听觉声损伤与耳蜗鼓阶淋巴氧分压的关系

本实验运用极谱式氧电极研究了噪声暴露对耳蜗鼓阶淋巴氧分压（ＳＴＰＯ２）的影响以及ＳＴＰＯ２的变化与听觉电生理、毛细胞损伤之间的关系。结果表明：（１）８５ｄＢＳＰＬ以上声刺激时ＳＴＰＯ２迅速降低;８５ｄＢＳＰＬ窄带噪声暴露时ＳＴＰ０２与血压一同缓慢增高;低于８５ｄＢＳＰＬ的声刺激则未能引起ＳＴＰ０２和血压的改变。（２）ＳＴＰＯ２降低约２０％即伴随明显的听损伤;ＳＴＰＯ２的变化程度与声暴露量（ｒ＝０．９７,Ｐ＜０．０５）、听力损失（ｒ＝０．８２,Ｐ＜０．０５）呈相关;与耳蜗病理改变也有一定关系,但与血压无明显相关性（ｒ＝０．２１,Ｐ＞０．２）。（３）声暴露时,吸入碳氧混合气对听力损失具有部分保护作用。     

光谱和光强度对西花蓟马雌虫趋光行为的影响

利用行为学方法研究了光谱、光强对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)雌成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示：（1）在340~605nm波谱内14个波长其光谱趋光行为反应为多峰型,峰间主次较明显。趋光行为反应中,蓝绿区498~524nm有一较宽峰,趋光率20.31%;其它各峰依大小次序分别位于紫光380nm、蓝光440nm;（２）避光行为反应中,蓝光440nm处略高,避光率17.19%;紫外340nm处亦有一峰,避光率15.63%;（３）随光强增强其趋光反应率增大,白光、380nm和524nm刺激时其光强趋光行为反应呈一倒“L”型式样,498nm为峰型,440nm时为一较缓的平直线型;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率 ,最强时均未出现高端平台;（４）随光强增强其避光反应率增大,440nm为较平缓直线;340nm刺激时为较缓波动线。结果表明：光谱对其趋光行为有很大影响,光强度的影响较大且影响大小与波长因素有关。     

下丘脑穹窿周围区不同部位兴奋对心肌Po_2及ECG－ST的影响

电刺激下丘脑穹窿周围区（ＰＦＡ）的下丘脑背内侧核（ＤＭＨ）,下丘脑腹内侧核（ＶＭＨ）与下丘脑外侧区（ＬＨＡ）均可引起心肌Ｐ０＿２下降与血压升高,而以ＤＭＨ所致的心肌Ｐ０,下降最明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）。心得安可取消电刺激ＬＨＡ所致的心肌ＰＯ＿２下降,部分取消电刺激ＶＭＨ引起的心肌ＰＯ＿２下降,而不改变电刺激ＤＭＨ所致的心肌ＰＯ＿２下降（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＤＭＨ、ＶＭＨ微量注射谷氨酸钠（０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ０．５μｌ）均可诱发升压反应和ＥＣＧ－ＳＴ压低,而ＬＨＡ微量注射谷氨酸却导致降压反应,对ＥＣＧ－ＳＴ无明显影响。上述结果提示ＤＭＨ为ＰＦＡ各区诱发心肌缺血缺氧的主要核团。兴奋ＤＭＨ、ＶＭＨ所致的心血管效应主要由胞体兴奋诱发,而电刺激ＬＨＡ所致的升压反应主要为兴奋过路纤维引起,该区胞体兴奋主要导致降压反应。     

PICO-TAG方法测定氨基酸的研究

详细讨论了用异硫氰酸苯酯（ＰＩＴＣ）柱前衍生,反相色谱法测定氨基酸（即ＰＩＣＯ－ＴＡＧ法）的最佳条件。研究了流动相配制时溶液ｐＨ值、乙腈含量等对色谱分析的影响,并且对色谱柱的退化与再生进行了说明。氨基酸含量在１．２５～１５００ｐｍｏｌ范围内线性良好,相关系数大于０．９９９,且大多数氨基酸保留时间的变异系数小于０．５％。氨基酸采用峰面积定量,测定变异系数为０．１～１．５％。     

蓝斑在刺激视上核镇痛中的作用

应用核团微量注射、放射免疫测定（ＲＩＡ）和高压液相（ＨＰＬＣ）观察了刺激视上核（ＳＯＮ）对蓝斑（ＬＣ）灌流液中催产素（ＯＴ）、精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）、去甲明上素（ＮＥ）和５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）的含量的变化以及斑注射Ｏ笔ＡＶＰ的拮抗剂对痛阈（ＰＴ）的影响。结果表明;刺激ＳＯＮ后３０到９０ｍｉｎ,ＬＣ灌流液中ＯＴ的含量,３０ｍｉｎＡＶＰ的含量,６０ｍｉｎ５－ＨＴ的含量明显增加,而ＮＥ的含量在３０和６０     

有关猫听觉脑干电反应（ABR）两耳干涉作用的研究

用不同声强稳态白噪声和短声同时分别刺激两耳,观察白噪声负荷侧耳蜗破坏前后另一侧ＡＢＲ的改变,探讨两耳干涉作用及其可能的机制。结果显示,对侧耳蜗破坏前,４０ｄＢ和７５ｄＢ白噪声对０ｄＢ、４５ｄＢ、７０ｄＢ和７５ｄＢＳＰＬ的短声诱发的ＡＢＲ各波振幅均有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５０．０１）。耳蜗破坏后,同样条件下记录的ＡＢＲ振幅基本无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示白噪声对短声有一定的干涉作用。短声为７０ｄＢＳＰＬ时ＡＢＲＰ１波振幅的减小可能与中枢离中控制相关。     

中缝大核在刺激视上核镇痛中的作用

运用核团灌流液的放免测定和高压液相色谱法以及核团内注射拮抗剂,观察了化学刺激下丘脑视上核（ＳＯＮ）对中缝大核（ＮＲＭ）灌流液内催产素（ＯＴ）、精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）和５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）含量的影响以及ＮＲＭ内注射ＡＶＰ、５－ＨＴ或ＯＴ受体拮抗剂对痛阈（ＰＴ）的影响。结果表明：ＳＯＮ内注射Ｌ－谷氨酸（Ｌ－Ｇｌｕ）１０μｇ后动物痛阈明显升高,ＮＲＭ灌流液中ＯＴ和５－ＨＴ的含量明显高于对照组水平,ＡＶＰ的含量仅有一过性增加。ＮＲＭ内注射ｏＴ或５－ＨＴ拮抗剂可逆转化学刺激ＳＯＮ引起的镇痛作用;而ＡＶＰ的Ｖ＿(１／２)受体拮抗剂也轻度抑制这种镇痛作用,但Ｖ＿１拮抗剂对此作用无影响。以上结果提示：在刺激ＳＯＮ镇痛中,ＯＴ起着重要作用,Ｌ－Ｇｌｕ刺激ＳＯＮ的ＯＴ细胞释放ＯＴ,作用于ＮＲＭ细胞的ＯＴ受体和Ｖ＿２受体而产生镇痛作用,５－ＨＴ在此过程中也发挥重要作用。     

大鼠中缝隐核增强dPAG诱导的vPAG的c－Fos表达及对vPAG神经元放电的影响

本实验通过Ｐｏｓ免疫细胞化学、电生理及微量注射法对中缝隐核（ＮＲＯ）的交感抑制作用的相关途径进行探讨。实验在成巴比妥钠或α－氯醛糖和氨基甲酸乙脂麻醉的Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ（ＳＤ）大鼠上进行。同时予以ＮＲＯ,中脑导水管周围灰质背侧部（ｄＰＡＧ）方波脉冲串刺激,诱导中脑和延髓的ｃ－Ｆｏｓ表达。刺激ＮＲＯ过程中,基础血压升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,刺激ｄＰＡＧ引起的防御性升压反应则减少（Ｐ＜０．０１）;中脑导水管周围灰质腹侧部（ｖＰＡＧ）、巨细胞旁外侧核（ＰＧＬ）的Ｆｏｓ样免疫阳性反应（ＦＬＩ）细胞计数分别为６６．５±８．３和１０．８±１．５（刺激ＮＲＯ＋ｄＰＡＧ组）,较单独刺激ｄＰＡＧ组明显增加,Ｐ值分别小于０．０１和０．００１;单或双脉冲刺激中缝隐核在ｖＰＡＧ可以记录到相关单位,其中８４％为兴奋单位,抑制单位占１６％。双侧ｖＰＡＧ内微量注射利多卡因（每侧２μｇ／０．１μｌ）,基础血压无明显变化,而刺激ＮＲＯ引起的降压反应幅度减小（Ｐ＜０．０１）,提示,延髓腹外侧区（ＶＬＭ）、ＮＲＯ存在不同功能分化的神经元;ＮＲＯ可能有向ｖＰＡＧ的兴奋性投射,此投射可加强ＮＲＯ的交感抑制效应。     

脂布福吉宁、哇巴因对豚鼠心室肌细胞外K~＋活度及跨膜动作电位的影响

用离子敏感微电极和常规微电极研究脂布福吉宁（Ｒｅｓ）和哇巴因（Ｏｕａ）对豚鼠心室肌细胞外Ｋ＋活度（ａ）和动作电位（ＴＡＰ）的影响。结果表明：Ｒｅｓ（２６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可降低静息电位,动作电位振幅、间期,最大上升速率,使ａ升高;并诱发延迟性后去极化（ＤＡＤ）;Ｒｅｓ的作用与Ｏｕａ（２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）相似;电刺激使Ｋ＋在细胞间积累,积累量与频率相关。     

6BA诱导的带正电荷的葡萄叶过氧化物酶

河岸葡萄叶的带正电荷过氧化物酶（ｃａｔｉｏｎｉｃ ｐｅｒｏｘｉｄａｓｅ, ＣＰＯＤ） 可受６ＢＡ 诱导,但盐、Ｈ２Ｏ２ 或Ｆｅ２＋＋ Ｈ２Ｏ２ 均使叶片ＣＰＯＤ 活性明显下降,而高浓度的无机盐明显刺激纯ＣＰＯＤ 活性增加。在以愈创木酚为底物时ＣＰＯＤ 最适ｐＨ 为４ ．６０ ～５ ．７５ ,对Ｈ２Ｏ２ 的表观Ｖｍａｘ 和Ｋｍ 值分别为１１０ Ｕ／ｍｇ 蛋白和１ ．１５ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

辛基酚胁迫对雄性泥鳅抗氧化酶及卵黄蛋白原的影响

为研究辛基酚(OP)对雄性泥鳅抗氧化酶活性及血清卵黄蛋白原(VTG)含量的影响,将雄性泥鳅分别暴露于4种不同质量浓度OP(0.12、0.19、0.32、0.52 mg/L)中持续7、14、21 d和28 d,采用试剂盒检测肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量,采用碱不稳定性蛋白结合磷法检测血清VTG的含量。结果表明,0.12 mg/L OP胁迫14 d,肝脏SOD和CAT含量均无显著变化,但是随着胁迫剂量增大和时间延长,SOD和CAT含量降低极其显著,在0.52 mg/L OP胁迫28 d时降到最低水平;泥鳅在0.12 mg/L OP中暴露7 d时,血清VTG含量就有极其显著升高,且随着胁迫剂量增大和时间的延长,VTG含量呈升高趋势。提示OP胁迫对SOD和CAT活性有显著的抑制作用,并随胁迫剂量增大和时间延长而抑制加剧,造成氧化损伤;OP胁迫可诱导VTG合成,并随暴露剂量增大和时间延长而诱导增强,具有明显的雌激素效应,这可能与其氧化损伤有密切关系。     

基于大脑皮层互信息理论的睡眠分级研究

睡眠的分级研究是睡眠状况分析和睡眠质量评价的前提和基本内容。目前国际通用的睡眠分级方法,是利用脑电信号另加脑功能信号（如肌电图、眼动电流图）,且必须由人工来判别分析的。大脑皮层互信息理论是研究脑功能变化的有力工具。通过动态计算睡眠脑电四个导联之间的互信息时间序列的复杂度,并利用一个三层的人工神经网络进行六个级别的分类,6例720个不同时期的睡眠片段的测试表明,系统睡眠分级与人工分级的总相符率达到90.83％,且实现了睡眠动态自动分级。神经网络的学习功能,可使系统的准确率进一步提高,逐渐接近或达到人工分级的水平。     

MODELS OF CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT AND THE THEORETICAL ROBUSTNESS OF TAXON CYCLES

The appropriateness of the techniques used in modeling character displacement has been the focus of vigorous debate. In this paper, the three competing methods (the coevolutionarily stable community (CSC), the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), and quantitative genetic recursion (QGR)) are compared in models using a common ecological setting. Specific predictions of the CSC model have been used to understand features of character displacement among Cnemidophorous lizards on islands off Mexico, Anolis lizards in the Lesser Antilles and Galápagos finches. Nonetheless, the validity of the approach has been repeatedly questioned. Conceptually the three formalisms vary in the degree to which within species variability is allowed in the models. The predictions of the CSC are found not to be robust to even small violation of its fundamental assumption of absolute species monomorphy. We show by simulation and analytical observations that the CSC is not valid under frequency dependent selection, and that the ESS is the limiting case of QGR as intraspecific phenotypic variation goes to zero. Thus the ESS and the QGR models agree closely when the between-phenotype component (BPC) of the niche width is small. However, as the BPC increases, quantitative discrepancies between ESS and QGR predictions increase, although model behavior remains qualitatively similar. A fourth approach, termed “Quantitative Genetic Optimization” (QGO) analysis, is suggested, combining advantages of both the ESS and QGR. Although all approaches support the possibility of taxon cycles, the cycle patterns predicted are qualitatively different and strongly model dependent.     

肥胖蛋白在小鼠组织的分布

本研究应用放射免疫技术定量测定了小鼠脑、脂肪、肝、肌肉组织及血浆肥胖蛋白[OP－（57－92）]的含量。结果显示：小鼠脑组织OP含量最高,为13．14±0．8pg／mg;脂肪组织中OP含量为2．99±0．54pg／mgl肝脏及肌肉组织中则未检测出OP。雌性小鼠脂肪组织中OP含量明显低于雄性（1．97±0．28vs4．02±0．92pg／mg）。小鼠的血浆中OP含量为2257.8±171．9pg／ml。     

亮氨酸脑啡肽抑制培养大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞增殖

实验以培养的ＳＤ大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞为模型,用四唑盐比色地及＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入技术动态观察发现亮氨酸脑啡肽可显著抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖及ＤＮＡ的合成,阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮对ＶＳＭＣｓ的增殖及ＤＮＡ的合成无影响,但ＮＡＬ可拮抗亮氨酸脑啡肽对ＶＳＭＣｓ增殖的抑制作用。     

Evidence for genetic hitchhiking effect associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti.

Information on genetic variation within and between populations is critical for understanding the evolutionary history of mosquito populations and disease epidemiology. Previous studies with Drosophila suggest that genetic variation of selectively neutral loci in a large fraction of genome may be constrained by fixation of advantageous mutations associated with hitchhiking effect. This study examined restriction fragment length polymorphisms of four natural Aedes aegypti mosquito populations from Trinidad and Tobago, at 16 loci. These populations have been subjected to organophosphate (OP) insecticide treatments for more than two decades, while dichlor-diphenyltrichlor (DDT) was the insecticide of choice prior to this period. We predicted that genes closely linked to the OP target loci would exhibit reduced genetic variation as a result of the hitchhiking effect associated with intensive OP insecticide selection. We also predicted that genetic variability of the genes conferring resistance to DDT and loci near the target site would be similar to other unlinked loci. As predicted, reduced genetic variation was found for loci in the general chromosomal region of a putative OP target site, and these loci generally exhibited larger F(ST) values than other random loci. In contrast, the gene conferring resistance to DDT and its linked loci show polymorphisms and genetic differentiation similar to other random loci. The reduced genetic variability and apparent gene deletion in some regions of chromosome 1 likely reflect the hitchhiking effect associated with OP insecticide selection.     

哺乳动物胰腺体部胰多肽（PP）免疫反应细胞的比较研究

采用SPA-GDN免疫组化染色技术,对人、大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠、猪、狗和猫等七种哺乳动物胰腺体部胰多肽(PP)免疫反应细胞的分布和形态进行比较研究,结果表明,上述七种动物PP细胞的分布和形态有明显的种间差异。人、大鼠和小鼠PP细胞主要位于胰岛周边部,形成环形结构,少量PP细胞散布在外分泌部的腺泡和导管;而豚鼠、猪和猫的PP细胞则主要分布在外分泌部腺泡和导管上皮间;狗的PP细胞在内、外分泌部均有分布。PP细胞的形态在上述动物间也有明显的差异,这可能与该细胞在不同动物的作用途径及功能不同有关。     

STUDY ON THE GENETIC VARIATION OF THE COTTON BOLLWORM HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (HÜBNER) POPULATIONS IN CHINA*

Abstract Population genetic variations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner) over different major cotton growing regions were analyzed by DNA polymorphism amplified with four simple repetitive sequence primers. The results showed that the laboratory population had relatively lower genetic variation than natural populations. The genetic variation between natural populations was not significant and genetic variation existed in the same location from different years, indicating frequent migration among natural cotton bollworm populations. Cluster analysis indicated that individuals from Chaoyang of Liaoning Province (CY), Gaotang of Shandong Province (GT) and Dafeng of Jiangsu Province(DF) were more mixed each other, which suggested that CY population might have higher gene flow with GT and DF populations, especially with GT population. It supports the theory that the cotton bollworm in Northeast China came from Shandong and Hebei Provinces. This result also demonstrated that the molecular makers in this study are sensitive to detect population genetic structure changes.     

EFFECTS OF GOSSYPOL ON GROWTH OF THE COTTON BOLLWORM AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS PARASITOID CAMPOLETIS CHLORIDEAE*

Abstract The effects of gossypol, an important allelochemical in cotton, on growth of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and development of its endoparasitoid Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) in Huanghe River Valley were studied. Growth of H. armigera larvae was accelerated by adding 0.1% gossypol in the artificial diet, causing 10.75% reduction of the vulnerable period to C. chlorideae while the suppression activity of 0. 5 % gossypol to H. armigera larvae prolonged the vulnerable period by 28.15%. Negative effects of gossypol on the development of the parasitoid were demonstrated by using the artificial diet and cotton varieties WD-151 (glandless) and HG-BR-8 (glanded). Gossypol at 0.1% concentration in artificial diet did not remarkably increase the body weight of adult wasp, but significantly extended the egg-larval time and shortened the pupal time; 0. 5% gossypol and HG-BR-8 remarkably reduced the body weight of adult wasp, also significantly prolonged the egg-larval period and decreased the pupal period. Finally, the coordinate application of high gossypol resistant cotton varieties and C. chlorideae in H. armigera control is discussed.     

RETINAL CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN HUMANS *

Circadian rhythms in the retina may reflect intrinsic rhythms in the eye. Previous reports on circadian variability in electrophysiological human retinal measures have been scanty, and the results have been somewhat inconsistent. We studied the circadian variation of the electrooculography (EOG), electroretinography (ERG), and visual threshold (VTH) in subjects undergoing a 36h testing period. We used an ultrashort sleep-wake cycle to balance effects of sleep and light-dark across circadian cycles. Twelve healthy volunteers (10 males, 2 females; mean age 26.3 years, standard deviation [SD] 8.0 years, range 19-40 years) participated in the study. The retinal functions and oral temperature were measured every 90 min. The EOG was measured in the light, whereas the ERG and the VTH were measured in the dark. Sleep was inferred from activity detected by an Actillume monitor. The EOG peak-to-peak responses followed a circadian rhythm, with the peak occurring late in the morning (acrophase 12:22). The ERG b-wave implicit time peaked in the early morning (acrophase 06:46). No statistically significant circadian rhythms could be demonstrated in the ERG a-wave implicit time or peak-to-peak amplitude. The VTH rhythm peaked in the early morning (acrophases 07:59 for blue and 07:32 for red stimuli). All retinal rhythms showed less-consistent acrophases than the temperature and sleep rhythms. This study demonstrated several different circadian rhythms in retinal electrophysiological and psychophysical measures of healthy subjects. As the retinal rhythms had much poorer signal-to-noise ratios than the temperature rhythm, these measures cannot be recommended as circadian markers. (Chronobiology International, 18(6), 957-971, 2001)