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The domestication of wheat was instrumental in spawning the civilization of humankind, and it occurred through genetic mutations that gave rise to types with non-fragile rachises, soft glumes, and free-threshing seed. Wild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides), the tetraploid AB-genome progenitor of domesticated wheat has genes that confer tenacious glumes (Tg) that underwent genetic mutations to give rise to free-threshing wheat. Here, we evaluated disomic substitution lines involving chromosomes 2A and 2B of wild emmer accessions substituted for homologous chromosomes in tetraploid and hexaploid backgrounds. The results suggested that both chromosomes 2A and 2B of wild emmer possess genes that inhibit threshability. A population of recombinant inbred lines derived from the tetraploid durum wheat variety Langdon crossed with a Langdon — T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides accession PI 481521 chromosome 2B disomic substitution line was used to develop a genetic linkage map of 2B, evaluate the genetics of threshability, and map the gene derived from PI 481521 that inhibited threshability. A 2BS linkage map comprised of 58 markers was developed, and markers delineated the gene to a 2.3 cM interval. Comparative analysis with maps containing the tenacious glume gene Tg-D1 on chromosome arm 2DS from Aegilops tauschii, the D genome progenitor of hexaploid wheat, revealed that the gene inhibiting threshability in wild emmer was homoeologous to Tg-D1 and therefore designated Tg-B1. Comparative analysis with rice and Brachypodium distachyon indicated a high level of divergence and poorly conserved colinearity, particularly near the Tg-B1 locus. These results provide a foundation for further studies involving Tg-B1, which, together with Tg-D1, had profound influences on wheat domestication. 相似文献
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Wei Wang Qianli Pan Bin Tian Fei He Yueying Chen Guihua Bai Alina Akhunova Harold N. Trick Eduard Akhunov 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2019,100(2):251-264
Grain size and weight are important components of a suite of yield‐related traits in crops. Here, we showed that the CRISPR‐Cas9 gene editing of TaGW7, a homolog of rice OsGW7 encoding a TONNEAU1‐recruiting motif (TRM) protein, affects grain shape and weight in allohexaploid wheat. By editing the TaGW7 homoeologs in the B and D genomes, we showed that mutations in either of the two or both genomes increased the grain width and weight but reduced the grain length. The effect sizes of mutations in the TaGW7 gene homoeologs coincided with the relative levels of their expression in the B and D genomes. The effects of gene editing on grain morphology and weight traits were dosage dependent with the double‐copy mutant showing larger effect than the respective single copy mutants. The TaGW7‐centered gene co‐expression network indicated that this gene is involved in the pathways regulating cell division and organ growth, also confirmed by the cellular co‐localization of TaGW7 with α‐ and β‐tubulin proteins, the building blocks of microtubule arrays. The analyses of exome capture data in tetraploid domesticated and wild emmer, and hexaploid wheat revealed the loss of diversity around TaGW7‐associated with domestication selection, suggesting that TaGW7 is likely to play an important role in the evolution of yield component traits in wheat. Our study showed how integrating CRISPR‐Cas9 system with cross‐species comparison can help to uncover the function of a gene fixed in wheat for allelic variants targeted by domestication selection and select targets for engineering new gene variants for crop improvement. 相似文献
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Juan Manuel Debernardi Julian R. Greenwood E. Jean Finnegan Judy Jernstedt Jorge Dubcovsky 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,101(1):171-187
The spikelet is the basic unit of the grass inflorescence. In tetraploid (Triticum turgidum) and hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), the spikelet is a short indeterminate branch with two proximal sterile bracts (glumes) followed by a variable number of florets, each including a bract (lemma) with an axillary flower. Varying levels of miR172 and/or its target gene Q (AP2L5) result in gradual transitions of glumes to lemmas, and vice versa. Here, we show that AP2L5 and its related paralog AP2L2 play critical and redundant roles in the specification of axillary floral meristems and lemma identity. AP2L2, also targeted by miR172, displayed similar expression profiles to AP2L5 during spikelet development. Loss‐of‐function mutants in both homeologs of AP2L2 (henceforth ap2l2) developed normal spikelets, but ap2l2 ap2l5 double mutants generated spikelets with multiple empty bracts before transitioning to florets. The coordinated nature of these changes suggest an early role of these genes in floret development. Moreover, the flowers of ap2l2 ap2l5 mutants showed organ defects in paleas and lodicules, including the homeotic conversion of lodicules into carpels. Mutations in the miR172 target site of AP2L2 were associated with reduced plant height, more compact spikes, promotion of lemma‐like characters in glumes and smaller lodicules. Taken together, our results show that the balance in the expression of miR172 and AP2‐like genes is crucial for the correct development of spikelets and florets, and that this balance has been altered during the process of wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare) domestication. The manipulation of this regulatory module provides an opportunity to modify spikelet architecture and improve grain yield. 相似文献
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Wheat is undoubtedly one of the world's major food sources since the dawn of Near Eastern agriculture and up to the present day. Morphological, physiological, and genetic modifications involved in domestication and subsequent evolution under domestication were investigated in a tetraploid recombinant inbred line population, derived from a cross between durum wheat and its immediate progenitor wild emmer wheat. Experimental data were used to test previous assumptions regarding a protracted domestication process. The brittle rachis (Br) spike, thought to be a primary characteristic of domestication, was mapped to chromosome 2A as a single gene, suggesting, in light of previously reported Br loci (homoeologous group 3), a complex genetic model involved in spike brittleness. Twenty-seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring threshability and yield components (kernel size and number of kernels per spike) were mapped. The large number of QTLs detected in this and other studies suggests that following domestication, wheat evolutionary processes involved many genomic changes. The Br gene did not show either genetic (co-localization with QTLs) or phenotypic association with threshability or yield components, suggesting independence of the respective loci. It is argued here that changes in spike threshability and agronomic traits (e.g. yield and its components) are the outcome of plant evolution under domestication, rather than the result of a protracted domestication process. Revealing the genomic basis of wheat domestication and evolution under domestication, and clarifying their inter-relationships, will improve our understanding of wheat biology and contribute to further crop improvement. 相似文献
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OsPRR37 confers an expanded regulation of the diurnal rhythms of the transcriptome and photoperiodic flowering pathways in rice
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Chuan Liu Xuefeng Qu Yanhao Zhou Gaoyuan Song Naghmeh Abiri Yuhui Xiao Fan Liang Daiming Jiang Zhongli Hu Daichang Yang 《Plant, cell & environment》2018,41(3):630-645
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Nalam VJ Vales MI Watson CJ Johnson EB Riera-Lizarazu O 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2007,116(1):135-145
During the domestication of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), evolutionary modifications that took place in seed dispersal mechanisms enhanced its suitability for agricultural production.
One of these modifications involved the evolution of the free-threshing or hulless characteristic. In this study, we studied
quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting components of the free-threshing habit (threshability and glume tenacity) on chromosome
2D in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed by the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) as well
as the tenacious glumes 1 (Tg1) gene in F2 progeny (CS/CS2D F2) of a cross between Chinese Spring and the 2D2 substitution line [Chinese Spring (Ae.
tauschii 2D)]. In the ITMI population, two QTL affected threshability (QFt.orst-2D.1 and QFt.orst-2D.2) and their location coincided with QTL affecting glume tenacity (QGt.orst-2D.1 and QGt.orst-2D.2). In the CS/CS2D F2 population, the location of QTL that affected glume tenacity (QGt.orst-2D.1), the size of a glume base scar after detachment (QGba.orst-2D), and Tg1 (12-cM interval between Xwmc112 and Xbarc168) also coincided. Map comparisons suggest that QFt-orst-2D.1, QGt.orst-2D.1, and QGba.orst-2D correspond to Tg1 whereas QFt.orst-2D.2 and QGt.orst-2D.2 appear to represent separate loci. The observation of coincident QTL for threshability and glume tenacity suggests that threshability
is a function of glume adherence. In addition, the observation of the coincident locations of Tg1 and QTL for the force required to detach a glume and the size of a glume base scar after detachment suggests that Tg1’s effect on both glume tenacity and threshability resides on its ability to alter the level of physical attachment of glumes
to the rachilla of a spikelet. 相似文献
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Cheryl S. Rosenfeld Jessica P. Hekman Jennifer L. Johnson Zhen Lyu Madison T. Ortega Trupti Joshi Jiude Mao Anastasiya V. Vladimirova Rimma G. Gulevich Anastasiya V. Kharlamova Gregory M. Acland Erin E. Hecht Xu Wang Andrew G. Clark Lyudmila N. Trut Susanta K. Behura Anna V. Kukekova 《Genes, Brain & Behavior》2020,19(1)
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Xianjun Lai Lang Yan Yanli Lu James C. Schnable 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2018,93(5):843-855
The domestication of diverse grain crops from wild grasses was a result of artificial selection for a suite of overlapping traits producing changes referred to in aggregate as ‘domestication syndrome’. Parallel phenotypic change can be accomplished by either selection on orthologous genes or selection on non‐orthologous genes with parallel phenotypic effects. To determine how often artificial selection for domestication traits in the grasses targeted orthologous genes, we employed resequencing data from wild and domesticated accessions of Zea (maize) and Sorghum (sorghum). Many ‘classic’ domestication genes identified through quantitative trait locus mapping in populations resulting from wild/domesticated crosses indeed show signatures of parallel selection in both maize and sorghum. However, the overall number of genes showing signatures of parallel selection in both species is not significantly different from that expected by chance. This suggests that while a small number of genes will extremely large phenotypic effects have been targeted repeatedly by artificial selection during domestication, the optimization part of domestication targeted small and largely non‐overlapping subsets of all possible genes which could produce equivalent phenotypic alterations. 相似文献
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Phylogenomic analysis of gene co‐expression networks reveals the evolution of functional modules
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Colin Ruprecht Sebastian Proost Marcela Hernandez‐Coronado Carlos Ortiz‐Ramirez Daniel Lang Stefan A. Rensing Jörg D. Becker Klaas Vandepoele Marek Mutwil 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2017,90(3):447-465
Molecular evolutionary studies correlate genomic and phylogenetic information with the emergence of new traits of organisms. These traits are, however, the consequence of dynamic gene networks composed of functional modules, which might not be captured by genomic analyses. Here, we established a method that combines large‐scale genomic and phylogenetic data with gene co‐expression networks to extensively study the evolutionary make‐up of modules in the moss Physcomitrella patens, and in the angiosperms Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice). We first show that younger genes are less annotated than older genes. By mapping genomic data onto the co‐expression networks, we found that genes from the same evolutionary period tend to be connected, whereas old and young genes tend to be disconnected. Consequently, the analysis revealed modules that emerged at a specific time in plant evolution. To uncover the evolutionary relationships of the modules that are conserved across the plant kingdom, we added phylogenetic information that revealed duplication and speciation events on the module level. This combined analysis revealed an independent duplication of cell wall modules in bryophytes and angiosperms, suggesting a parallel evolution of cell wall pathways in land plants. We provide an online tool allowing plant researchers to perform these analyses at http://www.gene2function.de . 相似文献
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Junhua H. Peng Dongfa Sun Eviatar Nevo 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2011,28(3):281-301
Domestication of plants and animals is the major factor underlying human civilization and is a gigantic evolutionary experiment
of adaptation and speciation, generating incipient species. Wheat is one of the most important grain crops in the world, and
consists mainly of two types: the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) accounting for about 95% of world wheat production, and the tetraploid durum wheat (T. durum) accounting for the other 5%. In this review, we summarize and discuss research on wheat domestication, mainly focusing on
recent findings in genetics and genomics studies. T. aestivum originated from a cross between domesticated emmer wheat T. dicoccum and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii, most probably in the south and west of the Caspian Sea about 9,000 years ago. Wild emmer wheat has the same genome formula
as durum wheat and has contributed two genomes to bread wheat, and is central to wheat domestication. Domestication has genetically
not only transformed the brittle rachis, tenacious glume and non-free threshability, but also modified yield and yield components
in wheat. Wheat domestication involves a limited number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many
relevant quantitative trait loci have been detected. On completion of the genome sequencing of diploid wild wheat (T. urartu or Ae. tauschii), domestication syndrome factors and other relevant genes could be isolated, and effects of wheat domestication could be
determined. The achievements of domestication genetics and robust research programs in Triticeae genomics are of greatly help
in conservation and exploitation of wheat germplasm and genetic improvement of wheat cultivars. 相似文献
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Justin D. Faris Qijun Zhang Shiaoman Chao Zengcui Zhang Steven S. Xu 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2014,127(11):2333-2348