞生长的效果最明显。细胞干重第17d达到10.9g/L。在指数期加入稀土元素。10ppmCe^3 刺激细胞生长的效果最明显,细胞干重最高值达到11.5g/dL,比对照高1.5g/L,而10ppm的La^3 抑制细胞的生长。经稀土元素处理后,细胞胞内和胞外紫杉醇含量都有大幅度的提高,其中以10ppmCe^3 处理,胞外紫杉醇释放率最大,达37.7%。     

Kinetics of taxol production, growth, and nutrient uptake in cell suspensions of Taxus cuspidata

Cell culture of Taxus cuspidata may represent an alternative to extraction of bark as a source of taxol and related taxanes. Cell suspensions of a cell line of T. cuspidata were grown for 44 days in shake flasks containing B5C2 medium. Throughout the growth cycle, fresh and dry weight accumulation, taxol yield on a dry weight basis, taxol accumulation in the medium, pH and pigmentation variation in the medium, as well as the uptake of sucrose, glucose, fructose, nitrate, and inorganic phosphate from the culture medium were examined. The results showed that the growth was relatively slow (doubling times of 17 and 20 days for fresh and dry weight, respectively), and taxol accumulation in the cells was non-growth related (higher in the stationary phase) and at relatively low levels (up to 4 mug/g of the extracted dry weight). Taxol concentration in the medium had two peaks: one during the early (0.4mug/mL) and another during the late (0.1-mug/mL) parts of the growth cycle. On a volumetric basis, the average total amount of taxol produced during the stationary phase (day 38) was 0.15 mug/mL, of which approximately 66% was in the medium and 34% was in the cells. Total carbohydrate uptake was closely associated with the increase in dry biomass. Sucrose was apparently extracellularly hydrolyzed after the first 6 days of culture; glucose was used before fructose. Nitrate was assimilated throughout the growth cycle, but phosphate was absorbed within the first week of culture. The pH variation showed an initial drop followed by a trend toward alkalinization for most of the growth period. Dark pigmentation in the medium increased progressively, particularly during the stationary phase. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

内生真菌产紫杉醇研究的回顾与展望

紫杉醇是一种高效、低毒、广谱的天然抗癌药物,是人类未来20年间最有效的抗癌药物之一。近年来的研究发现,从植物内生真菌中发酵生产紫杉醇被证明是解决药源问题的有效途径。本文概述了微生物发酵生产紫杉醇的研究进展,包括产紫杉醇内生真菌的分离、多样性和真菌产紫杉醇的优势,紫杉醇的提取和检测技术,同时对如何提高内生真菌紫杉醇产量进行了比较全面的综述。随着现代分子生物学技术和微生物发酵工程的发展,工业上大规模发酵生产紫杉醇将有望实现。     

聚乙二醇对东北红豆杉培养细胞的生长及紫杉醇生产的影响

在改良的B5培养基中加入不同浓度的聚乙二醇对东北红豆杉培养细胞进行摇瓶培养,通过不同时期取样并测定细胞鲜,干重及用HPLC测定紫杉醇的含量,发现聚乙二醇对东北红豆杉培养细胞的生长及紫杉醇生产均有明显的促进作用,聚乙二醇为10g/L时,对细胞生长最为有利,细胞培养16d可达到最大生物量,其平均鲜重为28．73g/瓶,增重3．8倍,平均干重为2．14g/瓶,增重3．1倍,聚乙二醇为20g/L,对紫杉醇的生产最有利;细胞培养25d时,培养基中紫杉醇的含量达到最高水平,其含量为2350ug/L,是不加聚乙二醇的11倍。     

红豆杉细胞培养生产紫杉醇产量稳定性的探讨

通过磷酸盐双饥饿和秋水仙碱这两种经典的同步化方法处理悬浮培养的红豆杉细胞 ,以实现培养物的均一性 ,并比较了同步化与非同步化细胞及不同同步化方法处理的细胞紫杉醇产量。结果表明 ,不同同步化方法处理的细胞紫杉醇产量有差异 :秋水仙碱同步处理处于中期的细胞紫杉醇产量高于非同步化细胞 ,而磷酸盐双饥饿同步处理处于间期的细胞紫杉醇产量则相反。这表明紫杉醇产量与培养物的均一性有关 ,且与细胞同步的周期时相有关 ,采用同步化方法来选择合适的细胞周期时相有利于紫杉醇产量的稳定 ,通过比较不同同步化方法处理对细胞生物量和 POD活性的影响进一步探讨紫杉醇产量产生差异的原因     

云南红豆杉中紫杉醇和四种紫杉烷类化合物含量

云南红豆杉中紫杉醇和四种紫杉烷类化合物含量项伟张宏杰阮德春孙汉董（云南省林业科学院,昆明６５０２０４）（中国科学院昆明植物研究所,昆明６５０２０４）Ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓｏｆｔａｘｏｌａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒ４ｔａｘａｎｅｄｉｔｅｒｐｅｎｏｉｄｓｉｎＴａｘｕｓｙｕ...     

Improved taxol yield by aromatic carboxylic acid and amino acid feeding to cell cultures of taxus cuspidata

Cell culture of Taxus cuspidata represents an alternative to whole plant extraction as a source of taxol and related taxanes. Feeding phenylalanine to callus cultures was previously shown to result in increased taxol yields, probably due to the involvement of this amino acid as a precursor for the N-benzoylphenylisoserine side chain of taxol. Inthis study, we have examined the effect of various concentrations of phenylalanine, benzoic acid, N-benzoylglycine, serine, glycine, alanine, and 3-amino-3-phenyl-propionic acid on taxol accumulation in 2-year-old cell suspensions of Taxus cuspidata, cell line FCL1F, and in developing callus cultures of T. cuspidata. All compounds tested were included in media at stationary phase (suspensions) or after the period of fastest growth (calli). Alanine and 3-amino-3-phenyl-propionicacid were tested only in callus cultures and did not affect taxol accumulation. Significant increases or trends toward increases in taxol accumulationin callus and suspensions were observed in the presence of phenylalanine, benzoic acid, N-benzoylglycine, serine, and glycine. The greatest increases in taxol accumulation were observed in the presence of various concentrations of phenylalanine (1 mM for callus; 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mM for suspensions) and benzoic acid (0.2 and 1 mM for callus and 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mM for suspensions). Increases in taxol yields of cell suspensions in the presence of the most effective precursors brought taxol amounts at stationary phase from 2 mug . g(-1) to approximately 10 mug . g(-1) of the extracted dry weight. The results are discussed in termsof possible implications to taxol biosynthesis and in terms of practical applications to large-scale cell culture systems for the production ofthis drug. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Screening and breeding of high taxol producing fungi by genome shuffling

To apply the fundamental principles of genome shuffling in breeding of taxol-producing fungi, Nodulisporium sylviform was used as starting strain in this work. The procedures of protoplast fusion and genome shuffling were studied. Three hereditarily stable strains with high taxol production were obtained by four cycles of genome shuffling. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of taxol produced was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS. A high taxol producing fungus, Nodulisporium sylviform F4-26, was obtained, which produced 516.37 μg/L taxol. This value is 64.41% higher than that of the starting strain NCEU-1 and 31.52%―44.72% higher than that of the parent strains.     

红豆杉细胞培养中紫杉醇高产细胞株的筛选及其稳定性分析

对中国红豆杉〔Taxus chinensis(Pilger)Rehd.〕、云南红豆杉(T. yunnanensis Cheng et L.K.Fu)和东北红豆杉(T. cuspidata Sieb.et Zucc.)不同部位的愈伤组织进行培养及分析比较。结果表明,中国红豆杉愈伤组织生长较快,其叶片诱导的愈伤组织紫杉醇含量较高,且紫杉醇含量与培养物的外观特征有明显相关性,颜色浅、块状或颗粒较明显的细胞团紫杉醇含量较高。运用细胞看护培养技术,从中国红豆杉愈伤组织中筛选出生长速率达0.52g.L-1.d-1、紫杉醇含量超过0.01%的细胞优株,经20次继代培养,其生长和紫杉醇含量均较稳定。     

产紫杉醇内生真菌Z58的分离和鉴定

本研究从曼地亚红豆杉（Taxus x media）树皮内表皮分离得到一株产紫杉醇的内生真菌Z58,通过高效液相色谱法、质谱法和核磁共振波谱法对其紫杉醇提取物进行了分析. 结果表明,内生真菌Z58的紫杉醇提取物具有和紫杉醇标准品相近的色谱特征峰,其保留时间为10.2 min;也与紫杉醇标准品具有相同的质谱特征峰（（M+Na）+=876）和1H-NMR谱带.并通过形态学特征分析和18S rDNA序列分析,将内生真菌Z58初步鉴定为肉座菌属（Hypocrea sp.）真菌.肉座菌Z58的紫杉醇产量约为2.5～3.0 μg/g（紫杉醇/菌丝干重）,是一株具有潜在应用价值的产紫杉醇内生真菌.     

不同施肥处理对曼地亚红豆杉‘Hicksii’生长和紫杉醇含量的影响

采用L9（3^4）正交实验设计,研究了温室盆栽和田间栽培条件下,不同氮、磷、钾施用水平对曼地亚红豆杉‘Hicksii’（Taxus media‘Hicksii’）生长及紫杉醇含量的影响。结果表明,不同的氮、磷、钾施用水平对曼地亚红豆杉‘Hicksii’盆栽苗和田间栽培苗的生长量、枝叶产量和紫杉醇含量有显著影响,影响效应从大至小依次为氮、磷、钾。根据生长综合指标确定最有利于曼地亚红豆杉幼苗生长的氮、磷、钾施用量分别为400、66和200mg·L^-1;最有利于紫杉醇积累的氮、磷、钾施用量分别为200、66和133mg·L^-1。此外,曼地亚红豆杉‘Hicksii’田间栽培苗的生长量、枝叶产量和紫杉醇含量显著高于盆栽苗。     

Abscisic acid plays critical role in ozone‐induced taxol production of Taxus chinensis suspension cell cultures

Exposure to ozone induced a rapid increase in the levels of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and sequentially followed by the enhancement of Taxol production in suspension cell cultures of Taxus chinensis. The observed increases in ABA and Taxol were dependent on the concentration of ozone applied to T. chinensis cell cultures. To examine the role of ABA in ozone‐induced Taxol production, we pretreated the cells with ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone to abolish ozone‐triggered ABA generation and assayed the effect of fluridone on ozone‐induced Taxol production. The results showed that pretreatment of the cells with fluridone not only suppressed the ozone‐triggered ABA generation but also blocked the ozone‐induced Taxol production. Moreover, our data indicate that the effect of ABA on Taxol production of T. chinensis cell cultures is dose‐dependent. Interestingly, the suppression of fluridone on ozone‐induced Taxol production was reversed by exogenous application of low dose of ABA, although treatment of low dose ABA alone had no effect on Taxol production of the cells. Together, the data indicated that ozone was an efficient elicitor for improving Taxol production of plant cell cultures. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ABA played critical roles in ozone‐induced Taxol production of T. chinensis suspension cell cultures. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011     

几种真菌诱导子对云南红豆杉细胞产生紫杉醇的影响

自１９９３年以来,紫杉醇（Ｔａｘｏｌ）已成为临床上治疗乳腺癌和卵巢癌的重要药物。由于其药源植物—红豆杉属植物（ＴａｘｕｓＬ．）生长非常缓慢,体内紫杉醇含量很低,且资源有限,所以人们一直在寻找解决紫杉醇药源短缺的方法。用红豆杉属植物组织培养技术生产紫杉醇被认为是一种有潜力的方法之一,受到人们的高度重视。虽然有关这方面的报道较多［１］,但该研究仍处在试验阶段,还未见用此方法商业化生产紫杉醇的报道。其重要原因是目前红豆杉属植物离体细胞的紫杉醇产量还比较低,而且不稳。人们仍在继续寻找提高紫杉醇产量的方法…     

An endophytic taxol-producing fungus from Taxus x media, Aspergillus candidus MD3

An endophytic taxol-producing fungus (strain MD3) isolated from the inner bark of Taxus x media was identified as Aspergillus candidus according to its morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Taxol produced by A. candidus MD3 was shown to be identical to authentic taxol analyzed by UV, HPLC, MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The gene encoding the 10-deacetylbaccatin III-10- O -acetyl transferase, which catalyzes formation of the last diterpene intermediate in the taxol biosynthetic pathway, has been cloned from A. candidus MD3 for the first time and possesses high homology to the same gene found in Taxus spp.