光强对三叶鬼针草生长特征的影响

利用温室盆栽试验,研究了不同光强100%、40%、20%和5%下三叶鬼针草营养生长期和繁殖期的生长特征。结果表明:中度遮荫有利于三叶鬼针草支持结构的生长和营养期的物质积累,重度遮荫下仍能生长良好。在两个生长时期,相对生长速率(RGR)、净同化速率(NAR)均在100%光强下最大,5%光强下最小;总生物量在营养期和繁殖期分别在40%光强和全光照下最大,在3%光强下最小;株高、总叶面积(TLA)、根生物量比(RMR)、根冠比(R/C)、叶生物量比(LMR)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶面积比(LAR)、平均叶面积比(LARm)在3%光强时均大于全光照下的;支持结构生物量比(SBR)在40%光强、20%光强下大于3%光强和全光照处理。这说明三叶鬼针草在形态、生物量分配及生长特性上对光因素具较强的可塑性,这可能是其分布范围广、具有强入侵性的因素之一。     

Tropical moist <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polylepis</Emphasis> stands at the treeline in East Bolivia: the effect of elevation on stand microclimate,above- and below-ground structure,and regeneration

We studied Polylepis forests along an elevational transect between 3,650 and 4,050 m a.s.l. at the treeline of the moist eastern cordillera in Bolivia to examine changes in above- and below-ground stand structure, leaf and root morphology, and regeneration in relation to stand microclimate. Field measurements and model predictions indicated relatively cold growth conditions of the Polylepis forests. Tree height, stem diameter, and basal area of the stands decreased markedly while stem density increased with elevation. Leaf morphology differed between the two occurring Polylepis species, and trees at the treeline had smaller leaves with higher specific leaf area. In contrast, fine root biomass increased from 37 g m⁻² at the lowermost stand to 234 g m⁻² at the treeline. Trees of the uppermost stand had higher specific root surface area and a much higher number of root tips per unit dry mass. Thus, root surface area and total number of root tips per unit ground area increased conspicuously from the lowermost stand to the treeline. Density of young growth inside the forest increased towards the treeline, while density in the open grassland decreased with elevation. Young growth originated from sexual reproduction at the lower forest but was comprised exclusively of root suckers at the treeline stand. We conclude that both the marked change in carbon allocation towards the root system, as well as the changes in root morphology with elevation indicate an adaptation to reduced nutrient supply under cold conditions of these Polylepis stands at the treeline in E Bolivia.

Influence of mefluidide on growth,development, and cell wall digestibility of sorghum

Application of mefluidide (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-([(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino) phenyl]acetamide) inhibits plant development in perennial grasses. This study examined the effect of mefluidide on the morphological development and digestibility of sorghum. In the greenhouse, 5.9 × 10^–5 g active ingredient (a.i.) plant^–1 applied at the seedling, eight-leaf and boot stages reduced mean plant height 70%, 59%, and 2%, respectively. Heights were also reduced 14%, 15% and 35% by 5.9 × 10^–8, 5.9 × 10^–7 and 5.9 × 10^–6 gram a.i. plant^–1 applied at the eight-leaf stage. Field application of 0.26 or 0.52 kg ha^–1 mefluidide at either the eight-leaf or flagleaf stage reduced mean plant height of all cultivars. Basal tiller numbers increased 319% 28 d, and dry matter production was reduced 65% 42 d following mefluidide application at the eight-leaf stage. Treated stems were 34% higher and treated leaves were 7% higher in cellulase dry matter digestibility than control plants following mefluidide application at the eight-leaf stage. These results indicate that mefluidide application to vegetative stages in sorghum may enhance the forage value of the plants while it inhibits normal plant growth.     

养分添加和降水变化对荒漠草原地上和地下生物量稳定性的影响

为明确荒漠草原生态系统功能和稳定性对水分和养分资源可利用性改变的响应, 阐明荒漠草原生物量稳定性的影响机制及途径, 本研究在宁夏荒漠草原开展了为期5年的养分添加和降水变化野外控制试验(2018-2022年), 试验包括9个处理: 对照(Cont)、N添加(N)、NPK添加(NPK)、减少50%降水(Cont - 50%)、增加50%降水(Cont + 50%)、N添加 + 减少50%降水(N - 50%)、N添加 + 增加50%降水(N + 50%)、NPK添加 + 减少50%降水(NPK - 50%)和NPK添加 + 增加50%降水(NPK + 50%)。通过测定地上、地下生物量及物种多样性, 分析了物种异步性、物种多样性、生物量稳定性及生物量稳定性的影响因素。结果表明: (1)养分添加和降水变化显著影响荒漠草原植物群落生物量, NPK + 50%处理增加了地上生物量(156.28%)、地下生物量(51.95%)及总生物量(75.67%), 而Cont - 50%处理降低了地上生物量(45.59%)、地下生物量(25.09%)及总生物量(31.41%); (2)除NPK + 50%处理外, 其他处理的地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量稳定性均显著低于对照处理。NPK + 50%处理降低了地上生物量稳定性(31.90%), 但增加了地下和总生物量稳定性(33.48%和12.38%); (3)养分添加和降水变化显著影响物种多样性(物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数)和物种异步性, 其交互作用对物种异步性有显著影响; (4)降水变化通过降低物种异步性进而降低地上生物量稳定性和总生物量稳定性。地上生物量稳定性对总生物量稳定性无显著的直接效应, 而地下生物量稳定性对总生物量稳定性具有显著正效应。综上所述, 养分添加和降水变化降低荒漠草原生物量稳定性, 物种异步性(互补效应)是荒漠草原生物量稳定性的主要影响机制。在荒漠草原地区地下生物量稳定性对总生物量稳定性的贡献大于地上生物量稳定性, 因此, 在探究植物群落稳定性对养分添加和降水变化的响应模式及其机制时, 不能仅局限于植物地上部分的研究, 也要充分考虑植物地下部分的变化和响应。     

Length/weight relationships of fishes in a diverse tropical freshwater community, Sabah, Malaysia

Length/weight relationships are described for 16 species of tropical freshwater fishes. Two important morphological groups are recognized (flattened and heavy-bodied) along with two species of eel-like fish. Common regression equations are given.     

盐生境下硅对坪用高羊茅生物学特性的影响

干旱半干旱区草坪绿地的长期灌溉容易引发土壤次生盐渍化,提高草坪草在盐生境下的生长发育能力是应对土壤次生盐渍化的主要途径之一.采用盆栽试验研究了盐生境下硅对坪用高羊茅(Festuca arundinaea)生物学特性的影响.结果表明,向盐生境土壤中添加不同浓度硅均提前高羊茅出苗时间2d,加快出苗速率,增加出苗总数,提高保苗率,且总出苗率和保苗率随着硅浓度增加而显著增大(P＜0.05),这说明盐生境下向土壤添加硅改善了幼苗完全死亡的现象.盐生境下硅显著增加了高羊茅叶长,株高和分蘖数,但对叶宽影响不显著,说明硅能够促进高羊茅生长,但对草坪绿地的质地影响不大.虽然硅能显著增加高羊茅总生物量(P＜0.05),但较低浓度时促进其茎叶生长,高浓度促进其根系生长.硅在高羊茅体内的沉积量随施入硅增加而增大,但其茎叶和根系内硅含量不超过3.0％,且根系内硅含量约为茎叶内硅含量的2倍.结果显示,硅提高了坪用高羊茅在盐生境下的适应能力,这为以后草坪绿地管理中应对土壤潜在盐渍化的问题提供了一定的科学依据.     

杂种小麦开花后生物产量及其组分的动态变化

试验以化杀杂种CH－1和不育系杂种VH－2及其亲本为材料,比较研究了杂种小麦开花后生物产量及其组分的动态变化,结果表明：（1）杂种小麦开花后的营养体于重量大,籽粒的增长速率高,增量大,收获指数高,生物产量具有较强的杂种优势。杂种的粒重超双亲平均值（MP）9．5％－18．7％,超对照（CK）15．8％;（2）不同器官的干重变化有别。CH－1与其双亲平均值（MP1）和对照（CK）比,中上部器官倒1－3节茎鞘叶中的光合产物输出的多,失重大,对籽粒的贡献大,而中下部器官倒4节下茎鞘叶中的光合产物输出的少,失重小,物质积累的多,不育系杂种VH－2营养体干重的变化规律同CH－1,但器官失重少,与其双亲平均值（MP2）和CK相比,虽然生物产量高,但器官干重于减少量低,收获指数小,究其原因主要是不育系杂种结实率低（88％－94％）,器官中光合产物输出少,积累多,使库源关系不协调所致;（3）营养体干重与籽粒重呈现显著正相关关系（r=0.8728^**),而杂种的粒重优势恰是体现在营养体干重的优势上,因此,通过增加营养重量,进而增加粒重,提高产量,是协调和提高杂种小麦生物产量和收获指数的关键所在。     

A critical review and a new proposal of karyotype asymmetry indices

In literature seven different methods of evaluating karyotype asymmetry – the TF%, the As K%, Stebbins' classification, the Rec and the Syi, the A₁ and the A₂, the DI, and the A – are used for the elucidation of phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic treatments within a particular group or taxon. The investigation of these seven methods reveals that the intervals used by Stebbins to separate the different types of karyotype asymmetry are very broad and only one quantitative parameter, the A₂ index, correctly describes the variation in chromosome length in a complement. A new asymmetry index (AI) is proposed to measure karyotype asymmetry and a new parameter, the CV_CI, is offered, that precisely assesses the relative variation in centromere position in a complement. The AI index, the CV_CI and the CV_CL (=A₂ × 100) have the potential to display even minor karyotypic variations. Thus, these three indices together increase the precision of results in comparison with other existing methods. All this has important consequences as regards the interpretation of the results of karyological studies.     

农林复合系统中滇龙胆形态和生物量变化研究

以幼龄茶树(Camellia sinensis var.sinensis)、十年茶树、木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)、尼泊尔桤木(Alnus nepalensis)、大叶桉(Eucalyptus robusta)间作模式和荒坡栽培滇龙胆为研究对象,测定其株高、茎粗、叶长、根粗、生物量等性状,采用单因素方差分析、多重比较、相关性分析和多元逐步回归分析对其形态和生物量数据进行分析。结果表明:荒坡栽培、滇龙胆与十年茶树间作其株高最高,为(37.32±8.36)cm和(37.31±9.62)cm,与大叶桉间作其株高最低,为(19.08±12.40)cm;荒坡栽培植株茎粗数值最高,为(0.36±0.13)cm,大叶桉间作茎粗数值最低,为(0.23±0.04)cm;与茶树间作植株根系最长,为(18.42±7.23)cm和(17.71±7.34)cm,与尼泊尔桤木间作植株须根数最少,为(7.32±2.23)cm;根粗受栽培模式影响不显著(P0.05);荒坡栽培全株生物量最高,为(14.52±13.37)g,大叶桉间作全株生物量最低,为(2.17±1.42)g。相关性分析显示,株高、茎粗和须根数与全株生物量呈极显著的正相关(R=0.514,P0.01;R=0.510,P0.01;R=0.339,P0.01)。根茎比与全株生物量呈极显著的负相关(R=-0.295,P0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,各性状对全株生物量的积累贡献程度不同,株高、茎粗、须根数和根粗是影响滇龙胆生物量积累的主要性状。荒坡栽培光照条件较好,有利于植株生物量的积累;与桉树间作,滇龙胆可能受生物与非生物胁迫的共同影响,使其植株矮小,生物量偏低。6种栽培模式中荒坡、滇龙胆与茶树、木瓜间作栽培为高产模式。研究结果可为农林药用复合种植中物种搭配、时间和空间种植技术优化升级以及管理提供理论依据。     

林冠环境对润楠幼苗构型和生物量分配的影响

植物幼苗早期适应对策对种群的更新具有决定性的作用.润楠(Machilus nanmu)是国家Ⅱ级保护植物,是重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林优势乔木树种之一.研究润楠幼苗的适应对策对于维持种群更新和保护常绿阔叶林生物多样性具有重要意义.本研究采集了重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林中不同林冠环境(林窗/林下)下不同年龄阶段(阶段1:1～3年;阶...