植物环状RNA研究进展

随着高通量测序技术的发展,环状RNA (circular RNA, circRNA)逐渐成为非编码RNA研究领域的热点。CircRNA是由3′端下游供体和5′端上游受体经反向剪接形成的共价闭合环状分子,普遍存在于真核生物中。CircRNA过去被认为是错误剪接的副产物,近年来相关研究爆炸式增长,才将这种错误概念推翻。相较于动物中的大量研究,植物circRNA的研究还处于起步阶段。文中从植物circRNA的发现引入,总结了植物circRNA的环化特征、表达特异性、保守性和稳定性等特征;关注了circRNA的鉴定工具、主要类型和生成机制;归纳了植物circRNA作为microRNA(miRNA)海绵和翻译模板的潜在功能,以及在生物/非生物胁迫应答中的重要作用;简单概括了植物circRNA的降解与定位。最后讨论了植物circRNA研究存在的问题并对进一步开展植物circRNA研究进行了展望。     

三阴性乳腺癌中环状RNA的表达特点及功能意义

环状RNA是由前体RNA通过反向剪接形成的一类共价闭合环状分子.在过去,环状RNA被认为是DNA转录的"噪音",不参与生物代谢过程.然而,最近研究表明,环状RNA的异常表达可影响包括三阴性乳腺癌在内的多种恶性肿瘤的发生发展.该文综述了环状RNA在肿瘤中的分子机制及其在三阴性乳腺癌细胞增殖、凋亡、迁移、侵袭和药物抗性中的...     

环状RNA及其作为疾病标志物的潜能

环状RNA（circular RNA, circRNA）是一种共价闭合环状结构的内源性非编码RNA分子,不具有5′端帽子和3′端poly(A)尾巴结构,具有广泛性、保守性、组织特异性以及稳定性等特性;根据序列来源的不同可分为3种类型：外显子circRNA、内含子circRNA、外显子-内含子circRNA;随着生物信息学的快速发展和高通量测序技术的不断革新,目前已经在真核细胞中发现大量内源性circRNA,主要分布于细胞质中,其独特的序列结构,使它具有microRNA海绵、调节选择性剪接或转录、与RNA结合蛋白结合、滚动翻译和衍生假基因等功能;它参与癌症、糖尿病、神经系统疾病和动脉粥样硬化等疾病发生、发展过程。众多研究显示circRNA会成为新型的疾病临床诊断标志物或人类疾病治疗的潜在靶点,该评述较为详细地从circRNA的形成、特性、生物学功能、研究方法、研究数据库以及和疾病的关系等方面来阐述circRNA的最新研究进展,方便研究人员进行circRNA研究。     

Specific features of telomerase RNA from Hansenula polymorpha

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for the maintenance of eukaryotic genome integrity by replicating the ends of chromosomes. The core enzyme comprises the conserved protein TERT and an RNA subunit (TER) that, in contrast, displays large variations in size and structure. Here, we report the identification of the telomerase RNA from thermotolerant yeast Hansenula polymorpha (HpTER) and describe its structural features. We show further that the H. polymorpha telomerase reverse transcribes the template beyond the predicted boundary and adds a nontelomeric dT in vitro. Sequencing of the chromosomal ends revealed that this nucleotide is specifically present as a terminal nucleotide at the 3′ end of telomeres. Mutational analysis of HpTER confirmed that the incorporation of dT functions to limit telomere length in this species.     

综述: 长链非编码RNA对动脉粥样硬化等疾病影响的研究新进展

动脉粥样硬化是一种以胆固醇等脂质代谢紊乱为主要特征的病理过程,严重影响人类健康．随着遗传学和生物信息学研究的发展,曾被认为无作用的非编码基因序列逐步受到研究者的关注．长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)通过表观遗传调控、转录调控和转录后调控等途径参与剂量补偿效应、基因组印记、细胞发育分化等重要生物学过程,从而影响人类的生长发育、代谢、衰老及疾病等进程．最新研究发现,lncRNA可参与血管内皮细胞的损伤与修复、血管平滑肌细胞的增殖与迁移、巨噬细胞胆固醇的流出与炎症反应、脂质的沉积与斑块的形成等过程,从而影响动脉粥样硬化及其他心血管疾病的发生与发展．     

血小板环状 RNA研究进展

血小板环状RNA (platelet circular RNA, platelet circRNA)是一类在血小板中由RNA反向剪切封闭形成的环形RNA分子,具有结构稳定、丰度高以及细胞、组织特异性.血小板环状RNA可以参与细胞内RNA调控网络,与疾病的发生和发展密切相关,可能成为新型的生物标记物及治疗靶点.近年来,关于血小板环状RNA产生、调控、生物学特性、功能及其与疾病的关系等均取得了初步的研究进展.本文将对血小板环状RNA的研究进展予以综述.     

circRNA相关数据库及其应用

环状RNA(circular RNA, circRNA)是由真核生物中的前体mRNA反向剪接产生的环状内源性RNA分子,分布广泛、结构稳定、序列高度保守,具有细胞和组织特异性。circRNA以多种方式参与调控生物学过程以及疾病的发生发展。目前发现的功能模式包含竞争性内源性RNA作用、与蛋白质互作、翻译成蛋白质以及顺式调控亲本基因的转录等。随着circRNA的基本信息、功能分析和与人类疾病的关系等研究内容不断更新增加,急需对海量的信息进行整合分析,以及对相应细胞或组织来源的circRNA进行分类。本文从基本信息整合及分析、相关功能分析和与人类疾病的相关性等方面,对目前常用的circRNA数据库进行综述,以期为circRNA研究提供参考。     

Quantitative analysis of snoRNA association with pre-ribosomes and release of snR30 by Rok1 helicase

In yeast, three small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are essential for the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA—U3, U14 and snR30—whereas 72 non-essential snoRNAs direct site-specific modification of pre-rRNA. We applied a quantitative screen for alterations in the pre-ribosome association to all 75 yeast snoRNAs in strains depleted of eight putative helicases implicated in 40S subunit synthesis. For the modification-guide snoRNAs, we found no clear evidence for the involvement of these helicases in the association or dissociation of pre-ribosomes. However, the DEAD box helicase Rok1 was required specifically for the release of snR30. Point mutations in motif I, but not in motif III, of the helicase domain of Rok1 impaired the release of snR30, but this was less marked than in strains depleted of Rok1, and resulted in a dominant-negative growth phenotype. Dissociation of U3 and U14 from pre-ribosomes is also dependent on helicases, suggesting that release of the essential snoRNAs might differ mechanistically from release of the modification-guide snoRNAs.     

真菌环状RNA鉴定及研究展望

环状RNA是一类具有丰富调节潜力的闭合环状单链RNA,其可以通过竞争性结合内源RNA、充当蛋白质支架以及翻译模板等方式,从而参与基因表达调控。本文综述了真菌环状RNA的鉴定流程和难点,为后续解析环状RNA在真菌发育与代谢等过程中的调节作用提供理论支持。     

长链非编码RNA在癌症和心血管疾病中的作用

长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA, lneRNA）与癌症和心血管疾病的发生发展密切相关。lncRNA可通过与转录因子相互作用,或参与染色质的表观遗传学修饰,从转录水平调控疾病相关基因的转录效率;或通过调节靶mRNA的稳定性,从转录后水平调控疾病相关基因的翻译效率。本文就lncRNA的来源、作用机制及其在癌症和心血管疾病中的作用的研究进展做一综述。     

RluD, a highly conserved pseudouridine synthase, modifies 50S subunits more specifically and efficiently than free 23S rRNA

Pseudouridine modifications in helix 69 (H69) of 23S ribosomal RNA are highly conserved among all organisms. H69 associates with helix 44 of 16S rRNA to form bridge B2a, which plays a vital role in bridging the two ribosomal subunits and stabilizing the ribosome. The three pseudouridines in H69 were shown earlier to play an important role in 50S subunit assembly and in its association with the 30S subunit. In Escherichia coli, these three modifications are made by the pseudouridine synthase, RluD. Previous work showed that RluD is required for normal ribosomal assembly and function, and that it is the only pseudouridine synthase required for normal growth in E. coli. Here, we show that RluD is far more efficient in modifying H69 in structured 50S subunits, compared to free or synthetic 23S rRNA. Based on this observation, we suggest that pseudouridine modifications in H69 are made late in the assembly of 23S rRNA into mature 50S subunits. This is the first reported observation of a pseudouridine synthase being able to modify a highly structured ribonucleoprotein particle, and it may be an important late step in the maturation of 50S ribosomal subunits.